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The integration of low-frequency ultrasound with Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) was explored to establish a Sustainable Ultrasound-assisted Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SUS-SPPS) method. This innovative approach significantly reduces solvent consumption, washing steps, time, and reagent usage compared to conventional manual SPPS protocols. The SUS-SPPS method exploits ultrasound at every stage of synthesis and work-up, reducing the process to just two steps. The first step sequentially combines Fmoc-amino acid coupling, capping of unreacted amino groups, and Fmoc deprotection into a single operation, while the second one consists of a single washing procedure. Moreover, we demonstrated that the method is compatible with various resin types, including Rink-amide, Wang, and Cl-Trt resins, and facilitates the efficient synthesis of peptides of varying lengths (up to 20-mers) and compositions, including those traditionally considered “difficult sequences”, with excellent yields and purity. Notably, SUS-SPPS reduces solvent usage per coupling cycle by 83–88%, marking a significant breakthrough in sustainable peptide synthesis.

The electromagnetic radiation from microwave irradiation has been widely employed as a heating source in various significant organic transformations over the past two decades. The method, without adding any solvent while tied to microwave treatment, is acompletely environmentally benign platform with conspicuous advancements and has resulted in copious advantages with regards to rate of reaction and yield of the products compared to the other classical techniques. Therefore, in this review, we have attempted to summarize some recently developed organic reactions based on microwave-radiated solvent-free protocols, which would be very efficient for academic and industrial use without affecting the principles of green chemistry.

A latex blend comprising polyurethane dispersion (PUD) and carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) in an 80:20 ratio was prepared in the presence of epoxide and organo-modified siloxane crosslinkers. The aim of the study was to enhance the tensile, thermal, and chemical properties of the PUD/XNBR latex blend without the incorporation of sulphur and accelerator. Studies revealed that the combined action of epoxide and organo-modified siloxane crosslinker demonstrated adequate intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thereby resulting in superior tensile strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed alterations in chain orientation and melting enthalpy due to the introduction of two crosslinkers that impart ordered hydrogen bonding to a certain degree. The compactness of the structure of the cure molecule may be closely related to the heating enthalpy, as in the following sequence, PUD80/XNBR20/E1 will have a loosely packed structure, followed by PUD80/XNBR20/E0.5S0.5 and PUD80/XNBR20/S1. Chemical swelling studies revealed the impact of crosslinker combinations on hydrogen bonding (both ordered and disordered), affirming the consequential enhancement in chemical resistance. This study confirms that the attained intermolecular hydrogen bonding results in desirable mechanical and chemical resistance performance, making the latex blend suitable for glove applications.

One of the most prevalent elements on the planet is carbon. Properties of allotropic forms of carbon, such as graphite and diamond are already well-explored but their other derivatives like graphene-based nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes, have emerged lately. However, the production of graphene and graphene-derivatives often necessitates the use of costly and toxic chemicals which affects both environment as well as human health. Although, with time polymer composites research has progressed to the point where multidisciplinary cooperation between scientists have been growing towards sustainable direction. In recent years, biogenic or green reduced graphene-derivatives were prepared and used for supercapacitor formation, wastewater treatment, as sensors, drug delivery tool and other related fields. Even though it is still in its initial phases of research, it has shown remarkable promise as in some cases they outperformed prior carbon-based nanomaterials. Therefore, this review focuses of recent promising advancement of graphene nanoparticles in various fields, synthesized using green, cost effective and easy approaches. And in the end, we concluded by addressing the existing challenges and future directions in for commercialized use of graphene nanocomposites.

