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1. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: Shifting our attention to the macula

Author

Samuel Asanad, Elana Meer, Michele Fantini, Enrico Borrelli, and Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

Purpose: Peripapillary vascular alterations have been classically described as hallmarks of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). We recently demonstrated microvascular pathology involving the macula in patients affected with chronic LHON using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Macular vascular pathology in acute LHON has not previously been reported. Methods: The macular superficial vasculature of an asymptomatic carrier and an affected patient with acute LHON, mitochondrial DNA mutation 3460, was assessed by OCTA. Results: Similar findings of peripapillary microangiopathy and vascular telangiectasias were seen the affected patient, but in the parafoveal macula. These changes were most prominent nasally and inferiorly, corresponding to the proximal portions of the papillomacular bundle. The foveal avascular zone was markedly enlarged in the affected patient relative to the asymptomatic mother. Conclusions: These findings in acute LHON further supports the clinical utility of vascular parameters and suggest that further studies focused on macular pathology may be warranted to assess the natural history of LHON. Keywords: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Optical coherence tomography angiography, Macular vascular pathology, Subclinical vasculopathy

Published
2019
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2. Contributors

Author

Tomas S. Aleman, Patrizia Amati-Bonneau, Benoît Arveiler, Jane L. Ashworth, Isabelle Audo, Giacomo M. Bacci, Nicole Balducci, Irina Balikova, Miriam Bauwens, Piero Barboni, Johannes Birtel, Susmito Biswas, Graeme C.M. Black, Catherine Blanchet, Béatrice Bocquet, Camiel J.F. Boon, Antoine Brézin, Cyril Burin des Roziers, Emma Burkitt-Wright, Michele Callea, Michele Carbonelli, Valerio Carelli, Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic, Kate E. Chandler, Aman Chandra, Jill Clayton-Smith, Johanna M. Colijn, Frauke Coppieters, Catherine A. Cukras, Avril Daly, Elfride De Baere, Julie De Zaeytijd, Arundhati Dev Borman, Hélène Dollfus, Sofia Douzgou Houge, Elizabeth C. Engle, Pascal Escher, D. Gareth Evans, Kristina Teär Fahnehjelm, Christina Fasser, Mathieu Fiore, Kaoru Fujinami, Yu Fujinami-Yokokawa, Brenda L. Gallie, Michalis Georgiou, Martin Gliem, Monika K. Grudzinska Pechhacker, Georgina Hall, Wolf M. Harmening, Robert H. Henderson, Elise Héon, Nashila Hirji, Frank G. Holz, Laryssa A. Huryn, Elizabeth A. Jones, Vasiliki Kalatzis, Arif O. Khan, Ungsoo S. Kim, Caroline C.W. Klaver, Neruban Kumaran, Chiara La Morgia, Fiona Lalloo, Eulalie Lasseaux, Helena Lee, Guy Lenaers, Eva Lenassi, Bart P. Leroy, Petra Liskova, I. Christopher Lloyd, Robert E. MacLaren, Omar A. Mahroo, Alvaro J. Mejia-Vergara, Isabelle Meunier, Michel Michaelides, Anthony T. Moore, Mariya Moosajee, Fanny Morice-Picard, Francis L. Munier, Magella M. Neveu, Erin C. O'Neil, Anna Nordenström, Neil R.A. Parry, Maria I. Patrício, Manoj V. Parulekar, Dipak Ram, Simon C. Ramsden, Johane Robitaille, Anthony G. Robson, Pierre-Raphaël Rothschild, Alfredo A. Sadun, Kaspar Schuerch, Miguel C. Seabra, Jay E. Self, Panagiotis I. Sergouniotis, Fadi Shaya, Paul A. Sieving, Ine Strubbe, Francesca Simonelli, Kent W. Small, Martin P. Snead, Karolina M. Stepien, Mays Talib, Rachel L. Taylor, Francesco Testa, Alberta A.H.J. Thiadens, Elias I. Traboulsi, Viet H. Tran, Veronika Vaclavik, Sophie Valleix, Caroline Van Cauwenbergh, Kristof Van Schil, Mary C. Whitman, Colin E. Willoughby, Kanmin Xue, Jingyan Yang, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Christina Zeitz, and Martin Zinkernagel

Published
2022

3. Retina and melanopsin neurons

Author

Alfredo A. Sadun, Valerio Carelli, Chiara La Morgia, La Morgia C., Carelli V., and Sadun A.A.

Subjects
Melanopsin, Retina, Circadian rhythm, Optic nerve, Suprachiasmatic nucleus, Parkinson's disease, Neurodegeneration, Rod Opsins, Retinal Ganglion Cell, Alzheimer's disease, Biology, medicine.disease, Retinal ganglion, Suprachiasmatic nucleu, medicine.anatomical_structure, Hypothalamu, medicine, Pupillary light reflex, Mitochondrial optic neuropathies, Neuroscience, Human
Abstract

Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are the third class of retinal photoreceptors with unique anatomical, electrophysiological, and biological features. There are different mRGC subtypes with differential projections to the brain. These cells contribute to many nonimage-forming functions of the eye, the most relevant being the photoentrainment of circadian rhythms through the projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Other relevant biological functions include the regulation of the pupillary light reflex, mood, alertness, and sleep, as well as a possible role in formed vision. The relevance of the mRGC-related pathways in the brain is highlighted by the role that the dysfunction and/or loss of these cells may play in affecting circadian rhythms and sleep in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and in aging. Moreover, the occurrence of circadian dysfunction is a known risk factor for dementia. In this chapter, the anatomy, physiology, and functions of these cells as well as their resistance to neurodegeneration in mitochondrial optic neuropathies or their predilection to be lost in other neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed.

