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_This research delves into the decomposition kinetics of propylene oxide within a novel reactor design characterized by a corrugated inner wall for enhanced cooling. By applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), this study aims to optimize the reactor's heat transfer capabilities to achieve precise control over the exothermic decomposition process. This approach addresses a previously unexplored area in CFD application, proposing a model that fine-tunes the decomposition efficiency of propylene oxide by considering the interplay of key parameters such as inlet mixture temperature, activation energy, flow rate, and the resulting thermal profile. The primary goal is to advance the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processing techniques in the propylene oxide industry. The study highlights the critical relationship between activation energy (74–76 kJ/mol), process temperature (29–37 °C), and cooling efficiency in optimizing the decomposition process. Significant findings indicate that higher inlet temperatures (37 °C) and lower activation energies (74 kJ/mol) lead to superior conversion rates. The study presents a clear correlation between temperature elevation, reduced activation energy, and enhanced conversion rates, demonstrating that optimizing these parameters can lead to significantly improved conversion efficiencies, potentially approaching 100 % under ideal conditions.

The prominent novelty of current review is to exhibit the fluctuating and oscillatory convective heat transfer properties along various geometries with magnetic force, variable density, Prandtl number, buoyancy force and magnetic Prandtl number effects. The significance of present work is to illustrate a comprehensive review on transient convective heat transfer. Transient convective heat transfer plays an essential role in various technological and environmental applications, including climate control, structure safety, engines, thermal control, computer heating and cooling, and energy safety. The literature primarily focuses on steady temperature and velocity domains, with few studies exploring time-varying fluid flow in forced, natural, or mixed convective mechanisms with different methods. In current review, justification of results was performed by using oscillating stokes conditions directly in partial differential models. The similarity variables and stream functions are used in literature but in current review, the primitive variable transformation is used with implicit form of finite difference method and Gaussian elimination technique through FORTRAN and Tecplot-360 programming tools. The governing model is reduced into steady, real and imaginary form to explore steady and oscillating convective heat transmission. Transient flows have gained significance due to their ability to achieve large oscillating convective heat transfer rates. Compared with steady movement, oscillating flows exhibit higher velocity variations along the heated surface. Periodic flow produces an improved transient surface heat transmission rate than steady flow. Predicting and controlling transients in thermal exchangers requires a concept of transient forced convection heat transport. Transient convective thermal transmission solutions are important for ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of electrical components, nuclear and thermal power stations, heat-generating engines, steam turbines, condensation systems, catalytic converters, heat shielding for spacecraft, electrical devices, internal combustion engines, air conditioning and refrigerator components, cooling networks for batteries, generators, and transformers. It is found that the frequency of convective heat transport enhances through periodic and oscillating stokes variables. It was depicted that the higher amplitude in convective heat transfer was displayed for each choice of magnetic force parameter around two angles π/4 and π of circular magnetized surface. It was depicted that the maximum transient convective heat transmission was reported along vertical angle π/2 with buoyancy force, Prandtl and magnetic Prandtl values.

As witnessed worldwide, there has been rapid growth in research and the creation of energy storage devices such as supercapacitor electrodes that can store and deliver energy at a speedy rate, and provide high currents in a short duration. This article deals with a review on how supercapacitor (SC) electrode materials get developed from bio-waste like cooked chicken bone waste (CCBW), chicken egg shells, fish gills, fishbone waste, and biodegradable and non-biodegradable marine wastes such as plastics, mangroves, chitosans, and mussel shells, which provide economic benefit for the substantiality of supercapacitor technology. The synthesis and preparation involved in the study include one step activation and colloidal blending processes. The characterization of the as-prepared materials is carried out by implementing XRD, FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, TGA, TEM, and RAMAN spectroscopy. It is visualized that electrode materials possess high carbon content with porosity leading to a greater specific surface area, which is essential for high conductance SC electrodes. Researche on electrochemical analysis of prepared electrodes from such marine waste materials using CV, GCD, and EIS techniques has been analyzed.

Magnetohydrodynamic free convection liquid considering Hall along with ion-slip current has many engineering usages. In addition, boundary layer flow of power-law fluids due to a stretching plane possesses sundry applications in biological sciences, geophysics, and petroleum industries. Further, hybrid nanofluids are important due to their high heat transfer capability. In view of such relevance, the goal of this investigation is to analyze Hall along with ion-slip effects on thermo-fluidic flow of magnetic power-law hybrid nanofluid so as to accomplish effective cooling in the desired thermal systems. Present investigation’s novelty is adding hybrid nanostructure to power-law fluid flow influenced by Hall and ion-slip mechanism and implementation of modified Fourier’s law featured with velocity and temperature gradients. The key results are that fluid velocity amplifies with rise in ion-slip and Hall parameters. Modified Prandtl numbers and Hall parameter ameliorate heat transfer rate while ion-slip parameter diminishes it.

The study of natural convection and heat transfer in a trapezoidal cavity finds a wide range of technological applications including thermal energy storage systems, building ventilation/insulation, waste heat recovery, electronic device cooling, controlling PV panel temperature, energy conservation, exchangers, nuclear reactors, furnaces, glass production, food processing, and drying technologies. The purpose of the current study is to explore the entropy and natural convection of non-Newtonian nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) suspension in a saturated porous medium enshrouded in a trapezoid-shaped domain with three heated blocks fitted with the bottom surface. The novelty of the present work is the introduction of power-law (Ostwald-de Waele) model subject to NEPCM suspension in trapezoidal enclosure emplacing three heated fins at its bottom surface embedded in Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy medium with variant porosity. The finite element method is implemented to solve the governing equations numerically. The important findings of the present study include streamlines, isotherms, velocities, and apparent viscosity enhance while entropy generation whittles down with rise in Darcy number. Entropy generation ameliorates by 519.16 % for low to high porosity of Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy medium. The maximum apparent viscosity augments by 1441.24 % when power law index ameliorates.

The present work deals with thermal aspect and entropy of ternary hybrid nanofluid (Graphene, Al2O3, and MWCNT as nanoparticles and water as base fluid) inside an inclined domain considering heat generation/absorption. The domain possesses triangle-shaped corrugated walls with variable height and a semi-circular heater located on its bottom wall. Finite element method (FEM) is employed to acquire a well-defined solution of the non-dimensional governing equations along with the boundary conditions. The influence of the pertinent parameters along with their ranges (0.2≤b≤0.3), (105≤Ra≤106), (0o≤η≤90o), (−1≤Hs≤1) has been studied. Some striking outcomes of the present investigation are that streamlines and entropy generation (EnT) peter out while local Nusselt number (Nuloc) and average Bejan number (Beave) ameliorate with rise in dimensionless height of the corrugated wall (b). The absolute maximum values of vertical and horizontal velocities of ternary hybrid nanofluid enhance by 96.47 % and 29.5 %, respectively, when inclination angle (η) increases from 45o to 90o. It is visualized that Nusselt number is maximum subject to heat sink while it attains a minimum value in response to heat source. Because of triangle shaped corrugated walls and ternary hybrid nanofluid, the present problem contributes superior cooling in thermal systems featured with such complex geometry in industries.

