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Cushing's syndrome has been believed to be a paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinomas. However, there appears to be a dearth of compelling evidence to substantiate this notion. The only eligible documentation of Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion by renal cancer in English literature dates back to 1988, and it pertains to a deceased patient discovered during an autopsy. Here, we present the first case of Cushing's syndrome as a paraneoplastic feature of renal cancer which showed complete resolution following surgical removal of the tumor. Additionally, we conduct review of the literature on this particular subject.

Introduction: Clinical trials are increasingly supported by industries while previous studies have shown that industry-supported studies have more favorable results than studies with other sources of funding. In the present study, we investigated the association of industrial funding on the results of clinical trials regarding chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE to identify clinical trials comparing chemotherapy with treatments such as hormone therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and placebo in patients with metastatic or non-metastatic prostate cancer. Data were extracted by two reviewers on the financial resources and the positive or negative results of chemotherapy in each study. The quality of articles was evaluated and compared based on Cochrane Critical Appraisal Tool. The trials were divided into two groups; industry funded and those not funded by industry. Association of industry funding and positive outcome was presented as odds ratio. Results: In this study, out of the 91 studies, 80.2% were funded by pharmaceutical companies and 19.8% were funded by government agencies. The end result of 61.6% of the studies funded by pharmaceutical companies was an increase in survival due to chemotherapy, whereas only 27.8% of the studies sponsored by government agencies reported positive results (P-value=0.010). In fact, industry-funded trials more often presented statistically significant positive results for survival (OR: 4.17; CI, 1.34–12.99). In general, there was no significant difference in the degree of bias between the two groups. Conclusion: According to this study, despite of the similar quality of studies funded by pharmaceutical companies and government agencies, positive results were more common in studies related to pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, this point should be taken into account when making a decision on the best treatment approach.

Percutaneous nephrostomy has become a well-established technique for providing permanent or temporary drainage of an obstructed urinary system for decades. Although it is generally considered a safe intervention, some complications might be life threatening. Here we present a case of bilateral nephrostomy insertion due to T-cell lymphoma, that presented with signs of bowel obstruction 3 weeks after intervention. Abdominal exploration showed bowel obstruction due to invagination of bowel loop between left nephrostomy tube and abdominal wall which resolved by release of bowel loop and changing nephrostomy route to pass through retroperitoneum only.

Castleman disease is a benign complex lymphoproliferative disease. The most common site is the mediastinum. In this paper, we present a case of Castleman disease in the adrenal gland, as a very rare region.A 29-year-old woman was referred to our clinic due to a well-defined right adrenal mass.She underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy with the transperitoneal approach. Microscopic histopathology confirmed the hyaline vascular type of Castleman disease.In conclusion, Castleman's disease, as a rare disorder, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass especially in cases with an enhancing well-defined, nonfunctional solid adrenal mass with lymphadenopathy.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation, as a type of chronic granulomatous inflammation, typically occurs in the gall bladder and kidneys. In this paper, we present a 56-year-old man with Xanthogranulomatous cystitis mimicking bladder malignancy. He was referred to our clinic with the chief complaint of a one-year history of urgency and frequency. CT scan showed a solid lesion in the bladder. The patient underwent complete transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Microscopic histopathology revealed xanthogranulomatous cystitis. The patient received a course of antibiotic therapy. Follow-up Cystourethroscopy showed normal bladder.

The overall complication rate of Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is about 11.1%. Amongst all complications, ocular complications are one of the rarest. In this paper, we present a case of vision loss due to paradoxical embolism as a rare complication following TURP. Ocular complications are very rare in urological surgeries but can happen due to paradoxical embolism following patent foramen ovale. Therefore, we recommend the early diagnosis and treatment of PFO prior to this type of surgery.