Published
2021

4. Hormone replacement therapy in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: Accelerated visual recovery in vivo

Author

Rustum Karanjia, Samuel Asanad, Alfredo A. Sadun, and Michele Fantini

Subjects
Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.drug_class, Mitochondrial disease, Article, Optic neuropathy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:Ophthalmology, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, In vivo, Internal medicine, medicine, Idebenone, Accelerated visual improvement, business.industry, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Ophthalmology, Regimen, Hormone replacement therapy, Estrogen, Transgender hormone therapy, lcsh:RE1-994, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, sense organs, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

Purpose: To report an accelerated course of visual recovery in a case of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) following treatment with idebenone and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). We hereby demonstrate the clinical utility of estrogen's protective role in LHON in vivo. Methods: We present a case of LHON in a menopausal woman carrying the 10197 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation, who experienced loss of vision shortly after discontinuing her estrogen replacement regimen. Functional visual outcomes are reported following treatment with idebenone and HRT. Results: The patient exhibited an accelerated course of visual recovery, experiencing improvement in vision as early as one month and complete reversal of vision loss by eight months post-therapy. Conclusion: Idebenone treatment combined with HRT may have a synergistic effect in enhancing cellular bioenergetics and may explain the patient's accelerated visual improvement. Keywords: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Mitochondrial disease, Hormone replacement therapy, Accelerated visual improvement

Published
2018

5. Contributors

Author

Michael Abràmoff, Gary W. Abrams, Anita Agarwal, Everett Ai, Lloyd M. Aiello, Lloyd Paul Aiello, Daniel M. Albert, Mathew W. Aschbrenner, Marcos Ávila, G. William Aylward, Matthew Bedell, Rubens Belfort, Jean Bennett, Chris Bergstrom, Cagri G. Besirli, Pramod S. Bhende, Susanne Binder, Alan C. Bird, Barbara A. Blodi, Mark S. Blumenkranz, H. Culver Boldt, Norbert Bornfeld, Ferdinando Bottoni, Michael E. Boulton, Sara J. Bowne, Milam A. Brantley, Neil M. Bressler, Susan B. Bressler, Andreas Bringmann, Daniel A. Brinton, Gary C. Brown, Justin C. Brown, Simon Brunner, Ronald A. Bush, Dingcai Cao, Antonio Capone, David Carruthers, Jerry D. Cavallerano, Usha Chakravarthy, Chi-Chao Chan, Waiman Chan, Steven Charles, David G. Charteris, Dong Feng Chen, Jeannie Chen, Youxin Chen, Carol Yim Lui Cheung, Emily Y. Chew, Allen Chiang, Michael F. Chiang, Ian J. Constable, Gabriel Coscas, Alan F. Cruess, Emmett T. Cunningham, Christine A. Curcio, Stephen P. Daiger, Bertil E. Damato, Janet L. Davis, Matthew D. Davis, Shelley Day, Patrick De Potter, Marc D. de Smet, Alastair K. Denniston, Ranjit S. Dhaliwal, Xiaoyan Ding, Diana V. Do, Guorui Dou, William A. Dunn, Justis P. Ehlers, Michael Engelbert, Lisa J. Faia, Benedetto Falsini, Amani A. Fawzi, Sharon Fekrat, Steven E. Feldon, Rodrigo A. Brant Fernandes, Henry A. Ferreyra, Deborah A. Ferrington, Frederick L. Ferris, Paul T. Finger, Steven K. Fisher, Gerald A. Fishman, Monika Fleckenstein, Harry W. Flynn, Andrew C. Fok, Wallace S. Foulds, William R. Freeman, Aurélien Freton, Martin Friedlander, Laura J. Frishman, Arthur D. Fu, Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia Filho, Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela, Alain Gaudric, Mary Gayed, Mohamed A. Genead, Heinrich Gerding, Andrea Giani, Morton F. Goldberg, Dan S. Gombos, Lingam Gopal, Caroline Gordon, Hiroshi Goto, Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Maria B. Grant, W. Richard Green, Ronald G. Gregg, Zdenek Gregor, Giovanni Gregori, Kevin Gregory-Evans, Seanna Grob, Carl Groenewald, Hans E. Grossniklaus, Sandeep Grover, Vamsi K. Gullapalli, Aditi Gupta, Rudolf F. Guthoff, Paul Hahn, Julia A. Haller, J. William Harbour, Christos Haritoglou, Mary E. Hartnett, Barbara S. Hawkins, Shikun He, Martina C. Herwig, Florian M.A. Heussen, David R. Hinton, Frank G. Holz, Samuel K. Houston, Yan-Nian Hui, Mark S. Humayun, Yasushi Ikuno, David Isaac, Tatsuro Ishibashi, Douglas A. Jabs, Glenn J. Jaffe, Lee M. Jampol, Leonard Joffe, Mark Johnson, Mark W. Johnson, Robert N. Johnson, Antonia M. Joussen, Karina Julian, J. Michael Jumper, Peter K. Kaiser, Anselm Kampik, Robert Katamay, Christine N. Kay, Pearse A. Keane, M. Cristina Kenney, Khizer R. Khaderi, Mohamad A. Khodair, Ivana K. Kim, Tae Wan Kim, Bernd Kirchhof, Barbara E.K. Klein, Ronald Klein, Lazaros Konstantinidis, Igor Kozak, Baruch D. Kuppermann, Leanne T. Labriola, Timothy Y. Lai, Dennis S. Lam, Linda A. Lam, Maurice B. Landers, Anne Marie Lane, Erin B. Lavik, James F. Leary, Sun Young Lee, Thomas C. Lee, Loh-Shan B. Leung, David A. Lewis, Geoffrey P. Lewis, Anita Leys, Xiaoxin Li, Sandra Liakopoulos, Chang-Ping Lin, Phoebe Lin, David T. Liu, Nikolas J.S. London, Brandon J. Lujan, Yan Luo, Gerard A. Lutty, Robert MacLaren, Steven Madreperla, Albert M. Maguire, Martin A. Mainster, Nancy C. Mansfield, Arnold M. Markoe, Michael F. Marmor, Daniel F. Martin, Stephen C. Massey, Maureen A. McCall, Tara A. McCannel, J. Allen McCutchan, H. Richard McDonald, Milap P. Mehta, Petra Meier, Shannath Merbs, Travis A. Meredith, Carsten H. Meyer, William F. Mieler, Joan W. Miller, Rukhsana G. Mirza, Sayak K. Mitter, Robert A. Mittra, Yozo Miyake, Carlo Montemagno, Ala Moshiri, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Cristina Muccioli, Robert F. Mullins, Toshinori Murata, A. Linn Murphree, Robert P. Murphy, Philip I. Murray, Timothy G. Murray, Manish Nagpal, Perumalsamy Namperumalsamy, Sumit K. Nanda, Quan Dong Nguyen, Robert B. Nussenblatt, Kean T. Oh, Masahito Ohji, Kyoko Ohno-Matsui, Daniel Palanker, Purnima S. Patel, Anna C. Pavlick, David M. Peereboom, Mark E. Pennesi, Jay S. Pepose, Julian D. Perry, Carmen A. Puliafito, Polly A. Quiram, Rajiv Raman, Rajeev S. Ramchandran, Haripriya Vittal Rao, Narsing A. Rao, P. Kumar Rao, Sivakumar R. Rathinam, Franco M. Recchia, Kristin J. Redmond, Thomas A. Reh, Andreas Reichenbach, Robert Ritch, Philip J. Rosenfeld, Gary S. Rubin, Humberto Ruiz-Garcia, Stephen J. Ryan, SriniVas R. Sadda, Alfredo A. Sadun, Taiji Sakamoto, Alapakkam P. Sampath, Andrew P. Schachat, Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Stephen G. Schwartz, Adrienne W. Scott, Jerry Sebag, Johanna M. Seddon, H. Nida Sen, Yasir Jamal Sepah, Sanjay Sharma, Tarun Sharma, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, Carol L. Shields, Jerry A. Shields, Kei Shinoda, Dhananjay Shukla, Paul A. Sieving, Paolo A.S. Silva, Claudio Silveira, Arun D. Singh, Sylvia B. Smith, Wendy M. Smith, Lucia Sobrin, Akrit Sodhi, Elliott H. Sohn, Gisèle Soubrane, Leigh Spielberg, Sunil K. Srivastava, Oliver Stachs, Giovanni Staurenghi, Paul Sternberg, Edwin M. Stone, Ilene K. Sugino, Lori S. Sullivan, Paul Sullivan, Jennifer K. Sun, Janet S. Sunness, Ramin Tadayoni, Shibo Tang, Hiroko Terasaki, Matthew A. Thomas, John T. Thompson, Gabriele Thumann, Cynthia A. Toth, Michael T. Trese, Julie H. Tsai, Mary E. Turell, Patricia L. Turner, Nitin Udar, J. Niklas Ulrich, Russell N. Van Gelder, Jan C. van Meurs, Daniel Vítor Vasconcelos-Santos, Demetrios G. Vavvas, G. Atma Vemulakonda, Hao Wang, Yusheng Wang, James D. Weiland, Richard G. Weleber, Moody D. Wharam, Louisa Wickham, Peter Wiedemann, Henry E. Wiley, C.P. Wilkinson, David J. Wilson, Thomas J. Wolfensberger, David Wong, Ian Y. Wong, Tien Yin Wong, David M. Wu, Yanors Yandiev, Chang-Hao Yang, Chung-May Yang, Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, Miho Yasuda, Po-Ting Yeh, Zohar Yehoshua, Glenn Yiu, Young Hee Yoon, Hyeong Gon Yu, Alex Yuan, Marco A. Zarbin, Jun Jun Zhang, Kang Zhang, Mingwei Zhao, and Peng Zhou