The present study analyzes on the reviews carried out by the previous researchers on the entropy generation caused by the flow and heat transfer of several composite nanofluids subject to varieties of geometries under the influence of several constraints of motions. The composite nanofluids include binary hybrid nanofluids and ternary hybrid nanofluids involving disparate base fluids with different suitable nanoparticles. The geometries considered are deformed surfaces (stretched/shrunk sheets, cylinders, and disks), channels and cavities. Several numerical techniques such as Runge-Kutta method and finite element/difference/volume methods are implemented in the investigations. The major and significant outcome of the review analysis is the entropy comparison for different types of nanofluids. Growth of the volume percentage of nanoparticles at a fixed mass flow rate enhances entropy formation. When porosity strength increases, the irreversible entropy production caused by fluid friction results in increased thermal efficiency of certain systems than magnetic entropies. Compared to single nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids display the maximum entropy. With increasing Rayleigh numbers, the frictional and magnetic entropies in composite nanofluids ameliorate significantly than thermal entropy.

This work investigates the dynamics of the hybrid nanofluidic convective heat transfer in a permeable thermal system under the influence of multifrequency heating and a magnetic field. The geometry comprises a wavy-walled cavity filled with a water-based hybrid nanoliquid (Al2O3–Cu–H2O) in a saturated porous medium. The finite volume approach is applied to scrutinize the hydro-thermal characteristics resulting from bottom heating and side cooling, considering various flow-controlling parameters. The analysis reveals that nonuniform multi-frequency heating can be a highly effective strategy for enhancing heat transfer in complex geometries involving porous systems, nanofluid flow, and magnetic fields. Significant heat transfer improvement is observed at higher frequencies, with an increase of approximately 261.49 % when offset temperatures are introduced. Additionally, an increase in the undulation height of the wavy sidewalls contributes to a partial heat transfer improvement of 13.41 % compared to the case without undulations. The influence of the Darcy number, Hartmann number, porosity index, and nanoparticle concentration on heat transfer performance is also investigated. Higher Darcy and Hartmann numbers result in reduced thermal convection, while increased porosity enhances thermal convection. Elevated nanoparticle concentrations weaken the flow strength due to higher viscosity. System engineers can optimize heat transfer systems in their respective applications by comprehending the interactions between these flow-controlling parameters. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the hydro-thermal phenomena in a multiphysics problem and provides a foundation for the development of more efficient heat transfer systems.

Objectives: The mechanism by which mitral valve (MV) disease leads to atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) has been used to assess left atrial (LA) fibrosis in patients with lone AF before catheter ablation; however, few studies have used DE-MRI to assess MV-induced LA fibrosis in patients with or without AF undergoing MV surgery. Methods: Between March 2018 and September 2022, 38 subjects were enrolled; 15 age-matched controls, 14 patients with lone mitral regurgitation (MR), and 9 patients with MR and AF (MR + AF). Indexed LA volume, total LA wall, and regional LA posterior wall (LAPW) enhancement were defined by the DE-MRI. One-way analysis of variance was performed. Results: LA volume and LA enhancement were associated (r = 0.451, P = .004). LA volume differed significantly between controls (37.1 ± 10.6 mL) and patients with lone MR (71.0 ± 35.9, P = .020 and controls and patients with MR + AF (99.3 ± 47.4, P

The present work may deal with the flow, heat transfer and entropy dissections of hydromagnetic buoyancy-driven nanoliquid inside a diamond-shaped container considering ⊥- shaped obstacle of varying configurations subject to heat/sink source and porous matrix. The importance of the above problem is due its potential utilizations in modern industries such as thermal extrusion systems, solar energy collectors, heat exchangers, microelectronic cooling, automobiles, building ventilation, bio-medicine etc. The equations governed may well be solved via finite element method. The present work's novelty would be the introduction of ⊥- shaped obstacle of varying configurations in a diamond shaped cavity embodying a porous matrix and analyzing the flow along with heat transfer aspects there in. The main findings are that alteration of flow nature from hydrodynamic to hydromagnetic whittles down streamlines and augments isotherms at given Rayleigh number in presence of source/sink subject to porous medium. Total entropy exhibits 3896 % enhancement and average Bejan number shows sharp 85.5 % diminution due to rise of Rayleigh number. The outcomes of the present study finds effective and persistent industrial cooling due to better stability of alumina nanoparticles in nanofluid involved in complex geometries like diamond shaped cavities which is the beyond of existing literature.

The current study focuses on utilizing an advanced statistical concept for optimizing rate of heat transfer in a micropolar nanofluid flow within a squeezing channel. The study employs RSM to plan experiments and analyze the role of distinct constraints on HT performance. Moreover, the inclusion of dissipative heat due to the interaction of applied magnetic field along with thermal radiation enriches the study. The proposed designed model is transformed to its non-dimensional form using appropriate similarity rules and then numerical simulation is presented to solve the set of formulated problem. However, the irreversibility process of the system is assessing by incorporating the entropy analysis. The validation along with the characteristic of the contributing factor is presented via the solution of the present design. The outcomes reveals that enhanced volume fraction generally increases viscosity of the fluid which resulted in a strong retardation in the fluid velocity. However, the entropy rate augments with an increasing Br. The results provide the optimal conditions for HTR for both of the nanofluids, which is relevant for applications in drug delivery systems. The advancement in optimizing HTR using RSM and the regression analysis using ANOVA (analysis of variance) may have potential implications for biomedical engineering.