In the present work, the microwave-assisted biogenic synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) employing different concentrations of Lantana trifolia seeds extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent in accordance with the concept of environmentally friendly approach. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized using several analytical techniques to examine their morphology, microstructure, crystallinity, optical, and surface functional modification properties. The formation of PdNPs in the reaction solution was evidenced by a visible black color and broad continuous absorption spectra in the UV–Vis absorption spectra. The FTIR spectra were revealed that the phytochemicals were interacted with Pd metal in nanoparticle formation. The prepared PdNPs have a spherical shape and polydispersity nature with an average size of particles is 10 ± 2 nm. In addition, the synthesized PdNPs were well stabilized (zeta potential = −25.5 ± 2.8 mV) by the phytochemicals in seed extract and a face-centered cubic crystal (FCC) structure. The biosynthesized PdNPs were further investigated as a nanocatalyst in the catalytic reduction of Crystal Violet (CV) and Methyl Orange (MO) dyes in the presence of NaBH4 at room temperature. For CV and MO dyes reduction, the homogenous catalytic performance of PdNPs resulted in practically > 98 % of reduction with kinetic rate constant values of 0.393 min−1 (10 min) and 0.232 min−1 (18 min), respectively. Moreover, there is no significant loss in catalytic activity was observed after recovery and reusability of the biosynthesized PdNPs.

The effluents of industrial wastes contain a number of dyes and pigments that have been found to be extremely harmful to the environment and pose a threat to human existence. The fabrication of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) employing aqueous extract of the seasonal flower Butea Monosperma (BM) to work as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in a convenient, one-step method by autoclaving method is presented in the current study. UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, and TEM analyses were used to evaluate the phytoconstituents fabricated PdNPs. The synthesis of PdNPs and the catalytic discoloration of toxic chemical dyes are both detectable using optical absorption spectroscopy. The functional groups responsible for reducing and anchoring the PdNPs contained in the extract were detected using FTIR. The powder XRD pattern reveals that the particles in the FCC structure are crystalline and spherical, and that they are stable according to Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). According to TEM analysis, PdNPs have crystallite sizes that vary from 3 to 8 nm on average. In excess sodium borohydride (SBH), the PdNPs showed excellent catalytic activity in the degradation of organic dyes like Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), Crystal Violet (CV), and Methyl Red (MR), with apparent reduction rates of 0.56 min−1, 0.45 min−1, 0.40 min−1, and 0.39 min−1, respectively. The kinetic studies show that the degradation rate appears to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The current study offers a successful strategy for the widespread green biosynthesis of PdNPs for possible catalytic applications.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have attracted extensive attention due to their toxic effects on human health and biological systems as plasticizers and flame retardants. This study focused on exploring a green approach to get toxicity mechanisms that used less solvents or organisms. The toxicity values of selected organophosphate esters including tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tripropyl phosphate (TPrP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and tritolyl Phosphate (TCrP) to Photobacterium phosphoreum were determined. Their EC 50 range was between 7.27 × 10 -8 -5.12 × 10 -6  mol/L. Based on molecular dynamics simulation the data of binding affinity between OPEs and n-octanol / phospholipid bilayer were calculated respectively. Coupling with binding affinity energies and toxicity values, the mode of action (MOA) of OPEs including types of reactive or anesthetic mechanism could be fast deduced. The proposed hypothesis of n-octanol (C 8 H 18 O) as a virtual biofilm to replace phospholipid bilayer was verified. The alternative green approach could simplify toxicity assay and realize fast predicting MOA for different chemicals and model organisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This research aims to meet the demand for efficient delivery systems in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. The study involved the synthesis of starch-based nanoparticles for potential application in the encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Various techniques such as zeta sizer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the encapsulated probiotics in microbeads. The results showed 85.00 % encapsulation efficiency of beads. Microscopic analysis revealed that the probiotics accumulated within the wall material and formed small, smooth polygonal granules on the capsule surface. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of amorphous humps and some crystallinity of nanoparticles in the capsules. Moreover, encapsulation significantly improved probiotic viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. This study highlights the potential of starch-based nanoparticles to enhance the stability and viability of probiotics, demonstrating their potential applications across various industrial sectors. Further research should focus on investigating the long-term stability and functional efficacy of encapsulated probiotics in microbeads for real-world applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This research aims to develop a fuzzy logic-based model for predicting the warp way and weft way Tearing Strength (TS) of laser engraved denim garments concerning two of the most important laser parameters such as Dots Per Inch (DPI) and Pixel Time (PT). Laser engraving is a widely used approach in garment washing factories because of its lower health hazards, time efficiency, and accuracy than other processes. However, controlling the laser parameters is very important, as if the tearing strength of the treated garments falls lower than the tolerable limit, the garment might be rejected. In this study, the fuzzy logic-based method is used to develop a prediction model to determine the Tearing Strength of the laser engraved denim. The model exhibits the exact same trend for TS as the experimental findings, i.e., TS increases with the decrement of either DPI, PT, or both. Moreover, the Mean Relative Errors (%) for warp and weft way Tearing Strength was found to be 3.34 and 3.53, respectively, which are within the acceptable limits. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found 0.98 (R = 0.99) for both the warp and weft way Tearing Strength, and the result suggested that up to 98% of total changes in warp and weft way Tearing Strength can be explained by the model. From the results, it can be evident that the principle of the proposed model can satisfactorily be used in predicting the Tearing Strength of the laser engraved denim garments, which will be beneficial for the garment washing industry by eliminating a lot of existing trial and error approach to set process parameters and thus can play an important role in increasing the productivity by process optimization.

