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Objectives: osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the harmful disorders affecting the body joint including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Although OA is believed to be non-inflammatory disorder, antiinflammatory agents, as simvastatin, have been used for OA treatment. Simvastatin is presumed to possess antiosteoarthritic effect beside its antilipidemic influences. The present study tried to estimate the effect of simvastatin on the monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced TMJ osteoarthritis. Materials and methods: thirty young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly categorized into; control, osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis with simvastatin groups. Both MIA for osteoarthritis induction and simvastatin for therapy were delivered unilaterally via the intra-articular route at the right side as a single dose for each. Results: the simvastatin administration has relatively reduced the MIA-induced osteoarthritic manifestations, and/or inhibited the progress of some osteoarthritic degenerative features but it failed to control others. The most striking findings with simvastatin administration were the prominent thickening of the condylar proliferative layer, as well as the development of osteophytes at the anterior pole of mandibular condyle. The condylar cartilage matrix showed enhancement of the extracellular matrix production with simvastatin administration. Discussion: the present study has clarified the relative antiosteoarthritic effect of simvastatin intraarticular injection. Though simvastatin has valuable palliative effect, it failed to prevent the advancement of some osteoarthritic manifestations. Conclusion: temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) treated by simvastatin relieve some osteoarthritic features and modulate the structure of some joint components to compensate the damaged induced structures with MIA.

Background: patients with the lower 3rd leg defects are increasing in number especially among victims of road accidents .Due to anatomical features of this area nearly most cases required flap coverage. Aim of the work: the aim of this study was to help in selection of the appropriate option for coverage among available local perforator flaps and free microvascular flaps. Patients and methods: 30 patients with lower 3rd leg defect were included in this study and they were categorized into 2 groups. 15 patients underwent reconstruction by using local flaps (A) and 15 patients under went reconstruction using free micro-vascular flaps (B). Results: free flaps were more versatile than local flaps, but consumed more operative time and had higher morbidity Conclusion: small and moderately-sized lower 3rd leg soft tissue defects can be covered easily and safely by using locally available perforator flaps. Local flaps do not scarify any of the main arteries, consume less operative time, there was a specific like to like soft tissue replacement leading to a better cosmetic and reconstructive outcome. Free flaps have proven its versatility and reliability in coverage of significantly large and complex defects.

The pituitary adenohypophysis was obtained from thirty buffaloes-cows, their age's ranges from one month to12 years. Sections of adenohy- pophysis tissues were immuno- stained for α, βa, and βb subunits of inhibin hormone. Positive immuno- staining specific for the α subunits of inhibin were detected in the cells of the follicles of the adenohypophysis in all ages. Moreover, immunostain- ing specific for the inhibin βa subu- nits were strong positive at one month, weak positive at 4.5, 8 and 12 years and were negative at 8 months and 1.5 years. However, the immunostaining specific for the in- hibin βb subunits were positive at one and 8 months, 8 and 12 years and weak positive at 4.5 years and negative at 1.5 year. RT-PCR anal- ysis revealed that both α and βb subunits are expressed in all ages except at 1.5 years old animals while βa subunit is only expressed at young age.

This study was carried on four groups of Wistar male rats (20 of each), to evaluate the protective ef- fect of vitamin E and selenium on the structure and biochemical al- terations of the liver, heart and aorta. Group I is control, Group II fed high fat and vitamin E and selenium deficient diet as control positive group. Group III (protective) given 100 mg and 0.1 mg/kg b.w/day for 6months, vitamin E and selenium respectively with high fat diet. Group IV were injected intra peritoneal Vit- amin E and selenium 1 g/100 g b.w for 6 months after feeding high fat diet for 6 months. At the end of experimental design, histological section from liver, heart and aorta and so serum changes in metabolites of heart and liver were exam- ined. The tissues of the control positive group showed accumulation of small and large fat globules in the hepatocytes, loss of striation in the cardiac muscles and thickening in the wall of the aorta with loss of the elasticity of the elastic membranes in the tunica media. While the addition of vitamin E and selenium (vitamin E 100mg. kg/bw and selenium 0.1mg. kg/b.w) to the ration of the third group (protective group), prevent the severe hazard effect that occurred in the second (control positive group).The injections of vitamin E and selenium 1ug/100g for 6 months lead to decrease the degenerative changes in the heart, liver and aorta with regeneration of these cells. Vitamin E and selenium administered or injected to Wistar rats decreased significantly the increase in serum levels of LDL, CPK, GOT induced by feeding high fat diet alone. These results collectively showed the beneficial effect of vitamin E and selenium as protective antioxidant to cardiac and liver biohazards induced by high fat diet and can be used as protective and therapeutically factor in liver, heart and blood vessels diseases. So, it's preferable to add vitamin E and selenium to the food in appropriate ratio to avoid the hazard effect of their deficiency, as protective treatment for liver, heart and blood vessels diseases.v