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This chapter introduces the concept of smart energy systems . As opposed to the smart grid concept, which takes focuses solely on the electricity sector, smart energy systems includes the entire energy system in its approach to identifying suitable energy infrastructure designs and operating strategies. The typical smart grid focus on the electricity sector often leads to the definition of transmission lines, flexible electricity demands, and electricity storage as the primary means to deal with the integration of fluctuating renewable sources. However, due to the intermittent nature of wind power and similar sources, these measures are not very effective or cost-efficient. The most effective and least-cost solutions are found when the electricity sector is combined with the heating sector and/or the transportation sector. Moreover, the combination of electricity and gas infrastructures may play an important role in the design of future renewable energy systems.

Based on case studies from the United States, Denmark, and China, this chapter analyzes the problems and perspectives of converting the present energy system into a 100 percent renewable energy system using a smart energy systems approach. The design of 100 percent renewable energy systems involves three major technological changes: energy savings on the demand side, efficiency improvements in energy production, and the replacement of fossil fuels by various sources of renewable energy. Consequently, the analysis of these systems must include strategies for integrating renewable sources into complex energy systems influenced by energy savings and efficiency measures. The cases involve detailed hourly analyses and quantify resources and balancing problems within the electricity as well as the heating, transportation, and gas sectors. This chapter makes conclusions regarding the principles and methodologies, as well as the design and implementation, of 100 percent renewable energy systems.