Green synthesis gaining a significant importance for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) and NPs-based biocomposites gained much attention in biological applications. In the current study, gold (Au) nanoparticles were prepared via green approach using cinnamon extract. The Au nanocomposite (NC) was prepared with MnO2 nanofiber mesh structure. The NC was characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, EDX, UV–visible and DLS techniques. The MnO2 nanofibers diameter was in 10–25 nm range, which was arranged in a mesh form and Au NPs was combined with nanofibers randomly. The MnO2-Au NC antimicrobial activity was measured against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains. The antimicrobial activity of MnO2-Au NC was highly promising against tested microorganisms in comparison to control (ciprofloxacin, a standard drug). The antimicrobial activity of MnO2-Au NC was found in following order; > S. aureus > E. coli > P. aeruginosa with the zones inhibition of 22, 18 and 15 (mn), respectively. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were 316, 342 and 231 (µg/mL) for E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. In view of promising antimicrobial activity, the MnO2-Au NC prepared via green approach could have potential applications in medical field and future study can be engrossed on the biocompatibility evaluation of MnO2-Au NC using bioassays.

Pallets are crucial in the logistics infrastructure system of various industries and manufacturing companies. They are made of wood and used to store various large and heavy goods. However, pulp and paper manufacturing companies undergo material shortages to make wooden pallets. Therefore, this study aimed to apply the 3-R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to deal with pallet shortages at the companies. After several experiments, the researcher developed three techniques based on the 3-R concept with the closed-loop system: (1) repairing and (2) reusing waste pallets from/to customers, (3) using Finger Glued-Laminate's products provided internally as raw materials for pallets; all three met several mandatory criteria of strength and design in a pallet. This research aimed to help companies make policies and strategies related to applying the 3-R concept to deal with pallet shortages. If the pallet quantity can meet the company's needs, it will improve the logistics process quality and deliver the products to consumers right on schedule.

In this study, we developed a green and facile top–down approach for the production of nano-sized graphene oxide (GO) like flakes from natural sources by sonochemistry. The long carbon flakes produced by the pyrolysis of waste onion sheathing were then converted into uniform nano-sized GO-like flakes (6.6 ​± ​2.4 ​nm) by sonication in deionized water. The effect of time on the size of GO-like nanostructures obtained by ultrasonication of bio-sourced carbon flakes has been extensively investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to determine the size of these nanostructures. The changes in the surface chemical composition of the nanostructures during the sonochemical treatment were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility of nano-sized GO-like flakes were evaluated. Pyrolysis of waste onion sheathing followed by sonication could therefore be explored as a highly cost-effective, eco-friendly, uncomplicated, green, and efficient way of producing large-scale nano-sized GO-like carbon flakes.

