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Introduction: Recent years have witnessed the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). DR-TB is difficult to treat, necessitating prolonged therapy with multiple medications. However, attempts have been made to shorten the therapeutic regimen in DR-TB. Objective: This systematic review was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of short-term regimens (STRs) for the treatment of DR-TB in children. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINHAL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, major trial registries, and grey literature. We searched for randomized controlled trials, and observational studies, comparing World Health Organization (WHO) approved treatment regimens of ≤12 months duration (shorter regimens) versus >12 months duration (longer regimens), in children (

Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH) is a rare acquired cause of intravascular haemolysis in children. We are reporting an unusual case of PCH, a 7-year-old boy who presented with acute febrile illness, severe anaemia and passage of red colored urine. His initial haemolytic workup had shown positive direct agglutination test along with evidence of ongoing haemolysis with severe leukocytosis. Further evaluation for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia revealed positivity for Donath Landsteiner Antibody, hence establishing a diagnosis of PCH. During the hospital stay, the child required multiple red blood cells, crossmatched although “P” antigen untyped transfusions. Child gradually improved and became transfusion independent within one week. The child has been under regular follow-up since last six months and all his laboratory parameters are within normal limits.

Bone marrow fibrosis has been associated with different types of non-neoplastic conditions like granulomatous and autoimmune diseases and a variety of neoplastic disorders such as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and myeloproliferative neoplsms. Therapy induced fibrosis is a rare phenomenon. Here we report a case of an incidentally diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with t(11;17) which was treated with arsenic trioxide (ATO) for 45 days. However, the patient did not go into remission and developed massive fibrosis of bone marrow. Literature search does not reveal such documented marrow fibrosis following therapy with ATO in a case of APL.

Aim or Purpose: This study aims to assess independent contributions of nuclear and extended families through direct and indirect pathways towards risk of early childhood caries among 5 years old children from low socio-economic status in Central India. Materials and Methods: A two-stage sampling design was used to randomly select a total of 313 school children. The American Association of Pediatric Dentistry defined criterion was used for diagnosis of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). It was hypothesized that type of family would impact ECC and S-ECC directly and indirectly through acting on individual level variables like frequency of cleaning teeth, dietary patterns, and utilization of dental services. Generalized structural equation modelling (GSEM) was adopted to examine the relationship between a set of exogenous variables. Path coefficients along with the standard error with 95% confidence interval were reported. Results: A total of 186 (59.4%) and 47 (15%) children had ECC and SECC. Nuclear families, higher frequency of between meal sugar consumption, and lower utilization of dental care were significantly associated with ECC with odds ratio of 2.43, 2.78 and 8.65 respectively (p< 0.001). Nuclear families were also significantly associated with SECC. Type of family had significant direct (p< 0.001) and indirect (p< 0.05) effects via three or more than three times sugar consumption and lower utilization of dental services on ECC. Conclusions: Nuclear families were significantly associated with ECC and SECC among the children. Practicing dentists need to understand the influence of type of family and the associated pathway to tackle and reduce the burden of ECC.