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Iron deficiency is commonly referred to as anaemia which is a general public health problem that normally occurs as a result of a reduction in red blood cells which is common in developing countries such as Africa. In this study, machine learning algorithms such as CNN, k-NN, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree and SVM were utilized for the study to detect anaemia in children using conjunctiva images. The images were segmented into their various CIELAB colour space components and the ROI from each image was retrieved. The dataset was split randomly into 70:10:20, which were then used to train, validate, and test the models, as appropriate. The CNN achieved the highest accuracy (98.45 %). The findings of this study demonstrate that non-invasive techniques are essential for detecting anaemia in children. This study deploys a cost-effective mechanism, and result-orientated, to detect anaemia in developing communities where health facilities, resources, and personnel are scarce.

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and chromatic stability after 4weeks, in all three thirds of the central incisor of two whitening treatments: in-office 37.5 % hydrogen peroxide (HP) treatment alone, and 37.5 % in-office HP followed by use of 6 % HP whitening strips (WS)., Methods: 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups of 30. Group 1 was treated solely with in-office 37.5 % HP. Group 2 followed the same in-office 37.5 % HP protocol, followed by WS over 2 weeks. The CIELAB colour were measured before and after every treatment stage. Colour differences were quantified and compared to the perceptibility thresholds., Results: In-office 37.5 % HP treatment created a statistically significant increase in the L* coordinate and a statistically significant decrease in the a* and b* coordinates, resulting in perceptible colour changes in over 80 % of participants in all thirds of the tooth. In the group that used WS, the increase in L* and the decrease in a* and b* were maintained in the cervical and middle thirds after 4 weeks, whereas only the decrease in b* was maintained in the incisal third. In the group that did not use WS, the decrease in a* and b* was maintained in all thirds of the tooth after 4 weeks, but the increase in lightness was lost., Conclusions: The use of WS helped maintain that increase in lightness over 4 weeks. The decrease in the a* and b* coordinates caused by the 37.5 % HP treatment persisted after 4 weeks, whether WS were used or not. All the colour changes evaluated were perceptible in over 70 % of participants., Clinical Significance: In-office treatment with 37.5 % HP increases lightness and decreases the quantity of yellow and red immediately but, if WS are not used, the impact on lightness is lost after 4 weeks. WS are a valid and effective treatment option in combination with in-office treatments to temporally extend the clinical treatment's whitening effect., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)