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Marine activities may cause the degradation of coral reefs. The composition of benthic communities and seawater quality have been commonly used as the proxies to assess the impacts of marine activities. However, these proxies may not be able to detect the subtle differences within homogeneous environment. We used photogrammetry to quantify the subtle differences of structural complexity between heavily and lightly trafficked sites at Wanlitong, southern Taiwan. Our study demonstrated that the impacts of marine activities can be detected within tens of meters through quantifying structural complexity of coral reefs. Vector ruggedness measure (VRM) is a more suitable metric than conventional linear rugosity to detect such impacts. The correlations between structural complexity and coral cover have variances while comparing with previous studies. The results show that using photogrammetry to quantify the structure of coral reefs can provide a novel aspect to evaluate the subtle differences caused by marine activities., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The subcellular localization of proteins is closely related to their functions. In this work, we propose a novel approach based on localization motifs to improve the accuracy of predicting subcellular localization of Gram-positive bacterial proteins. Our approach performed well on a five-fold cross validation with an overall success rate of 89.5%. Besides, the overall success rate of an independent testing dataset was 97.7%. Moreover, our approach was tested using a new experimentally-determined set of Gram-positive bacteria proteins and achieved an overall success rate of 96.3%., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)