Published
2013

7. Abnormalities of the optic disc

Author

Michelle Y. Wang and Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Nerve fiber layer, Glaucoma, Anatomy, Fundus (eye), medicine.disease, Retinal ganglion, Optic disc drusen, eye diseases, Ophthalmoscopy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Optic nerve, Medicine, sense organs, business, Optic disc
Abstract

The optic disc represents the anterior end of the optic nerve, the most forward extension of the central nervous system (CNS). The optic disc gives a rare glimpse into the CNS. Hence, diseases of the CNS are often manifested on fundus examination. Abnormalities of the optic disc may reflect eye disease (such as glaucoma), problems in development (as in various syndromes), or CNS disease (such as increased intracranial pressure). Each optic nerve is composed of about 1.2 million axons deriving from the retinal ganglion cells of one eye. Optic atrophy is a morphological sequela reflecting the loss of many or all of these axons. Myriad diseases such as hereditary, metabolic, tumor, and increased intracranial pressure can lead to optic atrophy. Some diseases, such as optic disc drusen, intracranial masses, orbital tumors, ischemic optic neuropathies, inflammations, and infiltrations, can produce optic disc edema before leading to optic atrophy. A number of new imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), quantitate the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer as an indirect measure of axonal loss or swelling. OCT can therefore be used to quantitate pathology or the response to therapy in various generalized CNS conditions, such as multiple sclerosis.

Published
2011

8. Inherited Optic Neuropathies

Author

C.F. Chicani and Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
Genetics, Mitochondrial DNA, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Nuclear DNA, Visual field, Optic neuropathy, Atrophy, medicine, Optic nerve, sense organs, business, Dyschromatopsia
Abstract

Most metabolic optic neuropathies involve derangements that affect mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. These may be inherited or acquired, the latter being further divided into toxic and nutritional deficiency states. This article discusses inherited disorders of metabolism that affect the optic nerve in isolation. Such inherited optic neuropathies are Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), dominant optic atrophy (DOA), and congenital recessive optic atrophy (ROA). Mitochondria are always impaired, sometimes from mutations of their own DNA (mtDNA), other times by mutations of nuclear DNA involved in the transcription of mitochondrial proteins or substrates for mitochondrial biochemistry. The clinical presentation remains stereotypic and usually involves bilateral symmetric visual loss with dyschromatopsia, and central or cecocentral visual field defects.

Published
2010

12. Papilledema and Raised Intracranial Pressure

Author

Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Ophthalmology, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Papilledema, Raised intracranial pressure
Published
2009

16. Optic Atrophy and Papilledema

Author

Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Atrophy, business.industry, Ophthalmology, Medicine, medicine.symptom, business, medicine.disease, Papilledema
Published
2008