Motivated by the thermal importance of feeble electrically conducting nanofluids and their flow controls in many industrial and engineering applications, the present scrutinization intended to evidence comprehensively the main electro-magneto-hydrothermal and mass aspects of convective non-homogeneous flows of alumina-based pure water nanofluids Al2O3-H2O over a horizontal flat surface of an electromagnetic actuator (i.e., Riga pattern, which is embedded geometrically in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. Further, the present nanofluid flow model is formulated realistically under the umbrella of the renovated two-phase Buongiorno’s approach with the inclusion of Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusive phenomena, in which the vertical component of the nanoparticles’ mass flux tend to vanish at the limiting contact surface due to its impermeability trend. For streamlining the technical handling of the present nanofluid flow problem, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are simplified mathematically by adopting the physical approximations of the boundary layer theory and then transformed into a differential structure of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based on several similarity changes. Methodologically, the resulting nonlinear coupled ODEs are solved numerically via a validated differential quadrature procedure. Besides, the generated graphical demonstrations show that the nanofluid temperature is enhanced significantly with the porosity factors, the nanoparticles’ loading, the convective heating strength, and the thermophoresis process. However, the porosity factors and the nanoparticles’ loading exhibit a slowing-down impact on the nanofluid motion. Usefully, it is revealed from the obtained GDQM - NRT datasets that the nanoparticles’ loading and the porosity factors express an important improvement in the strength of the surface viscous drag forces, whereas the induced electromagnetic field shows a reverse viscous frictional impact.

The heat sinks thermal performance with four aluminum fin configurations set under mixed convection settings at three voltage values 100, 150, and 200 V, was examined. Six fins are part of a heat sink. The flat fin is the first type (case1), the corrugated fin was the second (case2), the third one was a corrugated fin with rectangular perforations with its rib (case3), and the last one was corrugated with triangle perforations with its rib (case 4). The surface area of all studied cases is equal. The third and fourth studied cases are new proposed configurations by this work. The air velocity was 1.5 m/s. The temperature distribution along the fin surface was measured for each case study. The theoretical study was held on each studied case using a fluent package (ANSYS18 software). The absolute deviation between the experimental and numerical study for each studied case temperature distribution is 2.95% for case 1, 3.37% for case 2, 1.41% for case3 and, and 1.2% for case 4 at 160 W supplied power heater. Cases (3 and 4) will enhance the heat transfer coefficient compared to the flat fin case 11) which was 4.16% and 4.27% respectively. The fin perforations with its ribs case (3 and 4) decrease the material cost and heat sink weight to 7.7% and 8.3% respectively. Also, the required space to locate the heat sink is minimized

The incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method is utilized for studying the circular rotations of three different structures, circular cylinder, rectangle and triangle centered in a circular cylinder cavity occupied by Al2O3 nanofluid. The novelty of this work is appearing in simulating the circular rotations of different solid structures on natural convection of a nanofluid-occupied a circular cylinder. The circular cylinder cavity is suspended by heterogeneous/homogeneous porous media. The embedded structures are taken as a circular cylinder, rectangle and triangle with equal areas. The first thermal condition considers the whole structure is heated, the second thermal condition considers the half of the structure is heated and the other is cooled and the third thermal condition considers the quarter of the structure is heated and the others are cooled. The outer boundary of cylinder cavity is cooled. Due to the small angular velocity ω=3.15 (low rotational speeds), then the natural convection case will be considered only. The results are representing the temperature, velocity fields. The simulations revealed that the presence of the inner hot/cold structures affects on the velocity distributions and temperature field inside a circular cylinder cavity. The triangle shape has introduced the highest temperature distributions and maximum values of the velocity fields compare to other shapes inside a circular cylinder cavity. The homogeneous porous level reduces the maximum values of velocity field by 25% compared to the heterogeneous porous level.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of adding a metal staple alongside the interference screw in tibial side graft fixation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods: All patients treated with autograft hamstring ACLR at our institution between January 2017 and December 2021 with a minimum 1-year follow-up were reviewed retrospectively. Patients treated with a stand-alone interference screw for tibial side fixation were compared with those treated with a combination of interference screw and staple. The primary outcome was failure of the reconstructed graft. Secondary outcomes were operative time, complication rate, and reoperation rate. Results: A total of 497 patients met the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. A combination of staple and interference screw was used in 167 patients (33.6%), whereas a standalone interference screw was used in 330 patients. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of operative time, complication rate, or failure rate. The mean follow-up was 23.25 (±13.29) months. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that augmenting the interference screw with a staple for tibial-side fixation in ACLR does not have a significant impact on operative time, reoperation rate, complications, or failure rates. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

The essence of the current examination is to predict the consequence of the simultaneous incorporation of radiation absorption and chemical reaction on Casson fluid flow across an exponentially stretching surface under the influence of various exponential order flow parameters. The regulating partial differential equations are transitioned into ordinary differential equations by employing a best-suited similarity transformation. The resultant equations are computed numerically using MATLAB bvp4c built-in technique. In order to justify the precision of the numerical method used, the numerical values obtained in a constrained scenario are correlated with the outcomes existing in the literature. The impacts of multifarious dimensionless parameters on velocity profile, temperature and concentration distributions are illustrated graphically. The effect of involved parameters on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are tabulated. The Combined influence of chemical reaction and radiation absorption with the incorporation of an exponential parameter on the flow field is trailblazing since the radiation absorption skyrockets the temperature, but on the contrary, chemical reaction decelerates the temperature.

Flow over rotating spheres has serious applications in fiber coating, rotating machinery design and parts, and projectile missions. Therefore, the current study investigates the flow and entropy generation of a radiative magneto-hybrid nanofluid flow over rotating sphere. Further, the temperature-sensorial water properties in studying water-based nanofluids are ignored, though this erratic behavior of water characteristics influences the physical characteristics of the corresponding hybrid nanofluid. Hence the current framework is one of the foremost projects to introduce the variable nature of water properties in the water-hosted hybrid nanofluid flow analysis. The investigation is accomplished in the account of the modified Buongiorno model (MBM). The flow separation in this kind of flow geometry is controlled by using non-erratic slot-mass transfer. The mathematical representations of the physical principles of the flow are solved using (i) congenial transformation (ii) quasilinearization (iii) methods of finite differences to form a block matrix system, and (iv) Varga’s iterative algorithm. Some of the major outcomes are: The flow separation can be significantly delayed using slot suctions, precisely appointing them downstream with higher strengths; heat transport performance drastically subsidies for high viscous dissipation (Ec), entropy produces at higher rate for viscous heating (Br) and high angular speed (Ω).

Hyperthermia is one of the non-invasive therapy of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), which is achieved by applying a heat source upon the AAA without surgical operation. This research paper considers laminar flow and heat transfer in a heated abdominal aortic aneurysm using an isothermal boundary condition. Heat is added to explicate the thermal treatment of a diseased artery. The blood is assumed as a non-Newtonian fluid based on the shear-thinning Carreau model. Two unequal aneurysms are assumed in the lower wall to simulate bulges or a disordered artery. Flexible wall segments are assumed in the upper wall and opposing to each aneurysm. The transient momentum and energy equations are solved based on the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) using the Arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. It is found that the shear stress is much higher for a higher index of the power-law fluid governing the blood viscosity and hence, it is strictly recommended to reduce the viscous nature of the blood in diseased vessels. It is found also that the thermal energy can be greatly transported across the blood at a higher Reynolds number, this means that the hyperthermia therapy becomes effective when blood flows violently through the aortic.

