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During neonatal hippocampal development, serotonin 1A receptor-mediated signaling initially employs PKCepsilon to boost neuronal proliferation and then uses PKCalpha to promote synaptogenesis. Such stage-specific involvement of a PKC isozyme could be determined by its relative expression level. In mouse hippocampi, we detected relatively low levels of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isozymes at postnatal days 2-6 (P2-6), which was followed by a large increase in their expression. In contrast, the PKC isozymes epsilon and theta were relatively abundant at P6, following which they underwent a further increase by P15. Comparison with purified proteins confirmed that the PKCepsilon levels at P6 and P15 were respectively 1.75 and 7.36 ng per 60 microg of protein, whereas PKCalpha levels at P6 and P15 were respectively 160 pg and 1.186 ng per 60 microg of protein. Therefore, at P6, PKCepsilon was about 11-fold more abundant than PKCalpha. Consequently, signaling cascades could use the relatively abundant PKCepsilon (and possibly PKCtheta) molecules for early events at P2-6 (e.g. neurogenesis), following which PKCalpha (and the beta, gamma, or delta isozymes) could guide maturation or apoptosis. Notably, at P6 but not P15, PKCepsilon, was localized to the nuclei of neuroblasts, probably directing mitosis. In contrast, at P15 but not P6, PKCalpha was highly expressed in the processes of the differentiated hippocampal neurons. In summary, PKC isozymes follow differential profiles of expression in neonatal hippocampus and the relative abundance of each may determine its mode and stage of involvement in hippocampal development.

Turmeric, an essential ingredient of culinary preparations of Southeast Asia, contains a major polyphenolic compound, named curcumin or diferuloylmethane, which eliminates cancer cells derived from a variety of peripheral tissues. Although in vitro experiments have addressed its anti-tumor property, no in vivo studies have explored its anti-cancer activity in the brain. Oral delivery of this food component has been less effective because of its low solubility in water.We show that a soluble formulation of curcumin crosses the blood–brain barrier but does not suppress normal brain cell viability. Furthermore, tail vein injection, or more effectively, intracerebral injection through a cannula, blocks brain tumor formation in mice that had already received an intracerebral bolus of mouse melanoma cells (B16F10).While exploring the mechanism of its action in vitro we observed that the solubilized curcumin causes activation of proapoptotic enzymes caspase 3/7 in human oligodendroglioma (HOG) and lung carcinoma (A549) cells, and mouse tumor cells N18(neuroblastoma), GL261 (glioma), and B16F10. A simultaneous decrease in cell viability is also revealed by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]assays. Further examination of the B16F10 cells showed that curcumin effectively suppresses Cyclin D1, P-NF-kB, BclXL, P-Akt, and VEGF, which explains its efficacy in blocking proliferation, survival, and invasion of the B16F10 cells in the brain. Taken together,solubilized curcumin effectively blocks brain tumor formation and also eliminates brain tumor cells. Therefore, judicious application of such injectable formulations of curcumin could be developed into a safe therapeutic strategy for treating brain tumors.