17. List of Contributors

Author

Juan-Carlos Abad, Mark B Abelson, David H Abramson, Martin A Acquadro, Anthony P Adamis, Wesley H Adams, Natalie A Afshari, Everett Ai, Lloyd M Aiello, Lloyd P Aiello, Levent Akduman, Marissa L Albano, Daniel M. Albert, Terry J Alexandrou, Eduardo C Alfonso, Jorge L Alié, Hassan Alizadeh, Ibrahim A Al Jadaan, Sabah Al-Jastaneiah, Calliope E Allen, David Allen, Robert C Allen, Albert Alm, Samar Al-Swailem, Abigail K Alt, Michael M Altaweel, Russell Anderson, Christopher M Andreoli, Sofia Androudi, Leonard PK Ang, Fahd Anzaar, David J Apple, Claudia A Arrigg, Pablo Artal, Penny Asbell, George K Asdourian, Neal Atebara, Pelin Atmaca-Sonmez, Isabelle Audo, Gerd U Auffarth, Robin K Avery, Dimitri T Azar, Ann S Baker, Mark Balles, Scott D Barnes, Donald M Barnett, Neal P Barney, Fina C Barouch, George B Bartley, Jason JS Barton, Irmgard Behlau, Jose I Belda, Jeffrey L Bennett, Timothy J Bennett, Gregg J Berdy, Carlo Roberto Bernardino, Vitaliano Bernardino, Eliot L Berson, Amitabh Bharadwaj, Robert Bhisitkul, Ravinder D Bhui, Jurij Bilyk, Valérie Biousse, Alan C Bird, Norman Paul Blair, Barbara A Blodi, Mark S Blumenkranz, H Culver Boldt, Mark S Borchert, Luigi Borrillo, Gary E Borodic, S Arthur Boruchoff, Swaraj Bose, Michael E Boulton, RW Bowman, Elizabeth A Bradley, Periklis D Brazitikos, Robert Breeze, Neil M Bressler, Susan B Bressler, Alfred Brini, Donald L Budenz, Angela N Buffenn, Scott E Burk, Salim Butrus, David Callanan, J Douglas Cameron, Louis B Cantor, William A Cantore, Jorge Cantu-Dibildox, Victoria Casas, Miriam Casper, Robin J Casten, Yara P Catoira, Jerry Cavallerano, Samantha J Chai, Maria R Chalita, Sherman M Chamberlain, Audrey S Chan, Chi-Chao Chan, Paul Chan, Matthew J Chapin, Karen L Chapman, Eric Chen, Joe Chen, Julie A Chen, Teresa C Chen, Zhou Chen, Patricia Chévez-Barrios, Emily Y Chew, Mark Chiang, James Chodosh, Eva-Marie Chong, Denise Chun, Leo T Chylack, Antonio P Ciardella, Mortimer Civan, Liane Clamen, John I Clark, Glenn Cockerham, Andre Cohen, Elisabeth J Cohen, Kathryn A Colby, Anne L Coleman, Hanna R Coleman, Joseph Colin, J Michael Collier, Grant M Comer, M Ronan Conlon, Kim E Cooper, James J Corbett, Miguel C Coma, Marshall N Cyrlin, Linda R Dagi, Matthew A Dahlgren, Timothy J Daley, Andrea P Da Mata, Bertil Damato, Donald J D'Amico, Reza Dana, Aude Danan-Husson, Helen B Danesh-Meyer, Ronald P Danis, Jason K Darlington, Stefanie L Davidson, Janet L Davis, Elizabeth A Davis, Jose J de la Cruz, Adam G de la Garza, Margaret M DeAngelis, Sheri L DeMartelaere, Joseph L Demer, Avninder Dhaliwal, J Paul Dieckert, Diana V Do, Marshall G Doane, Christopher Dodds, Claes H Dohlman, Guy Donati, Eric D Donnenfeld, Arlene Drack, Thaddeus P Dryja, David Dueker, Jay S Duker, Jennifer A Dunbar, James P Dunn, William J Dupps, Marlene L Durand, Jonathan J Dutton, Chiara M Eandi, Deepak P Edward, Robert A Egan, David A Eichenbaum, Susan E Eklund, Elizabeth C Engle, Kristine Erickson, Bita Esmaeli, Aaron Fay, Leonard Feiner, Sharon Fekrat, Frederick L Ferris, Howard F Fine, Donald C Fletcher, Paul Flikier, Richard P Floyd, Harry W Flynn, Donald S Fong, Ramon L Font, Brian JR Forbes, Rod Foroozan, Bradley S Foster, C Stephen Foster, Jill A Foster, Gary N Foulks, Tamara R Fountain, Gregory M Fox, Thomas F Freddo, Sharon F Freedman, K Bailey Freund, Thomas R Friberg, Alan H Friedman, David Friedman, Deborah I Friedman, Ephraim Friedman, Arthur D Fu, Anne B Fulton, Ahmed Galal, Steven Galetta, Mark Gallardo, Brenda Gallie, Alec Garner, James A Garrity, Damien Gatinel, Steven J Gedde, Craig E Geist, Steve Gerber, Ramon C Ghanem, Jon P Gieser, Michael S Gilmore, Howard V Gimbel, Ilene K Gipson, Tyrone Glover, Robert A Goldberg, Mordechai Goldenfeld, Scott M Goldstein, Cintia F Gomi, Haiyan Gong, John A Gonzales, John Goosey, Justin L Gottlieb, Joshua Gould, Evangelos S Gragoudas, David B Granet, Michael J Greaney, Daniel G Green, Franz Grehn, Jack V Greiner, Craig M Greven, Gregory J Griepentrog, Carl Groenewald, Cynthia L Grosskreutz, Lori Latowski Grover, Vamsi K Gullapalli, Padma Gulur, Jonathan Gunther, Manish Gupta, Mayank Gupta, David R Guyer, Darin R Haivala, Julia A Haller, GM Halmagyi, Lawrence S Halperin, Islam M Hamdi, Steven R Hamilton, Kristin M Hammersmith, Dennis P Han, Ronald M Hansen, J William Harbour, Seenu M Hariprasad, Mona Harissi-Dagher, Shirin E. Hassan, Mark P Hatton, Pamela Hawley, Yasutaka Hayashida, John R Heckenlively, Thomas R Hedges, Alfred D Heggie, Katrinka L Heher, Jeffrey S Heier, J Fielding Hejtmancik, Bonnie A Henderson, Peter S Hersh, Ahmed A Hidayat, Eva Juliet Higginbotham, Tatsuo Hirose, Allen C Ho, ThucAnh T Ho, R Nick Hogan, David E Holck, Nancy M Holekamp, Peter G Hovland, Thomas C Hsu, William C Hsu, Andrew JW Huang, Mark S Hughes, Jennifer Hui, David G Hunter, Laryssa A Huryn, Deeba Husain, Robert A Hyndiuk, Michael Ip, Brian J Jacobs, Frederick A Jakobiec, Lee M Jampol, Harold G Jensen, Fei Ji, David L Johnson, Douglas H Johnson, Mark W Johnson, R Paul Johnson, Robert N Johnson, Karen M Joos, Nancy C Joyce, J Michael Jumper, Ula V. Jurkunas, Alon Kahana, Malik Y Kahook, Elliott Kanner, Kevin Kalwerisky, Henry J Kaplan, Ekaterini C Karatza, Randy Kardon, James A Katowitz, William R Katowitz, Melanie Kazlas, Kelly S Keefe, Lara Kelley, Charles J Kent, Kenneth R Kenyon, Bilal F Khan, Jemshed A Khan, Naheed W Khan, Peng Tee Khaw, Femida Kherani, Eva C Kim, Hee Joon Kim, Ivana K Kim, Jonathan W Kim, Rosa Y Kim, Stella K Kim, Tae-Im Kim, Christina M Klais, Stephen R Klapper, Barbara EK Klein, Guy Kleinmann, Thomas Klink, Dino D Klisovic, Stephen D Klyce, Tolga Kocaturk, Thomas Kohnen, Takeshi Kojima, Tobias Koller, David A Kostick, Joel A Kraut, Chandrasekharan Krishnan, Ronald