The present article explores flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid (THN) between two parallel plates in which upper one is in squeezing motion. The study of squeezing flow has its importance in industrial applications, like the flow between pistons and nozzles in the engine of vehicles. THN (graphene-graphene oxide-silver/water) is used to improve the efficiency of heat carrier fluid by the synergetic effects of nanoparticles. Magnetic field and thermal radiation effects are also included in the problem. Governing mathematical form of the problem is constructed by using a modified Buongiorno nanofluid model. Dimensionless system of ODEs reduced from PDEs through transformations and further simplified towards the solution with the numerical approach ‘bvp4c’, a MATLAB based solver. The reliability of the outcomes is confirmed by matching them with the previously published works. The findings reveal that the nanofluid velocity reduces with squeezing and magnetic parameters in the mid-section between the plates and its temperature can be controlled by the amount of nanoparticles dispersed into it, Prandtl number and the radiation effect. Overshoot in the concentration is attained for higher temperature gradient forces. Also, local Nusselt and local Sherwood numbers show contrasting trends for the upper and lower plates with the types of nanofluid (ternary/binary/unary), Prandtl number and radiation effect, but remain stationary with compression and magnetic effect. That means better transfer characteristics are found for ternary nanofluid, radiation and magnetic effects for the lower plate, but drag also intensifies; so suitable choices are considered for practical purposes. By the comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the performance of ternary hybrid nanofluid is relatively more efficient than binary and unary for heat transfer applications.

The role of natural convection NC in nanofluids is vital to the heat transfer efficiency of various thermal systems, including solar energy devices, HVAC systems, and heat exchangers. This research examines the NC of TiO2-water nanofluid in a porous wavy circular area with a ┴shaped heater under a constant magnetic field. The governed equations may well be solved utilizing the finite element technique, and the impact of various variables, such as the volume fraction of nanofluid (φ), radiation parameter (Rd), Rayleigh number (Ra), aspect ratio (AR), and Hartmann number (Ha), on the heat transfer of the ferrofluid is analyzed. The findings show that amplifying the aspect ratio from 0.3 to 0.5 reduces the local Nusselt number by up to 35%. Additionally, increasing the Ha from 0 to 40 results in a decrease in the maximum streamline by 85%.

The present study investigates the effect of different volume ratios of PCM on the melting process and energy storage in the improved thermal energy storage (TES) system using auxiliary fluid. The purpose of using the auxiliary fluid is to benefit from the density difference between the auxiliary fluid and the PCM, which improves the convection heat transfer in the auxiliary fluid and increases the melting speed of the PCM. The auxiliary fluid, which has a higher density, is placed on the solid PCM at the beginning of the melting process and takes the place of the melted PCM during the melting process. This displacement causes better heat transfer between auxiliary fluid, PCM, and hot wall. Five different PCM/auxiliary fluid volume ratios are studied, including 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% of PCM. The rate of energy storage in the system increases to 0.341 kW/kg, the highest rate of energy stored in the system and in PCM, corresponding to a volume ratio of 30% of PCM. Although the total energy stored in the system increases with an increase in the PCM volume ratio, the energy storage rate in the system increases with a decrease in the PCM volume ratio. Therefore, the optimal use of the most appropriate volume ratio of PCM is of great importance.

This study aims to investigate the influence of radiation, thermal conductivity and variable viscosity on natural convective flow on a semi-infinite perpendicular plate. Variable viscosity, thermal conductivity and thermal radiation are considered for the given study. The dimensional governing equations are framed with the use of the mentioned parameters and then these equations were converted into dimensionless equations by applying non dimensional quantities. The main aim of this study is to find the Nusselt number and skin friction for both air and water for considered parameters. Using the finite difference method through Fortran software, numerical solutions to the governing heat equations and dimensionless momentum equations were computed. The results for the parameters thermal conductivity, variable viscosity, radiation, and Prandtl number for both air and water are displayed via various graphs. The skin friction coefficients, Nusselt parameter, and local Nusselt numbers were discussed for both the air and water. The key conclusions of this study are that the succeeding velocity declines as the radiation's increases. By increasing the radiation value and the fluctuation time, the temperature distribution increases. Notably, the temperature profile increases significantly when the variable viscosity parameter decreases.

Wind power provides a clean and feasible solution to generate electricity. The development of wind power applications requires a deep analysis of wind profiles and an accurate prediction of wind energy at a study site. This work explores the distribution of wind speed to estimate the two Weibull parameters (shape and scale) that are widely utilized for modeling and providing an accurate and efficient estimation of wind resource and power. These two parameters are calculated based on measured daily wind speed data from 2008 to 2018, collected in Jerusalem, Palestine. Three assessment criteria were used to assess the goodness of fit; they are Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and chi-square. The findings revealed that of the five estimation methods being considered in this study, both the Empirical Method (EM) and the Method of Moment (MoM) were the most accurate in determining the values of the Weibull shape and scale parameters to approximate wind speed distribution at the study site. Based on the goodness-of-fit tests, both methods provide lower values of the used assessment criteria. The statistical performance tests rejected the Energy Pattern Factor Method (EPFM) as an adequate method due to the higher values of chi-square and revealed that the Maximum Likelihood (MLM) and the Modified Maximum Likelihood (MMLM) methods ranked third and fourth, respectively.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of month of the year on postsurgical outcomes after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to specifically analyze for a December effect. Material and methods: The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify all patients older than 40 years undergoing primary TKA and THA between 2006 and 2015. Patients were stratified based on the month of the year of surgery. In-hospital complication, disposition, and economic outcomes were comparatively analyzed. Results: There were statistically significant differences in outcomes based on month of the year. When comparing December to the other months, both TKA and THA patients had significantly lower rates of any complication, postoperative anemia, and genitourinary complications, while there were significantly higher rates of home than rehab discharge and shorter average length of stay in December. THA patients additionally had significantly lower rates of cardiac and respiratory complications during December. Conclusion: Postoperative outcomes are significantly associated with the month in which arthroplasty is performed. This study provides evidence of a positive “December effect” of improved in-hospital complications and economic outcomes for surgeries performed in December. Future research should direct attention to the impact that social factors may have on outcomes after elective surgical procedures and how these factors may be translated to other months.

