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Formation of unilamellae of fully hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was induced by a horn sonicator from multilamellar vesicles and followed by time-resolved synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering and direct visual morphological investigations by the means of transmission electron-microscopy combined with freeze-fracture. Without incubation the ultrasonication causes continuous increasing in temperature and transformation from the gel to rippled gel structures, then reaching the main transition, the formfactor of unilamellar structure appeared. The ultrasonication resulted in different layer formations at the characteristic temperatures of the gel (20 °C), rippled gel (38 °C), and liquid crystalline (45 °C) phases of the system. At 20 °C irregular stacks of multi and oligolamellar lamellae were shaped even after three hours of ultrasonication. At 38 and 45 °C the ultrasound induced dominantly unilamellar vesicles (ULVs) in a short time (10 and 3 – 5 min, respectively, under typical ultrasound treatments in the general laboratory practice). After the end of the ultrasonication, irregular layer formations with defects structures increased when the temperature of sonication was above the chain melting temperature of the hydrated DPPC system, underlining the importance of optimized sonication processes.

β-peptides are peptide-mimetics with wide biomedical and biotechnological applications. Their most peculiar feature is their readiness to fold into various secondary structures not found in their natural counterparts. Furthermore, β-amino acid insertions to natural polypeptides were found to provide unique features and also increase enzymatic stability. This is due to the additional methylene group in their backbone, which on the other hand makes it impossible to use the established algorithms and computational tools developed for α-peptides and proteins. An extension to the PyMOL v2.x molecular graphics environment is presented for β-peptides, which allows rapid graphical visualization and greatly simplified model building for computational studies, with special emphasis also put on direct formation of diverse folding states.