R Krueger, Joseph H Krug, Sara Krupsky, Rachel W Kuchtey, Ramsay S Kurban, Paul A Kurz, JR Kuszak, Young H Kwon, Thad A Labbe, Deborah L Lam, Jeffrey C Lamkin, Kathleen A Lamping, Anne Marie Lane, Katherine A Lane, Keith J Lane, Jonathan H Lass, Mary G Lawrence, Andrew G Lee, Carol M Lee, Michael S Lee, Paul P Lee, William B Lee, Igal Leibovitch, Bradley N Lemke, Craig A Lemley, Andrea Leonardi, Simmons Lessell, Leonard A Levin, Grace A Levy-Clarke, Julie C Lew, Craig Lewis, Wei Li, Laurence S Lim, Lyndell L Lim, Wee-Kiak Lim, Grant T Liu, John I Loewenstein, McGregor N Lott, Jonathan C Lowry, David B Lyon, Robert E Lytle, Mathew MacCumber, Bonnie T Mackool, Nalini A Madiwale, Francis Mah, Martin A Mainster, Michael H Manning, Steven L Mansberger, Robert E Marc, Mellone Marchong, Dennis M Marcus, Julie A Mares, Brian P Marr, Carlos E Martinez, Robert W Massof, Yukihiro Matsumoto, Cynthia Mattox, Marlon Maus, Cathleen M McCabe, Steven A McCormick, Michael McCrakken, James P McCulley, John A McDermott, H Richard McDonald, Marguerite B McDonald, Peter J McDonnell, Robert McGillivray, Craig A McKeown, James McLaughlin, W Wynn McMullen, Shlomo Melamed, George Meligonis, Efstratios Mendrinos, Dale R Meyer, Catherine B Meyerle, William F Mieler, Michael Migliori, Martin C Mihm, Darlene Miller, David Miller, Joan W Miller, Neil R Miller, David M Mills, Monte D Mills, Tatyana Milman, Lylas Mogk, Marja Mogk, Jordi Monés, Robert Montes-Micó, Christie L Morse, Asa D Morton, Anne Moskowitz, Shizuo Mukai, A Linn Murphree, Robert P Murphy, Timothy G Murray, Philip I Murray, Karina Nagao, Jay Neitz, Maureen Neitz, Peter A Netland, Arthur H Neufeld, Nancy J Newman, Eugene WM Ng, Quan Dong Nguyen, Jerry Y Niederkorn, Robert J Noecker, Robert B Nussenblatt, Joan M O'Brien, Paul D O'Brien, Terrence P O'Brien, Denis O'Day, R Joseph Olk, Karl R Olsen, Sumru Onal, Yen Hoong Ooi, E Mitchel Opremcak, George Ousler, Randall R Ozment, Samuel Packer, Millicent L Palmer, George N Papaliodis, DJ John Park, David W Parke, Cameron F Parsa, M Andrew Parsons, Louis R Pasquale, Neha N Patel, Sayjal J Patel, Thomas D Patrianakos, James R Patrinely, Deborah Pavan-Langston, Eli Peli, Susan M Pepin, Victor L Perez, Juan J Pérez-Santonja, John R Perfect, Henry D Perry, Joram Piatigorsky, Dante Pieramici, Eric A Pierce, Roberto Pineda, Misha L Pless, Howard D Pomeranz, Constantin J Pournaras, William Power, Manvi Prakash, Anita G Prasad, Valerie Purvin, David A Quillen, Graham E Quinn, Melvin D Rabena, James L Rae, Michael B Raizman, Alessandro Randazzo, Narsing A Rao, Christopher J Rapuano, Sherman W Reeves, Carl D Regillo, Elias Reichel, Martin H Reinke, Douglas Rhee, Claudia U Richter, Joseph F Rizzo, Richard M Robb, Anja C Roden, I Rand Rodgers, Merlyn M Rodrigues, Yonina Ron, Geoffrey E Rose, Emanuel S Rosen, James T Rosenbaum, Perry Rosenthal, Strutha C Rouse, Barry W Rovner, Malgorzata Rozanowska, Michael P Rubin, Peter AD Rubin, Shimon Rumelt, Anil K Rustgi, Tina Rutar, Mark S Ruttum, Allan R Rutzen, Edward T Ryan, Alfredo A Sadun, José-Alain Sahel, Leorey Saligan, Sarwat Salim, John F Salmon, Diva R Salomão, David Sami, Michael A Sandberg, Virender S Sangwan, Maria A Saornil, Joseph W Sassani, Rony R Sayegh, Andrew P Schachat, Wiley A Schell, Amy C Schefler, Tina Scheufele, Vivian Schiedler, Gretchen Schneider, Alison Schroeder, Ronald A Schuchard, Joel S Schuman, Ivan R Schwab, Adrienne Scott, Ingrid U Scott, Marvin L Sears, Johanna M Seddon, Theo Seiler, Robert P Selkin, Richard D Semba, Irina Serbanescu, Briar Sexton, Tarek M Shaarawy, Peter Shah, Aron Shapiro, Savitri Sharma, Jean Shein, Debra J Shetlar, M Bruce Shields, Carol L Shields, Jerry A Shields, Bradford J Shingleton, John W Shore, Lesya M Shuba, Guy J Ben Simon, Richard J Simmons, Michael Simpson, Arun D Singh, Omah S Singh, Karen Sisley, Arthur J Sit, David Smerdon, William E Smiddy, Ronald E Smith, Terry J Smith, Neal G Snebold, Lucia Sobrin, John A Sorenson, Sarkis H Soukiasian, George L Spaeth, Richard F Spaide, Monika Srivastava, Sunil K Srivastava, Alexandros N Stangos, Tomy Starck, Walter J Stark, Joshua D Stein, Roger F Steinert, Leon Strauss, Barbara W Streeten, J Wayne Streilein, James D Strong, Ilene K Sugino, Eric B Suhler, Timothy J Sullivan, Jennifer K Sun, Janet S Sunness, Francis C Sutula, Nasreen A Syed, Christopher N Ta, Hidehiro Takei, Jonathan H Talamo, Richard R Tamesis, Madhura Tamhankar, Kristen J Tarbet, Michelle Tarver-Carr, Mark A Terry, Joseph M Thomas, Vance Thompson, Jennifer E Thorne, Matthew J Thurtell, David P Tingey, King W To, Faisal M Tobaigy, Michael J Tolentino, Melissa G Tong, Gail Torkildsen, Cynthia A Toth, Elias I Traboulsi, Michele Trucksis, James C Tsai, Julie H Tsai, David T Tse, Scheffer CG Tseng, Elmer Y Tu, Ira J Udell, Alejandra A Valenzuela, Russell N Van Gelder, Gregory P Van Stavern, Deborah K Vander Veen, Demetrios Vavvas, David H Verity, Paolo Vinciguerra, Paul F Vinger, Nicholas J Volpe, Werner Wackernagel, Sonal Desai Wadhwa, Michael D Wagoner, Nadia K Waheed, David S Walton, Martin Wand, Jie Jin Wang, Scott M Warden, Lennox Webb, David Weber, Daniel Wee, Corey B Westerfeld, Christopher T Westfall, Scott M Whitcup, Valerie A White, William L White, Jason Wickens, Janey L Wiggs, Jacob T Wilensky, Charles P Wilkinson, Patrick D Williams, David J Wilson, M Roy Wilson, Steven E Wilson, Jules Winokur, William J Wirostko, Gadi Wollstein, Albert Chak Ming Wong, Tien Y Wong, John J Woog, Michael Wride, Carolyn S Wu, Darrell WuDunn, Jean Yang, Lawrence A Yannuzzi, Michael J Yaremchuk, R Patrick Yeatts, Richard W Yee, Steven Yeh, Lucy HY Young, Jenny Y Yu, Beatrice YJT Yue, Charles M Zacks, Bruce M Zagelbaum, Maryam Zamani, Marco Zarbin, Leonidas Zografos, and Christopher I Zoumalan