Salmonellosis incidence rates have not declined over the last 15 years in the US despite a significant Salmonella prevalence reduction in meat and poultry products. Ground beef is currently regulated using only qualitative Salmonella criteria, and Salmonella enumeration values have been proposed as an alternative for implementing risk-based mitigation strategies to prevent illnesses. The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the annual number of salmonellosis cases attributable to the consumption of ground beef contaminated with Salmonella and investigate the impact of risk management strategies on public health. Model results estimated 8,980 (6,222–14,215, 90% CI) annual illnesses attributable to ground beef consumption in the US. The removal or diversion of highly contaminated ground beef production lots containing levels above 10 MPN/g (0.4%) and 1 MPN/g (2.4%) would result in a 13.6% (5,369–12,280, 90% CI) and 36.7% (3,939–8,990, 90% CI) reduction of annual salmonellosis illnesses, respectively. Frozen ground beef cooked at home was the consumption scenario of the highest risk for acquiring salmonellosis. Highly virulent serotypes accounted for 96.7% of annual illnesses despite only being present in 13.7% of ground beef samples. The removal of MDR Salmonella would result in decreased burden of disease with a 45% reduction in acute DALY annually. Focusing salmonellosis reduction efforts on removing highly contaminated ground beef lots, highly virulent Salmonella serotypes, and MDR Salmonella from not-ready-to-eat (NRTE) products were predicted to be effective risk prevention strategies.

Finding a low-cost method to improve the heat transfer rate in thermal energy storage (TES) is essential in the modern world. In the current research, the comparison of inclined systems, which are among the inexpensive methods, with the new combined system employing the auxiliary fluid of water is discussed. Oleic acid is selected as an unsolvable PCM in water to reuse chosen materials at the end of the melting process in more TES cycles. In the combined system, the density difference between water and PCM is utilized to enhance the melting rate of PCM by placing water on the top of PCM to make direct contact. Therefore, water, which has a heavier density than PCM, takes the place of the melted PCM at the bottom of the enclosure during the melting of PCM. At first, the inclined system is examined at seven different inclination angles to identify the energy storage rate. A mathematical model is formulated using the water-PCM system's continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Then, the melting process of the combined system is studied to compare the energy storage rate of combined and inclined systems. Comparing the combined system with the optimal case of inclined systems, the average fluid velocity is 5.44 times higher, which shows the improvement of convection. It was found that the energy storage rate of the combined system (0.299136 kW/kg) is 1.85 times higher than the inclined system (0.161983 kW/kg at the inclination of 30°). As a result, the comprehensive study of the combined system is essential in future research to replace expensive methods.

Heat transfer in Carreau–Yasuda fluid with mixed convection, effect of Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux past a vertical flat plate has been studied in this paper. Using appropriate transformations, governing PDEs are reduced to higher order non-linear non-dimensional ODEs and subsequently these are solved using “bvp4c” package of MATLAB. The Carreau–Yasuda fluid is used to explore the behaviour of fluids having shear-thinning and shear-thickening characters for several values of the parameter called power law exponent involved in the fluid model. The effects of different physical parameters, such as Weissenberg number(We), thermal relaxation parameter(α), Carreau–Yasuda fluid parameter(d), mixed convection parameter(λ) and Prandtl number(Pr) on velocity and temperature has been investigated and depicted through graphs. Results reveals that for lower value of Pr velocity of fluid enhances with higher value of λ and reverse effect is witnessed for larger Pr. Also, velocity rises for shear-thinning fluid(STNF) and decreases for shear-thickening fluid(STKF) with We and d. Temperature exhibits growing behaviour for Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux near the plate in comparison with Fourier's model, whereas velocity exhibits growing behaviour with α. For larger We, temperature in Carreau–Yasuda model upsurges for STKF and falls for STNF. The surface drag-force displays higher values for both STNF and STKF with growth in λ. The cooling rate rises/declines with We for STNFs/STKFs.

In industry, double-diffusive convection has various and important technical applications. These applications include electronic apparatus cooling, drying processes, fuel cells, geothermal engineering, and thermal storage. We provide an entropy-thermal based analysis of magnetized Boussinesq-free double-diffusive convection engendered by internal heat and concentration source block in a nanofluid-filled C-shaped inclined confined space. Findings may be interpreted and assessed in terms of the leading variables such as Lewis number (Le = 2 to 8), Hartmann number (Ha= 0 to 20), buoyancy ratio (N = 1 to 3), and Rayleigh number (Ra = 105 and 106). Besides, to determine the effective geometry and good control of the phenomenon, the investigation also covered the system geometry parameters including the position of the concentration and heat source block (h/L = 0.2 to 0.8) and the inclination angle of the enclosure (δ = 0°–90°). We state that the mass and heat transfer rates increase with Ra, N, and δ while decreasing with Ha, Le, and h/L parameters. Furthermore, when Le, Ha, N, and δ increase, overall entropy increases, whereas it decreases as the h/L parameter increases.

A numerical interpretation is dedicated to analyse the flow and thermal characteristics of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) - sodium alginate (SA) Casson nanofluid in a complex wavy enclosure. The enclosure is designed with an insulated circular barrier under buoyancy effects. Two parallel fins are installed inside the complex enclosure in which one of the fins is assumed as hot and another one as cold. The enclosure is heated/insulated by the bottom/top wall. Forth-mentioned, geometry with nanofluid is mathematically modelled using partial differential equations with appropriate thermal and velocity boundary conditions. A parametric numerical examination is carried out via Galerkin finite element method for the key parameters such as Rayleigh number (105

The emphasis of this study is the numerical analysis via finite volume method of magneto-natural convection induced by double-diffusion of a nanofluid within an enclosure equipped with a wavy porous cylinder. The porous cylinder which is under the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) situation is modeled using Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer design as momentum equation. Results are interpreted and evaluated in terms of the dimensionless controlling variables such as Rayleigh number (Ra), Lewis number (Le), Hartman number (Ha), buoyancy ratio parameter (N), Darcy number, (Da), and medium's porosity (ε) at a given heat transfer coefficient for the solid/fluid inter-phase (H) and modified conductivity ratio (γ) of the porous wavy cylinder region. Corcione's correlations with 4% of Al2O3 nanoparticles is used to estimate nanofluid's thermal conductivity and viscosity. Findings show that the heat and mass transfers are improved by Ra, Da, and ε augmentation and Ha and Le diminution. In general, as Le increases, the mass transfer rate rises while the corresponding heat transfer rate drops. Also, we identified a value of N where Le-dependent heat and mass transfer rates are minimal. Moreover, the heat transfer rate is found to be more sensitive to the changes in the porous medium's properties of the wavy porous cylinder than the mass transfer rate. Furthermore, the LTNE situation everywhere exists in the porous wavy cylinder except for the center where the LTE is realized.

