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Plotinos who was famed with emanation idea, affected a lot of philosophers deeply that came after him about existence and universe in East and West. Plotinos expressed ideas of emanation by metaphor in his books. Plotinos revealed emanative relation among One, Nous, Spirit and Matter by metaphor easily. In this article it is emphasized on how expressed cosmological and ontological idea of Plotinos by metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article it will be dealt whit 'life' of human and its real qualities that differs it from life of animals in the Quran's perspective. To accomplish this aim, it will be mentioned the source and principles of life in the philosophical and religious thoughts and certain understandings of life in the history of thought. After that, ?life' will be searched as a concept and reality. It will be took up also spirit and soul (nafs) and relationship of life with them in the semantic field of the Quran to indicate understanding of human and his reality of life according to the Quran. So it will be tried to explain the correct view about reality of life that human being has in perspective of the Quran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines Moses Maimonides's interpretation that there exists are four kinds of human perfection. These are (a) material, in that they relate to the possession of material goods such as Money land and clothes, (b) physical relating to the healt of the body, (c) moral and social (d) theoretical and intellectual. These kinds of perfection are structured in a hierarchy, with the fourth kind represented as 'true human perfection' and 'the ultimate end' towards which all the other kinds point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Spirit (ruh) is researched during the whole history of philosophy. Muslim theologians have made clear its uses and implications in their works. It is explained both spirit and soul. The question of definition or destination of soul was always central. Some scholar surely accepted its existence without body and defines the ruh as a spiritual substance, imperishable, single and simple. According to those scholars, human body can have feeling, animation or perception by the means of spirit. Much of the discussion about spirit or soul in Islamic thought and works of theology has centered on the relationship between the ruh and holy (aljism). So another problem has occurred if spirit or soul is a problem of the invisible world. This paper examines the Muslim scholars' opinion about the subject. For ease of reference, the ideas discussed in that paper have been grouped under some headings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Gazzali's ideas concerning death and life in grave are examined. Gazzali's ideas concerning these subjects are based on his ideas about human and soul. According to him, death entails the end of functions of both herbal and carnal souls' influence on man. Humane soul, on the other hand, does not cease to exist after life, rather it continues to exist. This humane soul can permeate even into the smallest piece of human body. Man either suffers torments or becomes happy in the grave with his own body regarding his vices or virtues revealed by him in this world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gnosticism which is based on a strict dualism between light and darkness accepts a trikotonomy concerning the human being. Thus human is accepted as a being that consists of three different factors, namely body, spirit and soul, or hylic, pneuma and psyche. According to Gnostic anthropology body and soul have completely negative characteristics since they belong to the material world. Contrary to this, spirit belongs to the heavenly world and, therefore, has such positive characteristics as life and light. Body and soul, the psychic element in the body, are described as a prison for spirit that is a fallen light being in this material world and body. It is necessary for spirit to oppose the body and soul in order to set free himself from this prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]