Published
2008

19. CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Richard L. Abbott, Natalie A. Afshari, Jaya Agrawal, Shishir Agrawal, Trilok P. Agrawal, Levent Akduman, Esen K. Akpek, Amal Al-Sayyed, Thomas A. Albini, Deborah M. Alcorn, Amar Alwitry, Anouk Amzel, Nicole J. Anderson, Ejaz A. Ansari, Andrew Antoszyk, James H. Antoszyk, James V. Aquavella, Sumaira A. Arain, J. Fernando Arévalo, Guruswami Arunagiri, Carlos W. Arzabe, La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul, Huban Atilla, Ümit Aykan, Brandon D. Ayres, Juan J. Barbón, Kristi Bailey, Frank G. Baloh, Irina S. Barequet, André Barkhuizen, Michael A. Bearn, Rubens Belfort, A. Robert Bellows, Audina M. Berrocal, Marijke Wefers Bettink-Remeijer, Anuja Bhandari, M. Tariq Bhatti, Mark S. Blumenkranz, Kostas G. Boboridis, James P. Bolling, Vivien Boniuk, Paul Jorge Botelho, Paul W. Brazis, Fion D. Bremner, Edward G. Buckley, John D. Bullock, David Matthew Bushley, Jorge Alberto F. Caldeira, Anne Carricajo, Gian Maria Cavallini, Matilda Frances Chan, Damon B. Chandler, H. Channa, Devron H. Char, Steve Charles, Teresa C. Chen, Steven S.T. Ching, Christophe Chiquet, Phillip Hyunchul, Timothy Y. Chou, Stephen P. Christiansen, Kelly D. Chung, George A. Cioffi, Michael P. Clarke, David K. Coats, Elisabeth J. Cohen, R. Max Conway, Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, Emmett T. Cunningham, Theodore H. Curtis, Roger A. Dailey, Richard M. Davis, Romain De Cock, Jan-Tjeerd H.N. de Faber, Daniel de la Mano, Nick W.H.M. Dekkers, Monte Anthony Del Monte, David A. Della Rocca, Robert C. Della Rocca, Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, Diana V. Do, Peter J. Dolman, Sean P. Donahue, Eric D. Donnenfeld, Graham Duguid, Jay S. Duker, James P. Dunn, Steven P. Dunn, Hon-Vu Q. Duong, Robert A. Egan, Michael D. Eichler, Mays El-Dairi, Forrest J. Ellis, Geoffrey Emerson, M. Vaughn Emerson, Laura B. Enyedi, Teodoro Evans, Julie Falardeau, Bishara M. Faris, Marianne E. Feitl, Warren L. Felton, Stephen S. Feman, Timothy J ffytche, Christina J. Flaxel, Rod Foroozan, Allen Foster, Frederick T. Fraunfelder, Frederick W. Fraunfelder, H. Mackenzie Freeman, Mitchell H. Friedlaender, Larry P. Frohman, Wayne E. Fung, Philippe Gain, Jaime R. Gaitan, Stephen Gancher, Tim Gard, Devin M. Gattey, Peter L. Gehlbach, Mehdi Ghajarnia, Vinícius Coral Ghanem, Amit Kumar Ghosh, Chandak Ghosh, Matthew Giegengack, Geoffrey Gladstone, Daniel H. Gold, Richard L. Golub, Dan S. Gombos, George M. Gombos, William V. Good, Shawn Goodman, John D. Gottsch, Srinivas Goverdhan, Baird S. Grimson, Adolfo Güemes, Roberto Guerra, Julia A. Haller, Kristin M. Hammersmith, Irvin L. Handelman, Roderick N. Hargrove, Michael S. Harney, Richard A. Harper, Sarah R. Hatt, Barbara S. Hawkins, Sohan S. Hayreh, Arnd Heiligenhaus, Carsten Heinz, Leon W. Herndon, Simon J. Hickman, Koji Hirano, Edward J. Holland, Gary N. Holland, Eric R. Holz, Sachiko Hommura, Jeffrey D. Horn, Richard B. Hornick, H. Dunbar Hoskins, James W. Hung, Brian A. Hunter, Krista A. Hunter, Alex P. Hunyor, Brian Hurwitz, Thomas S. Hwang, Robert A. Hyndiuk, Ozge Ilhan-Sarac, Edsel Ing, Masanori Ino-ue, Carlos M. Isada, Saylin Iturriaga, Joseph D. Iuorno, Andrew G. Iwach, Mohan N. Iyer, Natalio J. Izquierdo, Lee M. Jampol, Suzanne Johnston, Sibel Kadayifçilar, Ian H. Kaden, Dieudonne Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo, Rashmis Kapur, Peter R. Kastl, Garyfallia Katsavounidou, Ayat Kazerouni, Michael Kazim, Sanjay R. Kedhar, Ronald V. Keech, Robert C. Kersten, Marshall P. Keys, Sangeeta Khanna, Peng Tee Khaw, James L. Kinyoun, Caitriona Kirwan, Tero Kivelä, Michael L. Klein, Stephen A. Klotz, John Ko, Regis P. Kowalski, Jay H. Krachmer, Theodore Krupin, Ferenc Kuhn, Abhaya Vivek Kulkarni, Robert