Non-Newtonian flows are a relatively recent aspect of industrial heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The development of new products, the use of conventional fluids under special conditions, the interaction of heat exchange phenomena with viscosity variations, and the search for new manufacturing processes all encourage us to evaluate industrial problems involving fluid flows that do not obey Newton's classical law. The present study deals with the modelling and the numerical simulation of natural convective flow, heat exchange, and entropy generation features within a hexagonal-shaped domain influenced by an inclined magnetic field and filled with a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid charged with Alumina nanoparticles. Three variant configurations of three cooling channels positioned inside the domain are considered. The equations system resulting from the mathematical modelling of the physical problem has been discretized via the finite element method. The spatial distribution of apparent viscosity was portrayed in this study. The findings represented that by growing the Power-law index from 1.2 to 1.8 as well as the magnetic field's power from 0 to 80, the mean Nusselt would descend 27.5% and 12.1%, respectively. Moreover, it was recognized that Config.2 might present the highest mean Nu among other cases examined in this research.

Electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) is very important because of its numerous advantages such as flow control in fluidics networks, fluid pumping, thermal reactors, mixing, fluid stirring, liquid chromatography, and micro coolers. Based on the above applications in this article discussed the electromagnetic forces on the SWCNT/water flow with microorganisms over a Riga plate subject to slip effects. In addition, the uniform heat source/sink effect is used in the energy equation, as well as the thermophoretic effect in the concentration equation. The governing nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) was reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying the appropriate similarity variables. Hence, Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF-45) method was applied to numerically solve the extremely nonlinear system. Based on the analysis of the results, it is worth concluding that raising the role of slip effects lowers the velocity, temperature, and concentration curves, while increasing the solid volume fraction increases the temperature, concentration, and motile microorganism density.

The physical phenomena of nanofluid at high temperature motivate us to analyze problems with temperature-reliant fluid properties, like viscosity and thermal conductivity. Since in glass blowing, viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid may gets affected in such high temperature. This communication deals with the unsteady flow of nanofluid generated by nonlinear expansion of the surface. Temperature-dependent fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are considered in the investigation of the problem. The flow of nanofluid is modeled using famous the Buongiorno's two-phase model, which includes the simultaneous effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion. Appropriate transformations are adopted to obtain the ODEs from governing PDEs. Then MATLAB ‘bvp4c’ computation is used to solve the problem and to get a clear insight of the influences of various parameters. Graphical comparisons are made to check the accuracy of used numerical method. The study explores that heat transfer rate significantly enhances by the index of nonlinearity, variable viscosity and thermal conductivity parameters. Unsteadiness of the flow can be used as a controlling parameter to reduce the surface drag, heat and nano-mass transfer rate. Variable viscosity parameter leads to enhance the velocity near the surface and reducing the concentration of the nanoparticles. The thermal and concentration boundary layer thickens with thermal conductivity parameters. Nanofluid temperature and concentration of nanoparticles decay with nonlinear expanding index.

Data in this article are acquired from 46 naturally distilled whiskey. Whiskey samples were produced in the United Kingdom, United States, Ireland, Scotland, and Canada. Samples differ with their type of distillery including (Blended, finest blended, Malted, single Malted, rye, straight Rye, special blended, and special reserved), years of aging, and ethanol percentages. The contents of beneficial bioactive components including total phenolic contents and total anti-oxidants activity and the correlation between them were addressed.

In this paper, we investigate the (3+1)-dimensional Burger system which is employed in soliton theory and generated by considering the Hirota bilinear equation. We conclude some novel analytical solutions, including 2-lump-type, interaction between 2-lump and one kink, two lump and two kink of type I, two lump and two kink of type II, two lump and one periodic, two lump and kink-periodic, and two lump and periodic–periodic wave solutions for the considered system by symbolic estimations. The main ingredients for this scheme are to recover the Hirota trilinear forms and their generalized equivalences. Then we apply explicit numerical methods, most of which are recently introduced by many scholars, to reproduce the analytical solutions. The test results show that the best algorithms, especially the Hirota bilinear, are very efficient and severely outperform the other methods.

In the present investigation, an attempt is performed to analyse the existence of multiple exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic flows of second-grade and Walter’s B fluids due continuously contracting flat sheet with partial slip condition at the boundary. After transforming basic governing equations by suitable similarity transformations, single and double closed-form exact solutions of the flow are achieved on certain restrictions on flow variables of two aforesaid fluids. The impacts of magnetic field and partial slip on existence and non-existence of solutions are revealed. The changes of flow surface drag and velocity with various involved parametric values are also explored. For both viscoelastic type fluids, i.e., second-grade and Walter’s B fluids, double solutions exist for certain flow conditions. In second-grade case, if viscoelastic parameter exceeds a definite value, then double similarity solutions are achieved for any type of flow, i.e., slip flow or no-slip flow. For Walter’s B fluid similar results are obtained with unique similarity slip flow solution if magnitude of viscoelastic parameter exceeds certain fixed value. Importantly, the magnetic field and its MHD effect stabilize the uncertainty situation in existence of similarity solution for both fluids and produce unique solution for a suitable choice.

Natural convection heat transfer in a porous prismatic enclosure emplacing two movable hot baffles may well be executed in this research. The domain may be loaded with ternary hybrid nanofluid and the governing energy and Navier-Stokes equations might well be solved using finite element approach. The simulation is devised for a wide range of Darcy number, Rayleigh number, non-dimensional length between hot baffles. Examination of the influence of flow and thermal fields through isotherms, vertical and horizontal velocities, streamlines and Nusselt and Bejan numbers is carried out lucidly. Water + Carbon Nanotube (cylindrical)+ Al2O3(spherical)+ Graphene (platelet) is regarded as heat transfer medium within the enclosure. Results indicate that amplification of Darcy number upgrades vertical and horizontal velocities up to 88.51% and 83.77%, respectively, streamlines up to 88.12% as well as Nusselt numbers and isotherms effectively. Augmented Rayleigh number gives rise to intensification of isotherms, vertical and horizontal velocities, and streamlines while it exhibits reverse effect for average Bejan number. Moreover, rise of non-dimensional length between hot baffles from 0.4 to 0.6 leads to the encumbrance of maximum streamline, horizontal and vertical velocities by 11.32%, 8.6% & 5.12% respectively and lifts up average Bejan number by 24.17%.

