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New voltammetric and flow amperometric methods for the determination of guaifenesin (GFE) using a perspective screen-printed sensor (SPE) with boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) were developed. The electrochemical oxidation of GFE was studied on the surface of the oxygen-terminated BDDE of the sensor. The GFE provided two irreversible anodic signals at a potential of 1.0 and 1.1 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl sat.) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2), which was chosen as the supporting electrolyte for all measurements. First, a voltammetric method based on differential pulse voltammetry was developed and a low detection limit (LOD = 41 nmol L -1 ), a wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 0.1-155 μmol L -1 ), and a good recovery in the analysis of model and pharmaceutical samples (RSD <3.0 %) were obtained. In addition, this sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of biological samples (RSD <3.2 %), where the analysis took place in a drop of serum (50 μL) without pretreatment and additional electrolyte. Subsequently, SP/BDDE was incorporated into a flow-through 3D printed electrochemical cell and a flow injection analysis method with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) was developed, resulting in excellent analytical parameters (LOD = 86 nmol L -1 , LDR = 0.1-50 μmol L -1 ). Moreover, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of GFE was proposed based on calculations of HOMO spatial distribution and spectroelectrochemical measurements focused on IR identification of intermediates and products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spectrophotometric-assisted chemometric techniques are beneficial for resolving spectral overlapping and are considered comparable to traditional chromatographic methods. In this work, different chemometric approaches were applied for simultaneous determination of Bromhexine HCl (BRHX), Guaifenesin (GUA) and Salbutamol sulphate (SALB) in the presence of Guaiacol (GUAIA), without any prior separation. Two-way and three-way techniques were applied. The resolving power of genetic algorithm (GA-PLS), trilinear partial least square (N-PLS) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS) were investigated. A set of 17 synthetic samples in the concentration range 10.0-30.0 μg/mL of BRHX, GUA and SALB and 6.0-10.0 μg/mL of GUAIA were used in the construction of the calibration models. Commercially available syrup dosage form was successfully analyzed by the developed methods without interference from formulation additives. The developed models were evaluated through calculation of root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP), the obtained values were 0.263, 0.419 and 0.342 for BRHX, 0.254, 0.318 and 0.503 for GUA and 0.298, 0.268 and 0.302 for SALB using N-PLS, MCR-ALS and GA-PLS, respectively. The resolving power of the developed models was emphasized through comparison with a reported HPLC method, where no significant difference was found regarding both accuracy and precision., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Three advanced chemmometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods namely; Concentration Residuals Augmented Classical Least Squares (CRACLS), Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) and Principal Component Analysis-Artificial Neural Networks (PCA-ANN) were developed, validated and benchmarked to PLS calibration; to resolve the severely overlapped spectra and simultaneously determine; Paracetamol (PAR), Guaifenesin (GUA) and Phenylephrine (PHE) in their ternary mixture and in presence of p-aminophenol (AP) the main degradation product and synthesis impurity of Paracetamol. The analytical performance of the proposed methods was described by percentage recoveries, root mean square error of calibration and standard error of prediction. The four multivariate calibration methods could be directly used without any preliminary separation step and successfully applied for pharmaceutical formulation analysis, showing no excipients' interference., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A rapid and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of codeine, ephedrine, guaiphenesin and chlorpheniramine in beagle dog plasma has been developed and validated. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column (150 mm × 2.0 mm, 3 μm) using formic acid:10 mM ammonium acetate:methanol (0.2:62:38, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and analyzed by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The method was linear for all analytes over the following concentration (ng/mL) ranges: codeine 0.08-16; ephedrine 0.8-160; guaiphenesin 80-16,000; chlorpheniramine 0.2-40. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. It is the first time that the validated HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study in 6 healthy beagle dogs., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

New, simple, rapid and precise reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of diclofenac potassium (DP) and methocarbamol (MT) in ternary mixture with guaifenesin (GF), degradation product of methocarbamol. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Symmetry Waters C18 column (150 mm x 4. 6mm, 5 microm). Gradient elution based on phosphate buffer pH (8)-acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1) was applied. The UV detector was operated at 282 nm for DP and 274 nm for MT and GF. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration ranges of 0.05-16, 0.5-160 and 0.5-160 microg mL(-1) for DP, MT and GF, respectively. The optimized method proved to be specific, robust and accurate for the quality control of the cited drugs in pharmaceutical preparation., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of pseudoephdrine, pheniramine, guaifenisin, pyrilamine, chlorpheniramine and dextromethorphan in cough and cold pharmaceuticals. The separation of these compounds was achieved within 13 min on a Kromasil C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol-dihydrogenphosphate buffer at pH 3 (45:55, v/v). The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1) and at a detection wavelength of 220 nm. The selectivity, linearity of calibration, accuracy, within and between-days precision and recovery were examined as parts of the method validation. The concentration-response relationship was linear over a concentration range of 5-50 microg mL(-1) for pseudoephdrine, pheniramine, chlorpheniramine and 50-600 microg mL(-1) for guaifenisin, pyrilamine, dextromethorphan, methylparaben and sodium benzoate with correlation coefficients better than 0.998. The standard deviations of the intraday and interday were all less than 2%. The proposed liquid chromatographic method was successfully applied for the routine analysis of these compounds in different cough and cold pharmaceutical preparations such as syrups, capsules, tablets and sachets. The presence of preservatives (sodium benzoate and methylparaben) and other excipients did not show any significant interference on the determination of these compounds.

A rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and guaifenesin in human plasma was developed and validated, using high-performance liquid chromatographic separation with tandem mass spectrometric detection. After extracted from plasma samples by diethyl ether-dichloromethane (3:2, v/v), the analytes and internal standard osalmide were chromatographed on a C18 column. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode via atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.05-20.0 microg/ml for paracetamol and 5.0-2000.0 ng/ml for guaifenesin. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 14% for both paracetamol and guaifenesin. The assay accuracy was within +/-2.4% for the analytes. This is the first assay method described for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and guaifenesin in plasma using one chromatographic run. The method was successfully employed in a pharmacokinetic study after an oral administration of a multicomponent formulation, containing 650 mg paracetamol, 200 mg guaifenesin, 60 mg pseudoephedrine and 20 mg dextrorphan.

A method has been developed for the analysis of a cough syrup containing dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, benzoic acid, saccharin and other components. Forced degradation was also studied to demonstrate that the method could be employed during a stability study of the syrup. Final conditions were phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.8) with triethylamine (TEA)-acetonitrile (75:25, v/v). In such conditions, all the actives, excipients and degradation products were baseline resolved in less than 14 min, and different wavelengths were used for the different analytes and related compounds.

An impurity present in all commercial guaifenesin-containing dosage forms examined was isolated and identified as 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy) 1,3-propanediol (VI). The eluant of a previously developed stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for phenylephrine hydrochloride (I), phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (II), and guaifenesin (III) was modified to yield a better separation between phenylpropanolamine and the impurity. The method was expanded to include sodium benzoate (IV), a preservative found in some liquid formulations.

Theophylline, guaifenesin, and benzoic acid were determined by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography without interference from active and/or vehicle decomposition. A degradation product of sucrose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, can be identified and quantified in liquid samples simultaneously.

The separation and simultaneous determination, by high-performance liquid chromatography, of acetaminophen (I), guaifenesin (II), pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (III), and pholcodine (IV), together with a series of parabens (methyl to butyl, V-VIII) in a cough mixture, has been demonstrated using a chemically bonded octadecylsilane stationary phase with a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (45:55:2) containing the ion-pairing agent octanesulfonic acid. Retention volumes for the active ingredients were 3.8 ml, 5.4 ml, 9.4 ml, and 15.6 ml for compounds I-IV, respectively. Corrected retention volumes for the parabens [5.4 ml for methyl (V), 9.6 ml for ethyl (VI), 18.5 ml for propyl (VII), and 37.9 ml for butyl (VIII)] showed an exponential relationship with chain length of the esterifying alcohols. Excipients did not interfere with the estimation of any of the compounds, hence pretreatment of the sample was unnecessary. Average recoveries of the active ingredients and of the parabens from laboratory prepared samples were essentially 100% of theoretical with standard deviations of 1.7, 0.3, 1.5, 0.3, 0.3, 3.3, 0.7, and 2.7% for I-VIII, respectively.

The quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in a liquid dosage form are described. All active and inactive ingredients (sodium benzoate and FD&C Yellow No. 5 dye) can be separated with high-pressure liquid chromatography except the two antihistamines, pheniramine maleate and pyrilamine maleate. Pheniramine maleate is determined colorimetrically, and pyrilamine maleate is determined either by difference or spectrophotometrically. The methods are simple short, accurate, and precise. The standard deviations are reported.

Acetaminophen (I), guaifenesin (II), and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (III) were separated and quantitated simultaneously in cough syrup by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A chemically bonded octadecylsilane stationary phase was used with a mobile phase of 48% (v/v) aqueous methanol. The mobile phase pH was stabilized to 4.2 by adding formic acid--ammonium formate buffer (approximately 0.4%). The internal standard was o-dinitrobenzene. Retention volumes were 4 ml for I, 6 ml for II, 11 ml for the internal standard, and 20 ml for III. Inactive syrup components did not interfere, permitting direct diluted sample injection. Results on active ingredients were essentially 100% of the claim, with standard deviations of +/- 1.5, 1.2, and 2.1% for I, II, and III, respectively.