C. Kwun, Peter R. Laibson, Rohit R. Lakhanpal, Byron L. Lam, Laurent Lamer, David P. Lawlor, Andrew W. Lawton, Alan B. Leahey, Russell LeBoyer, Andrew G. Lee, Wen-Hsiang Lee, William Barry Lee, Sharon S. Lehman, Howard M. Leibowitz, James Leong, Alex V. Levin, Leonard A. Levin, Mark R. Levine, Norman S. Levy, Thomas J. Liesegang, Lyndell L. Lim, Linda H. Lin, Richard D. Lisman, David Litoff, James C. Liu, Evan Loft, Ronald R. Lubritz, David C.W. Mabey, Ian A. Mackie, Srilakshmi Maguluri, M. Maliki, Nick Mamalis, Mark J. Mannis, Steven L. Mansberger, Ahmad M. Mansour, Alexandre S. Marcon, Italo M. Marcon, Peter B. Marsh, Rookaya Mather, William D. Mathers, K. Matti Saari, Louise A. Mawn, Penny J. McAllum, Rex M. McCallum, Peter McCluskey, Gregory J. McCormick, Steven A. McCormick, James P. McCulley, John G. McHenry, Alan A. McNab, Jared J. Mee, Douglas L. Meier, David M. Meisler, Saul C. Merin, Dale R. Meyer, Roger F. Meyer, Kevin S. Michels, Tatyana Milman, Roni Mintz, Chantal F Morel, William R. Morris, Mark L. Moster, John Mourani, Cristina Muccioli, Raghu C. Mudumbai, Fernando H. Murillo-Lopez, Shoib Myint, Parveen K Nagra, A Naoumi, John Nassif, Michelle T. Nee, Marcelo V. Netto, John D. Ng, Hau T. Nguyen, Quan Dong Nguyen, Denis M. O'Day, A. Justin O'Day, Henry S. O'Halloran, Michael O'Keefe, Fumiki Okamoto, Richard J. Olson, James C. Orcutt, Sema Oruc Dundar, Aaron Osbourne, Maristela Amaral Palazzi, Earl A. Palmer, Maria Papadopoulos, Jeffrey R. Parnell, Cameron F. Parsa, Sanjay V. Patel, Emily Patterson, Scott D. Pendergast, Henry D. Perry, Keith Roberson Peters, Stephanie M. Po, Russell Pokroy, Allen Michael Putterman, Rubén Queiro, Nastaran Rafiei, Bahram Rahmani, Christopher J Rapuano, Karim Rasheed, S.R. Rathinam, Lawrence A. Raymond, Russell W. Read, August Lafayette, Franco M. Recchia, James J. Reidy, Adam C. Reynolds, Larry F. Rich, Robert Ritch, Richard M. Robb, Pierre-Yves Robert, Joseph E. Robertson, Shiyoung Roh, Jean-Paul Romanet, Jack Rootman, Barbara L. Roque, Manolette R. Roque, Arthur L. Rosenbaum, James Todd Rosenbaum, F. Hampton Roy, Paul A. Rundle, Alfredo A. Sadun, Norman A. Saffra, Sarwat Salim, John R. Samples, Alvina Pauline D Santiago, David A. Saperstein, Richard A. Saunders, James A. Savage, Tina A. Scheufele, Vivian Schiedler, Thomas K. Schlesinger, Abraham Schlossman, Lee K. Schwartz, Ingrid U. Scott, Jennifer Scruggs, Ernesto I. Segal, Ismail A. Shalaby, Aziz Sheikh, John D. Sheppard, Mark D. Sherman, Carol L. Shields, Jerry A. Shields, Amarpreet Singh, Christopher N. Singh, Eric L. Singman, Donna Siracuse-Lee, Aaron D. Smalley, Patricia W. Smith, Anthony W. Solomon, Hassane Souhail, Daniel H. Spitzberg, Thomas C. Spoor, Robert L. Stamper, Walter J. Stark, Eric A. Steele, Thomas L. Steinemann, Ann U. Stout, J. Timothy Stout, R. Doyle Stulting, Alan Sugar, Joel Sugar, Donny W. Suh, Eric B. Suhler, John H. Sullivan, John Everett Sutphin, Kenneth C. Swan, Khalid F. Tabbara, Mandeep S. Tamber, Angelo P. Tanna, Sinan Tatlipinar, Ramin Tayani, Klaus D. Teichmann, Mark A. Terry, Clement Chee Yung Tham, A. Therzaz, Gilles Thuret, Christopher Graham Tinley, Andrea C. Tongue, Rodrigo J. Torres, Robert N. Tower, Elias I Traboulsi, Rupan Trikha, Brenda J. Tripathi, Ramesh C. Tripathi, Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun, Irene Tung, Judith A. M. Van Evendingen, Jean D. Vaudaux, Niteen S Wairagkar, Joseph D. Walrath, Rory McConn Walsh, David S. Walton, Ronald E. Warwar, Peter G. Watson, John J. Weiter, Richard G. Weleber, Fleming D. Wertz, Igor Westra, David T. Wheeler, Charles P. Wilkinson, David J. Wilson, M. Edward Wilson, Matthew W. Wilson, Steven E Wilson, John L. Wobig, Terry D. Wood, Lihteh Wu, Ozgur Yalcinbayir, Howard Shann-Cherng Ying, Peter N. Youssef, and Gerald W. Zaidman