Nanofluid and its higher thermal performance are displayed more promising outcomes when the flow medium is assumed to be a porous medium. Additionally, the radius size of nanoparticles plays a significant role in enhancing this thermal performance. So, present analysis aims to investigate the time-dependent flow of copper-water nanofluid in porous medium on an expanding sheet in presence of buoyancy force and slip phenomenon under various nanoparticle's radii. The flow is assumed to be boundary layer, two-dimensional, viscous, incompressible, laminar and unsteady. Governing coupled PDEs are changed into ODEs by suitable transformations and the converted ODEs are solved numerically. The study discloses that velocity rises with larger radius of nanoparticles and enlargement in assisting buoyancy force, whereas with unsteadiness of the flow, less permeability of porous material and boundary slip it drops. Also, magnitude of wall-drag force grows with larger radius of nanoparticles and flow unsteadiness. Importantly, for higher value of nanoparticle's radius surface-drag force massively enhances when permeability of porous medium is less. Temperature increment exhibits for boundary slip and less permeability of the porous material. Lastly, wall cooling rate intensifies with flow unsteadiness and higher value of nanoparticle's radius.

The present manuscript deals with bioconvective induced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of non-Newtonian fluids with simultaneous effects of multiple slips, heat source/sink, and nonlinear thermal radiation. Flows of Maxwell and Casson fluids are considered separately, but a single governing momentum conservation equation is constructed by combining these two flow models. Transformed governing equations are solved by MATLAB solver ‘bvp4c’. The objective of the current study is to check the comparative behaviour of two non-Newtonian fluids viz., Maxwell and Casson in presence of induced MHD effect with the bioconvective phenomenon and slip effect. The main findings reveal the growth of velocity and fall of microorganisms’ motile density with induced magnetic number. With higher values of Peclet number and microorganism concentration difference parameter, the microbe's motile density significantly reduces. The temperature hike is witnessed with heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation, and temperature ratio parameters. Also, for a fixed set of values of parameters the Casson fluid velocity is more prominent than the Maxwell fluid velocity and the scenario is the opposite for the motile density of microorganisms. Velocity increases, whereas motile density decreases with raising the amount of magnetic Prandtl number. Casson fluids have more velocity than Maxwell fluids, whereas the movement of the motile density of microorganisms is showing prominency for Maxwell fluids. The magnitude of surface drag and surface cooling rate are at a higher level for Casson fluid in comparison with Maxwell fluid. The motile density number enhances with the microorganism concentration difference parameter and Peclet number.

To achieve ultra-high cooling rate requirement of modern-day industries the combined use of nanofluid and porous medium in several engineering and industrial processes provides excellent outcomes. In present analysis, the comparison between the flows of Gr-w and GO-w nanofluids over exponential shrinking sheet inside porous medium is investigated. Governing coupled PDEs are changed into ODEs by appropriate transformations which are solved numerically with the help of shooting method with RK4; and obtained dual solutions of Darcy flow for certain enforced mass suction exist and consequently, a stability analysis is performed to test physical stability of both solutions which proves physical stability of upper solution branch and instability of lower solution branch. The impacts of several physical parameters are presented in graphical modes along with a tabular comparison. The study reveals that Gr-w nanofluid delays the boundary layer flow separation more in comparison with GO-w nanofluid and hence, the requirement of mass suction for existence of Gr-w nanofluid flow is of lower amount. Also, consideration of porous material as flow medium defers the separation phenomenon. The rise of surface-drag force is witnessed for porous medium and mass suction and it is relatively larger for Gr-w nanofluid than GO-w nanofluid in case of upper branch solution and the surface cooling rate is larger for Gr-w nanofluid in comparison with GO-w nanofluid.

The energy and exergy analysis of a single slope solar stills using ceramic type rectangular and circular magnets in the basin was carried out in this study and compared to conventional solar still. The results showed that the rectangular magnet solar still (RMSS) had higher hourly productivity of about 5.8% and 13.7% than circular magnet solar still (CMSS) and conventional solar still (CSS), respectively. For 12 h of reading, the cumulative productivity in RMSS, CMSS, and CSS was observed at 3.15 kg/m2, 2.82 kg/m2, and 2.15 kg/m2, respectively. Compared to CMSS and CSS, the RMSS has enhanced its energy efficiency by 4.9% and 6.9%, respectively. The observed exergy efficiency in RMSS has increased to 3.4% and 17.2%, respectively, than CMSS and CSS. Due to sensible heat absorbed by magnets, the amount of exergy lost in the RMSS and CMSS basin is much less than in CSS. In economic analysis, the estimated produced water cost (PWC) of RMSS is 4.5% and 22.2% lower than the PWC estimated in CMSS and CSS, respectively. Overall, the results showed that the magnetization of saline water made the solar still work much better.

Multi Wall Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNT's) are new types of nanoparticles which enhance thermal behavior of the base fluids. These are applicable in automotive engineering. Besides, Micro-polar Nano-fluids are another type of Nano-fluid in which the micro-rotation of the nanoparticles is considered when solving the governing equations. In this study, the natural convection and entropy generation of a Micro-polar MWCNT-Fe3O4/Water Hybrid Nano-fluid is investigated. The governing equations which consider the Non-Newtonian behavior of this type of Nano-fluid are solved by FEM. The effcacy of micro-rotation parameter (0–2), Hartmann number (0-20), Rayleigh number (104-106), and inclination angle of the cavity (0°–90°) on the Nusselt number and S is investigated. The findings disclose that both micro-rotation parameter and Hartmann number reduce NC and Nuavg of hybrid nanofluid. Besides, Be number will increase by reducing Ra number. Moreover, the average of Be number will enhance up to 19% and the Nuavg will be weakened by 24% by changing the φ from 0° to 90°. Plus, Nuavg will descend by 27% when the micro-rotation parameter is increased from 0 to 2. This study is mostly applicable in solar collectors, heat exchangers, and biomedical engineering such as blood flow in which the micro-polar flow is present.

An exploration of the unsteady MHD boundary layer flow over a moving vertical porous surface with nanofluids under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field and heat radiation absorption effects has been brought out. Two different kinds of water-based nanofluids comprising of Al2O3 and TiO2 are adopted into deliberation. The governing equations for the flow are solved by making use of the Laplace transform method, and the solutions are displayed in closed form. The velocity, temperature, concentration, the shear stress, the rate of heat and mass transportations near the surface has been described graphically for numerous values of the relevant parameters. The velocity and temperature enhances with increasing radiation absorption parameter. It is also observed that an increase of volume fraction of nanoparticles leads to the enhancement of the temperature on central line of the flow. Nusselt number might be tracked down to be elevated for alumina than titanium dioxide nanofluid. The present investigation originated applications in aerospace engineering as well as industrial many mechanisms.