Bacterial cellulose has garnered remarkable interest from researchers, particularly those working in the biomedical field. In this work, BC microfibers were fabricated via green dissolution (ZnCl 2 ) and regeneration (ethanol). The orientation of cellulose chains was investigated during extrusion and simple post-processing via polarized optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. The results implied that the mechanical properties of BC microfibers can be tuned by rational pre-stretching. The BC microfibers can be programmable, and be used to suture hard or soft tissues. The as-designed paralleled BC microfibers have good biocompatibility and can regulate the directional growth of cells on their surface. The as-obtained BC microfiber with a high tensile strength of up to ∼115 MPa is suitable for surgical sutures. The tunable BC microfibers may be utilized as an adequate fiber-derived biomedical material product., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Carbon capture technologies have advanced in recent years to meet the ever-increasing quest to minimize excessive anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The most promising option for CO 2 control has been identified as carbon capture and storage. Among the numerous sorbents, char generated from biomass thermal conversion has shown to be an efficient CO 2 adsorbent. This study examines various characteristics that can be used to increase the yield of biochar suited for carbon sequestration. This review gives recent research progress in the area, stressing the variations and consequences of various preparation processes on textural features such as surface area, pore size and sorption performance with respect to CO 2 's sorption capacity. The adjoining gaps discovered in this field have also been highlighted herewith, which will serve as future work possibility. It aims to analyse and describe the possibilities and potential of employing pristine and modified biochar as a medium of CO 2 capture. It also examines the parameters that influence biochar's CO 2 adsorption ability and pertinent challenges regarding the production of biochar-based CO 2 sorbent materials., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present study focused to synthesize the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using novel Canthium coromandelicum leaves in a cost-effective, easy, and sustainable approach. The obtained Canthium coromandelicum-copper oxide nanoparticles (CC-CuONPs) were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, FESEM, HR-TEM imaging, and XRD study. The XRD pattern verified the development of crystalline CC-CuONPs with an average size of 33 nm. The biosynthesized CC-CuONPs were roughly spherical, according to HR-TEM and FESEM analyses. FT-IR research verified the existence of functional groups involved in CC-CuONPs production. Cu and O 2 have high-energy signals of 78.32% and 12.78%, respectively, according to data from EDX. The photocatalytic evaluation showed that synthesized CC-CuONPs have the efficiency of degrading methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) by 91.32%, 89.35% respectively. The findings showed that biosynthesized CC-CuONPs might effectively remove contaminants in an environmentally acceptable manner., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The pentadentate ligand and the precursors were combined to form complexes by green approach. The ligand formation was confirmed by UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, and LC-MS. The optimised stable structure was obtained by molecular simulation studies and the complexes were interpreted by conductivity measurements, UV-Vis, FT-IR, magnetic susceptibility, VSM, and ESR spectral studies. The redox nature of the complexes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram shows complexes exhibited single electron transfer from Cu +2 /Cu +1 . Complexes and penta-dentate ligand were screened for in vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay method on A431 skin cancer cell line. The ligand structural stability and biological activity were confirmed by theoretical computational studies. The magnetic behaviour showed antiferromagnetic properties at low temperature. The complexes were used as high bar magnets. Similarly, the redox behaviour showed that the complexes could be used in electroplating techniques and sensors. Clinical application revealed that the complexes had effective cytotoxicity. From the data obtained, the complexes were in the form [MLR], where L was the penta-dentate ligand and R = [C 6 H 5 COO] & R = [C 6 H 4 COO (OH)]., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite was synthesised via a facile, green and efficient approach consisted of novel liquid phase exfoliation and solvothermal growth for sensing application. Highly pristine graphene was synthesised through mild sonication treatment of graphite in a mixture of ethanol and water at an optimum ratio. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) affirmed the hydrothermal growth of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc nitrate hexahydrate precursor. The as-prepared graphene/zinc oxide (G/ZnO) nanocomposite was characterised comprehensively to evaluate its morphology, crystallinity, composition and purity. All results clearly indicate that zinc oxide particles were homogenously distributed on graphene sheets, without any severe aggregation. The electrochemical performance of graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry analysis. The resulting electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a linear range of 1-15 mM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9977. The sensitivity of the graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite-modified hydrogen peroxide sensor was 3.2580 μAmM(-1) with a limit of detection of 7.4357 μM. An electrochemical DNA sensor platform was then fabricated for the detection of Avian Influenza H5 gene based on graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite. The results obtained from amperometry study indicate that the graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite-enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor is significantly more sensitive (P < 0.05) and efficient than the conventional agarose gel electrophoresis., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)