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Background: Self-confidence is a key element in successfully promoting achievement strivings among the healthcare workforce. Targeted interventions can strengthen this characteristic in nursing students, thus improving the quality of hospital services. Objectives: We evaluated the effect of educational interventions on boosting self-confidence in nursing students using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search was used to screen the related studies in Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Peer-reviewed literature in English until June 2023 was reviewed. Inclusion criteria were controlled trials, either non-randomized studies of intervention (NRSI) or randomized (RCTs). Studies were assessed for methodological quality by the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) and the Cochrane ''Risk of Bias'' tool for RCTs (RoB 2.0) and quality assessment tool for before-after (pre-post) studies with no control group. The main outcome was the self-confidence score of nursing students because of educational methods or intervention/s. Using the inverse variance weights method, a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) estimate with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to assess conceptual heterogeneity using Stata. Results: Twenty-two studies were selected involving 1758 participants and 940 cases of nursing students in the intervention group on boosting self-confidence (Fourteen Randomized controlled trials, Five Quasi-experimental, and three Before-After studies). The post-intervention self-confidence results in the nursing student's intervention group were significantly greater (SMD) (SMD for Controlled experimental design = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.14–0.89), (SMD for Quasi-experimental = 0.04; 95% CI = −0.33-0.41), (SMD for Before-After (Pre-Post) = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.85–3.63). The random-effect meta-analysis of 22 interventional studies determined that educational interventions are significantly associated with the improving self-confidence of nursing students. The intervention showed a moderate impact on the research units, according to Cohen's d results. Also, the results of simulation learning intervention (SMD = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.03–0.81) showed a significant relationship between intervention and outcome in studies. Conclusions: Analysis of our findings revealed the successful impact of most interventional approaches in boosting self-confidence, especially in the long term. It can be concluded that self-confidence is a multifactorial concept that can be improved by using targeted combination intervention strategies.

Introduction: Since November 2019, the world has been grappling with the rapid spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In response to this major health crisis, the first vaccination rollout was launched in December 2020. However, even fully vaccinated individuals are not completely immune to infection, albeit with less severe symptoms. Melatonin is known as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agent whose anti-viral properties, cost-effectiveness, and relatively few side effects make it a potential adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19. This systematic review aims to summarize the clinical studies on the effects of melatonin on COVID-19 patients. Methods: The search of articles was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane library, and Scopus databases up to January 2022. Results: Ten articles were included in our study. It seems melatonin can decrease inflammatory markers, inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of some genes, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4, STAT6, T-box expressed in T cell (T-bet), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 (CASP1). In addition, melatonin appears to alleviate some clinical signs and symptoms and accelerate recovery. The use of melatonin in severe cases reduces thrombosis, sepsis, and mortality rate. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the probable role of melatonin as a potential adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19 after about two weeks of consumption. However, further high-quality randomized clinical trials are required.