This paper investigates natural convection and entropy generation of the Nano-Encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in an inclined L-shaped cavity. The NEPCMs are made up of core and shell in which the PCMs are the core section that are capsulated in Nano-shells. These NEPCM particles go through phase change from solid to the liquid while absorbing the heat and release it when their phase changes back to solid. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the behavior of NEPCMs under a set of defined boundary conditions. The effect of Rayleigh number (104-106), micro-rotation parameter (0–2), Nano particle's concentration (0.01–0.05), Stefan number (0.1–0.5), and non-dimensional fusion temperature (0.1–0.3) on the Nusselt number and entropy generation of the fluid flow is also analyzed. The results reveal that the Stefan number, micro-rotation parameter, and non-dimensional fusion temperature have a negative impact on NC heat transfer of NEPCMs and reduce the Nuavg up to 25%, 42%, and 15% respectively. Conversely, the nanoparticle concentration enhances the Nuavg up to 36%.

Magnetic field plays an important role in numerous fields such as biological, chemical, mechanical and medical research. In clinical and medical research the magnets are extremely important to create three dimensional images of anatomical and diagnostic importance from nuclear magnetic resonance signals. In view of these applications, the purpose of present research is to the effects of thermal radiation and rotation on the unsteady MHD convective flow past an infinite vertical moving absorbent plate. The similarity transformations are employed to migrate the governing partial differential equations in a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations and elucidated computationally by making use of cubic B-splines collocation method. The consequences of physical variables on fundamental segmentations are commented through visual aids. Even if the digital estimates of frictional force, Nusselt number and Sherwood number with respect to different parameters are delivered in matrix template and exchange of views proportionally. From the results, the resultant velocity magnifies with an increasing in rotation parameter, the thermal and solutal buoyancy forces. Reversal performance is adhered with expanding in the slip parameter. An enlargement in the radiation parameter, rise in the fluid speed and temperature profiles. The concentration profiles augments with increasing in suction parameter. The rate of mass transport is influenced on strengthening in Schmidt number and slip parameter.

Introduction:: Mixed convection flow and heat transfer within various cavities including lid-driven walls has many engineering applications. Investigation of such a problem is important in enhancing the performance of the cooling of electric, electronic and nuclear devices and controlling the fluid flow and heat exchange of the solar thermal operations and thermal storage. Objectives:: The main aim of this fundamental investigation is to examine the influence of a two-phase hybrid nanofluid approach on mixed convection characteristics including the consequences of varying Richardson number, number of oscillations, nanoparticle volume fraction, and dimensionless length and dimensionless position of the solid obstacle. Methods:: The migration of composite hybrid nanoparticles due to the nano-scale forces of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis was taken into account. There is an inner block near the middle of the enclosure, which contributes toward the flow, heat, and mass transfer. The top lid cover wall of the enclosure is allowed to move which induces a mixed convection flow. The impact of the migration of hybrid nanoparticles with regard to heat transfer is also conveyed in the conservation of energy. The governing equations are molded into the non-dimensional pattern and then explained using the finite element technique. The effect of various non-dimensional parameters such as the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the wave number of walls, and the Richardson number on the heat transfer and the concentration distribution of nanoparticles are examined. Various case studies for Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids are performed. Results:: The results reveal that the temperature gradient could induce a notable concentration variation in the enclosure. Conclusion:: The location of the solid block and undulation of surfaces are valuable in the control of the heat transfer and the concentration distribution of the composite nanoparticles.

This dataset demonstrates the content of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) in boiled, grilled, and raw pork for both lean and whole cuts including ribs, tenderloin, shoulder, neck, belly, and center chops. Total fat content in raw pork cuts was determined by the gravimetric method. Quantification analysis using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD connected. Purification of fatty acids from proteins was performed using a c18 cartridge, resolving vitamin D3 from its metabolites by subjecting purified samples to polar silica cartridge, purification from sugars by a series of two amino columns, and quantification of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by injecting purified extracts on C18 SPE column. Grilling samples was conducted in an electric combi oven.

In this study, mixed convection regarding nanofluid within the wavy lid-driven enclosure and a prominent heat source is investigated. A two-phase method is applied to the employed nanoliquid which leads to a non-homogeneous concentration field. The obtained governing equations are solved by the finite element technique. The effects of adding nanoparticles in base flow on velocity, temperature, and concentration field are investigated. Also, the effects of different geometric dimensions on heat transfer, such as heat source aspect ratio, wave number, and amplitude of wavy walls are investigated. The outcomes reveal that increasing the application of nanoparticles, wave number and amplitude of the wavy wall, and aspect ratio of heat source yields an improvement within the rate of heat transfer.

In this study, the hybrid lattice Boltzmann scheme is introduced for three-dimensional heat transfer by conduction, natural convection and radiation. The mesoscopic LBGK model with the D3Q19 stencil is used to describe the flow pattern whereas the thermal model is formulated in terms of the finite difference solution of the macroscopic energy equation. The governing equations are solved in MatLab by means of the in-house code validated on experimental and numerical benchmark data. Three-dimensional heat transfer and flow patterns are analyzed when varying the Rayleigh number 104≤Ra≤106, solid-fluid interfaces emissivity 0≤ε≤1, walls thickness 0.05≤M≤0.2. During numerical simulations, it is found that temperature of the air and solid walls is reduced with an increment in the Rayleigh number under studied conditions. However, the flow field is slightly altered with Ra. Computational performance of the hybrid lattice Boltzmann model is significantly better than the conventional vorticity-vector potential formulation. No radiation heat transfer mode provides thermal stratification in the entire cavity. Along with that, thermal and flow behavior are very similar under the 2D and 3D simulations. On the contrary, a significant discrepancy is observed in the temperature and velocity values when taking into account surface radiation. Hence, it is very important to implement the 3D model when studying conductive-convective-radiative heat transfer under the top location of the heater.

We have explored theoretically the Hall and ion slip impacts on an unsteady laminar MHD convective rotating flow of heat generating or absorbing second grade fluid over a semi-infinite vertical moving permeable surface. The non-dimensional equations for the governing flow are solved to the most excellent possible investigative solution using perturbation methodology. The effects of parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration are demonstrated graphically and described in detail. For engineering curiosity, the shear stresses, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are obtained analytically, represented computationally in a tabular format as well as explained with respect to foremost parameters. It is concluded that, the resultant velocity is increased with an increasing in Hall and ion slip parameters throughout fluid region. The thermal and solutal buoyancy forces contribute to the resultant velocity ever-increasing to high. The temperature distribution is trim downs through an increasing in heat source parameter. The concentration is reduced with an increase in the chemical reaction parameter in the entire fluid region. Rotation parameter is to diminish the skin friction, whereas it is augmented through an increase of the Hall and ion slip effects. The rate of mass transfer is increased with increasing chemical reaction parameter.