Published
2008

20. Contributors

Author

Thomas M. Aaberg, Mohamed H. Abdel-Rahman, Gary W. Abrams, Anita Agarwal, Everett Ai, Daniel M. Albert, Judith Alexander, Rajiv Anand, Gerasimos Anastassiou, G. William Aylward, Mohammed K. Barazi, David Bingaman, Alan C. Bird, Barbara A. Blodi, Mark S. Blumenkranz, James P. Bolling, Norbert Bornfeld, Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler, Daniel A. Brinton, Jeremiah Brown, Gary C. Brown, Justin C. Brown, Helmut Buettner, Serge de Bustros, Sandra Fraser Byrne, Mark T. Cahill, Peter A. Campochiaro, Ronald E. Carr, Stanley Chang, Steve Charles, Jeannie Chen, Clara A. Chen, Emily Y. Chew, Louis J. Chorich, David R. Chow, Antonio P. Ciardella, Thomas A. Ciulla, Gabriel J. Coscas, Alan F. Cruess, Lyndon da Cruz, Bertil E. Damato, Frederick H. Davidorf, Matthew D. Davis, Janet L. Davis, August F. Deutman, Ranjit S. Dhaliwal, Diana V. Do, Pravin U. Dugel, John D. Earle, Albert O. Edwards, Dean Eliott, Geoffrey G. Emerson, Sharon Fekrat, Steven E. Feldon, Frederick L. Ferris, Stuart L. Fine, Daniel Finkelstein, Steven K. Fisher, John Flannery, James C. Folk, Wallace S. Foulds, Robert N. Frank, William R. Freeman, Martin Friedlander, Laura J. Frishman, Arthur D. Fu, Gildo Y. Fujii, Ron P. Gallemore, Daniel C. Garibaldi, Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela, J. Donald M. Gass, Sandrine Gautier, Scott Geller, Morton F. Goldberg, Christine R. Gonzales, Justin L. Gottlieb, Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Ronald L. Green, W. Richard Green, Zdenek J. Gregor, Kevin Gregory-Evans, Nicole E. Gross, Vamsi K. Gullapalli, David R. Guyer, Robyn Guymer, Julia A. Haller, J. William Harbour, Joseph B. Harlan, Alon Harris, Mary Elizabeth Hartnett, Michael K. Hartzer, Barbara S. Hawkins, Heinrich Heimann, David R. Hinton, Brad J. Hinz, Stephan Hoffmann, Nancy M. Holekamp, Gary N. Holland, Carel B. Hoyng, Mark S. Humayun, Yasushi Ikuno, Douglas A. Jabs, Glenn J. Jaffe, Valérie Jallet, Lee M. Jampol, Leonard Joffe, Robert N. Johnson, Daniel P. Joseph, Eugene de Juan, J. Michael Jumper, Henry J. Kaplan, James S. Kelley, Mohamad A. Khodair, Bernd Kirchhof, Christina M. Klais, Barbara E.K. Klein, Ronald Klein, Robert W. Kline, David L. Knox, Brian R. Kosobucki, Allan E. Kreiger, Derek Y. Kunimoto, Robert Choi Kwun, Rohit R. Lakhanpal, Linda A. Lam, Maurice B. Landers, Anne Marie Lane, Michael S. Lee, Henry C. Lee, Hilel Lewis, Geoffrey P. Lewis, Wee-Kiak Lim, Eugene S. Lit, Anat Loewenstein, José Manuel Lopez, Gerard A. Lutty, Steven Madreperla, Albert M. Maguire, Martin A. Mainster, Nancy C. Mansfield, Michael F. Marmor, Bruce J. Martin, Stephen C. Massey, Elias C. Mavrofrides, Brooks W. McCuen, H. Richard McDonald, Petra Meier, Shannath L. Merbs, Travis A. Meredith, William F. Mieler, Robert F. Miller, Joan W. Miller, Peter Milne, Robert A. Mittra, Darius M. Moshfeghi, Andrew A. Moshfeghi, Ala Moshiri, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Toshinori Murata, A. Linn Murphree, Robert P. Murphy, Sumit K. Nanda, Quan Dong Nguyen, Robert B. Nussenblatt, Michael D. Ober, Richard R. Ober, Thomas E. Ogden, Kean T. Oh, Masahito Ohji, Karl R. Olsen, Daniel Palanker, Earl A. Palmer, Jean-Marie Parel, Carl H. Park, Jonathan E. Pederson, Christopher D. Pelzek, Jay S. Pepose, Dale L. Phelps, Stephen Phillips, Joel Pokorny, Carmen A. Puliafito, Narsing A. Rao, P. Kumar Rao, Franco M. Recchia, Thomas A. Reh, Dennis M. Robertson, Joseph E. Robertson, Gary S. Rubin, Stephen J. Ryan, Srinivas R. Sadda, Alfredo A. Sadun, José Alain Sahel, Maite Sainz de la Maza, Michael A. Samuel, George E. Sanborn, John P. Sarks, Shirley H. Sarks, Andrew P. Schachat, J. Sebag, Johanna M. Seddon, Sanjay Sharma, Val C. Sheffield, Carol L. Shields, Jerry A. Shields, Arun Singh, Raymond N. Sjaarda, Jason S. Slakter, Vivianne C. Smith, Ronald E. Smith, Sharon D. Solomon, Gisele Soubrane, Rand Spencer, Paul Sternberg, Jay M. Stewart, Edwin M. Stone, Ilene K. Sugino, Janet S. Sunness, Yasuo Tano, William S. Tasman, Matthew A. Thomas, John T. Thompson, Jennifer E. Thorne, Gabriele Thumann, Cynthia A. Toth, Michael T. Trese, Linda M. Tsai, Patricia L. Turner, Timothy H. Tweito, Paul G. Updike, Russell N. Van Gelder, Janneke J.C. van Lith-Verhoeven, Jean D. Vaudaux, Franck Villain, Albert T. Vitale, Jonathan D. Walker, Alexander C. Walsh, Hao Wang, Andrew R. Webster, James D. Weiland, John J. Weiter, Richard G. Weleber, Moody D. Wharam, A. Jeffrey Whitehead, Peter Wiedemann, C.P. Wilkinson, George A. Williams, James K.V. Willson, David J. Wilson, Peter H. Win, Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, Young Hee Yoon, Tara A. Young, Marco A. Zarbin, and Kang Zhang

Published
2006

22. Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)

Author

Alfredo A. Sadun

Subjects
business.industry, Optic nerve, Cranial nerve ii, Medicine, Anatomy, business
Published
2003

23. Optic nerve atrophy in propionic acidemia.

Author

Ianchulev T, Kolin T, Moseley K, and Sadun A

Subjects
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors blood, Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors diagnosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Methylmalonyl-CoA Decarboxylase, Optic Atrophy blood, Optic Atrophy diagnosis, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors complications, Carboxy-Lyases deficiency, Optic Atrophy etiology, Optic Disk pathology, Propionates blood
Abstract

Objective: Propionic acidemia is a rare metabolic disorder that is diagnosed in the early neonatal period. The disorder is characterized by life-threatening ketoacidosis, lethargy, failure to thrive, and developmental delay. Herein we report the ocular findings in a prospective series of six patients with propionic acidemia., Design: Prospective case series., Participants: Six children (three male and three female) between the ages of 2 and 10 years with propionic acidemia who were examined at Children's Hospital Los Angeles., Methods: A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on each of the six children. The examination included visual acuity testing, ocular motility, anterior segment examination, and funduscopic evaluation. Emphasis was placed on the function of the optic nerve and on the appearance of the optic disc, looking for possible atrophic changes., Main Outcome Measures: The clinical appearance of the optic disc and evidence of optic neuropathy., Results: Optic nerve atrophy was present exclusively in all of the male patients in the series; none of the female patients demonstrated any detectable impairment of optic nerve function. The optic nerve atrophy was symmetric and age dependent and varied from moderate to severe. There were no other anterior or posterior segment abnormalities, other than one case of unilateral morning glory syndrome, diagnosed at birth. There was no correlation between metabolic control and the development and progression of optic nerve atrophy., Conclusions: Males with propionic acidemia have moderate to severe bilateral optic atrophy.

Published
2003
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