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Acknowledgments : This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the strategic project UIDP/04292/2020 and UIDB/04292/2020 granted to MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, and through CROSS-ATLANTIC project (PTDC/BIAOUT/29250/2017), co-financed by COMPETE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER029250). Brown algae have the unique ability to produce phlorotannins, which are phenolics with potent antioxidant capacity. These valuable metabolites have numerous applications in medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop strategies to continuously produce these compounds without having to constantly harvest seaweeds from the environment. In this work, the possibility of growing Fucus spiralis under artificial conditions by tissue culture techniques was evaluated and optimized. After growing for four months, callus were excited from the original explants and evaluated for phlorotannin content by the Folin- Ciocalteu method and scavenging potential by the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) scavenging assay. Phlorotannin content and scavenging potential were compared with wild-collected tissue. Fucus spiralis grown callus exposed to 60 μmol photons.m-2.s-1 presented the highest phlorotannins’ content and the highest scavenging potential with 250.02 ± 7.24 mg phloroglucinol equivalents/ g extract and an IC50 of 125.2 (101.3 - 139.5) μg/mL, respectively. This research represents the first evaluation of the potential of Fucus spiralis to be cultured under artificial conditions for phlorotannins extraction, opening a new window for further optimization and development of photobioreactors for continuous phlorotannins production. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Fucus spiralis is an edible brown seaweed (SW) found in the Portuguese Coast that is still undervalued and not very well studied. However, SW are known to be nutritious and healthy foods, in part, for their potential to supply mineral nutrients to the body. Nevertheless, with the increasing levels of pollution in the coastal areas, SW can also accumulate some contaminants. Therefore, to expand the knowledge about this marine resource, the contents of Mg, Mn, Co, I, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in fresh and freeze-dried Fucus spiralis were determined before and after in vitro human digestion simulation. Magnesium was the major element with 11.86 mg/g dry weigh (DW), but it must be highlighted that I in this SW presented concentration values of approximately 135 μg/g DW. Concerning contaminants, F. spiralis seems to have low levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg. The elements’ bioaccessibility was always high, ranging between 45.8% (I – Fresh SW) and 88.5% (Hg – FD SW). The freeze-drying process seemed to enhance element bioaccessibility. Highlights: F. spiralis is a good dietary source of iodine; This seaweed presented low Cd, Pb, and Hg levels; Essential and contaminant elements displayed high bioaccessibility percentages. This work was supported by the project AQUAMAX “Innovative aquaculture feeds on the basis of algae bioactives’ prospection and extraction” (16-02-01-FMP-0047) and by the Integrated Programme of SR&TD “Smart Valorization of Endogenous Marine Biological Resources Under a Changing Climate” (reference Centro-01-0145-FEDER000018), co-funded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Regional Development Fund and the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE. This work was also supported by the following Post Doctoral Grants: Ref.: SFRH/ BPD/102689/2014 (“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”, FCT) for the author Carlos Cardoso; Ref.: SFRH/BPD/64951/2009 (FCT) and DIVERSIAQUA (MAR2020) for the author Cláudia Afonso. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion