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Brain asymmetries are hypothesized to reduce functional duplication and thus have evolutionary advantages. The goal of this study was to examine whether early brain lateralization contributes to skill development within the speech-language domain. To achieve this goal, 25 infants (2-13 months old) underwent behavioral language examination and fMRI during sleep while listening to forward and backward speech, and then were assessed on various language skills at 55-69 months old. We observed that infant functional lateralization of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) for forward > backward speech was associated with phonological, vocabulary, and expressive language skills 4 to 5 years later. However, we failed to observe that infant language skills or the anatomical lateralization of STG were related to subsequent language skills. Overall, our findings suggest that infant functional lateralization of STG for speech perception may scaffold subsequent language acquisition, supporting the hypothesis that functional hemisphere asymmetries are advantageous., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Rapid group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigen detection tests (RDT) have high diagnostic performance for the management of acute pharyngitis and are recommended before any antibiotic (ATB) prescription in France to reduce ATB use. The rate of general practitioners (GPs) using GAS RDT is low and decreasing. Our aims were to describe the reasons for pediatricians and GPs not using RDT or for prescribing ATB despite of a negative RDT., Methods: In 2011, a survey was conducted in a random sample of 368 GPs plus all ambulatory pediatricians (n=82) in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France., Results: Response rates were 74% (n=61) for pediatricians and 18% (n=68) for GPs. RDTs for pharyngitis were used by 75% [95% CI: 63-85] of pediatricians and 53% [95% CI: 41-64] of GPs (P<0.001). RDTs were systematically used in children 3years of age and older by only 59% of all physicians using RDTs. An ATB was systematically prescribed in case of positive RDT by 96% of physicians and eventually prescribed in case of negative RDT by 74%. The main reasons for ATB prescription in case of negative RDT were association with otitis media (51%), second visit for the same pharyngitis (45%), and high clinical suspicion of GAS pharyngitis (36%). Forty percent of non-RDT users had used them in the past. The 3 main reasons for not using RDT were the lack of time (57%), high confidence in clinical data to discriminate GAS pharyngitis (48%), and low confidence in RDT (27%)., Discussion: This survey highlights the lack of knowledge about low and high discriminant values of clinical data and RDT, respectively, especially the excellent negative predictive value of RDTs, and an erroneous assessment of the low risk of missing GAS pharyngitis compared to the consequences of inappropriate ATB use., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A medication-related cause must be sought when unusual symptoms occur. Topical treatments, including eye drops, whose side effects are more common in exposed children, need to be verified. We report here the cases of two children who developed systemic symptoms after the administration of atropine-based mydriatic eye drops. A 6-month-old boy was admitted to the emergency department with acute urine retention lasting 36h. Investigations identified only eye drop treatment 3h before the onset of symptoms, with 2 drops of homatropine 1 %, as a cause. No other urinary retention was observed during the 1-year follow-up. A 2-year-old boy was admitted to the emergency department for drowsiness, thirst, and dry mouth 30min after the administration of three eye drops of atropine 1 % instead of atropine 0.3 % (error made by the pharmacy). Symptoms disappeared after 6h. Both observations highlight the possible side effects related to mydriatic eye drops. Indeed, because of small penetration of such medications in the eye, a high concentration of the active part of the medication is contained in each drop. In young children, at least 20 to 40 % of the volume of a drop drains into the nasolacrimal duct and thereby into the systemic circulation, without passage through the liver. A close national pharmacologic vigilance follow-up has been set up for atropine-based mydriatic eye drops in young children, who are the most exposed to systemic and potentially severe complications of these medications. We emphasize the appropriate procedure for the use of eye drops in young children to limit systemic passage, with only a 0.3 % maximum atropine concentration in infants, compression of the internal angle of the eye for at least 1min, and at least a 15-mins interval between two eye drop administrations., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Organization and resource utilization of pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) have been poorly evaluated., Objectives: To assess the access to appropriate pediatric emergency care in France and the degree of preparedness of PEDs and general emergency departments (GEDs) without separate pediatric emergency facilities., Methods: A closed-response survey was e-mailed and/or posted to 256 hospitals with pediatric wards., Results: A total of 120 useable surveys were returned (93 % of PEDs and 29 % of GEDs). In the PEDs surveyed (n=67, 33 university hospitals [UHs] and 34 non-university hospitals), disease recruitment was medical and surgical with trauma (84 %) or medical only (16 %). The medical directors of the PEDs were pediatricians (99 %). The average number of visits in 2007 was 20,200±10,600 per PED (+13 % within 5 years), and the average number of medical practitioners was 4±3. However, in only 76 % of PEDs was at least one pediatrician present after midnight. Medical staffing of PEDs in UHs did not include a pediatric resident in 30 % and a pediatric attending physician in 63 % of these units. Approximately, 48 % of PEDs had a short-stay observation unit (median, five beds). In GEDs (n=53), children were admitted 24h a day in the GED (41 %) and directly in the pediatric ward during the day and in the GED at night (28 %). Traumas were admitted in 98 % of the GEDs., Conclusion: Pediatric coverage 24h a day is still insufficient in PEDs. The training and experience of pediatricians were restricted by the lack of pediatric residency and physician positions in pediatric emergency care. A different access to pediatric emergency care during the day and night was frequent in hospitals without a PED., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess in a pediatric emergency care unit (PECU): 1. The frequency of syncope and pre-syncope, 2. The incidence of diagnoses, 3. The value of investigations and cardiology and neurology consultations., Methods: The data of PECU patients aged 2 years to 15 years and 3 months were prospectively collected over 1 year. Standard electrocardiogram and serum glucose were compulsory investigations. Schellong's orthostatic test was performed whenever possible., Results: One hundred and fity-nine children (mean age, 11+/-4 years) were included, accounting for 0.8% of the PECU's visits: 48% had syncope, 52% had pre-syncope. The most common cause was neurally mediated syncope - 98 patients (62%), with vasovagal syncope for 80 patients - followed by neurological causes: 29 patients (18%). Neither cardiac arrhythmia nor obstructive cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. There were discrepancies between cardiologists' and pediatricians' ECG interpretations in 9% of cases. Diagnoses differed between cardiologists and pediatricians in 54% of 41 consultations. Diagnoses differed between neurologists and pediatricians in 54% of 42 consultations. No investigation except Schellong's orthostatic test led to modification of a previous diagnosis., Conclusion: This study emphasizes that the routine workup of pediatric syncope should focus on the patient's history and physical examination. Diagnostic testing should be minimal: ECG and Schellong's orthostatic test. The leading cause was neurocardiogenic syncope.

Unlabelled: Prescriptions of abdominal x-ray and diagnosis of constipation seemed too frequent in children evaluated for abdominal pain (AP) in a paediatric emergency unit., Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of constipation in children with AP, to determine clinical and radiological signs related to this diagnosis, and to compare frequencies of clinical criteria of functional chronic constipation (FCC) in children with AP with those of controls (children with mild traumatisms without AP)., Methods: This prospective observational study included children older than 4 years of age consulting for AP., Results: Among 196 patients with AP, 53% had a diagnosis of constipation on discharge (28% isolated and 25% associated with an other diagnosis), and 88% had a plain abdominal x-ray. A faecal retention was considered by emergency practitioners in 92% of children with the diagnosis of constipation vs 22% with other diagnosis (OR=38; CI 95%: 15-101). Clinical criteria of FCC were associated with the diagnosis of constipation (OR=2.7; CI 95%: 1.4-5.2). A FCC was as prevalent in the control population as in AP population (32 vs 34%)., Conclusion: An excessive prevalence of diagnosis of constipation was mainly associated with contestable x-ray diagnosis of faecal retention secondary to inappropriate indications of abdominal x-ray.

The management of acute diarrhoea in France improved during the last ten years, with a large increase of oral rehydration solution (ORS) prescription in infants. Severity assessment is too often based on an uncertain evaluation of weight loss instead of a clinical determination. Telephone triage is not accurate without use of protocols and decision-making guidelines. Laboratory tests are rare in ambulatory management but still too frequent in hospital management of children with oral rehydration. ORS prescription of general practitioners regularly increased: 16% in 1988, 29% in 1996, 39% in 2001; and 71% in 2005 (after their reimbursement). The quality of oral rehydration advice remains insufficient. Intravenous rehydration on admission remains still too frequent. Drugs prescriptions include 2 or 3 drugs, with a decrease of loperamide and antibiotics, and an increase of racecadotril (81%). Lactose-free milk prescriptions in infants dropped from 46% in 1996 to 16% in 2005. Isolation and disinfection procedures are insufficient. Rotavirus nosocomial infections incidence is high: 1,6 to 6,3/1000 children less than 5 years of age, contributing to high direct costs.

Background: Acute pyelonephritis can induce parenchymal scarring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) to predict renal involvement in febrile children with urinary tract infection (UTI)., Methods: In a prospective study serum PCT was measured and compared with others commonly used inflammatory markers in children admitted to the emergency unit with acute pyelonephritis. Renal parenchymal involvement was assessed by a (99 m)Tc-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scar performed in the first 3 days after the admission., Results: Among 42 enrolled patients, 19 (45%) had acute renal involvement (Group A) ; 23 (55%) (Group B) had normal DMSA scan (n = 16), or old scarring (n = 4) or various anomalies related to uropathy (n = 3). In group A, the mean PCT level was significantly higher than in the group B (5.4 ng/ml, vs 0.4 ng /ml, p < 10(-5)). In these 2 groups, mean C reactive protein (CRP) levels were 99.1 mg/l and 44.6 mg/l respectively (p < 0.001). For a level of serum PCT > or = 0.5 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity to predict the renal involvement were 100% and 87% respectively; for a level> or= 20 mg/l CRP had a sensitivity of 94% but a specificity of 30%., Conclusion: Serum PCT levels were significantly increased in febrile children with UTI when acute renal parenchymal involvement was present. PCT seems a better marker than CRP for the prediction of patients at risk of renal lesions.

Unlabelled: Paediatrician involvement in paediatric emergency care is often considered insufficient., Objectives: To assess paediatrician involvement in paediatric emergency care, and how paediatric emergencies were dealt with in emergency department, paediatric emergency department, paediatric department and paediatrician offices., Methods: Prospective multicentric study, January 29th, 2001, including all the emergency visits of children admitted to an emergency department, paediatric emergency department, paediatric department or in paediatrician offices., Results: Paediatricians examined an average number of 21 children, 58% were considered as "urgent" (mean: 53% +/- 25% by paediatrician). Thirty five percent of paediatricians were available on call that night. In the 18 hospitals, 705 children were admitted that day, 42% to an emergency department, 40% to a paediatric emergency department, 18% to a paediatric department. The mean age was 6 years +/- 5 years. Trauma represented 40% of all cases and was more frequent in emergency department than in paediatric emergency department or paediatric department (63% versus 33% and 2%, p < 10(-8)). Hospitalisation rate was lower in paediatric emergency department than in emergency department and paediatric department, especially for non-traumatic conditions., Conclusion: Our findings prove paediatrician involvement in paediatric emergency care, in paediatrician offices and in hospital. This study points out the complementarity and insufficiencies of these different services.

Unlabelled: Short-Stay Observation Units (SSOUs) in paediatric emergency departments are effective in reducing inpatient admissions but can also generate excessive short-stay hospitalisations. The aim of the study was to evaluate both these consequences and the different missions of SSOUs., Methods: This prospective study included all children admitted in a 10-bed-medico-surgical SSOU of a tertiary-care paediatric emergency department from September 4, to October 31, 2001. At the time of SSOU admission, the physician indicated the purpose of the admission and which decision he would have made in the absence of a SSOU., Results: Five hundred and nine children (median age = 4 years, chronic disease: 26%, trauma: 34%) were included, accounting for 15% of admissions. The mean length of stay was 14 +/- 8h. The decision in the absence of a SSOU would have been: inpatient hospitalization (77%), transfer to another hospital in the absence of inpatient room vacancy (7%), discharge home (10%), prolonged waiting in the emergency ward (4%), do not know or not indicated (2%). The SSOU admission was deemed appropriate in 81%: discharge home within 24h was likely in 65% and the final orientation of the child was uncertain in 16%. The admission was debatable in 13% and inappropriate in 6%. Sixty six per cent of children were discharged home., Conclusion: The SSOU reduced inpatient hospitalisations, generated few inappropriate short stay hospitalisations, and seemed particularly efficient for paediatric diseases. Proposed indicators should allow inter-hospital comparisons.

Objective: To analyze hospital treatment of infants with acute gastroenteritis, especially the variations in modes of rehydration, hospitalization rates and lengths of stay, related to paediatrician permanency with a short-stay observation unit at their disposal., Methods: This prospective multicentric study during two rotavirus epidemic periods included 1,187 infants (mean age 10 +/- 6 months) with acute gastroenteritis resulting or not in dehydration. During the first period, 12 volunteer hospitals were included. During the second period, we compared six (among the 12) hospitals where infants were admitted in emergency care or pediatric units without pediatric 24-h permanency, with a pediatric emergency care unit having pediatric permanency with a short-stay observation unit., Results: During the first period, 32% were dehydrated and 6% had hypovolemic shock on admission. The hospitalization rate was 81%. Only 19% of dehydrated infants had exclusively oral rehydration, and 19% of normohydrated infants had intravenous rehydration. During the second period, the hospitalization rate was 42% in the pediatric emergency care unit (28% in the short-stay unit and 14% in hospitalization units) versus 77% in the six hospitals. In the pediatric emergency care unit as compared to the six hospitals, there were a reduction of 65% of hospitalization days, 58% of intravenous accesses, and 66% of laboratory tests., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a paediatric permanency with a short-stay observation unit at their disposal improves quality of treatment and is cost-effective.

Background: In industrialized countries where immunization against Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) is largely used, the incidence of invasive Hib infections has dramatically decreased. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of immunization against Hib on the incidence of invasive Hib infections in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area in France., Patients and Methods: This retrospective multicenter study enrolled 11 of the 18 hospitals in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area, comparing two periods: 1991-1993 (before immunization), and 1994-1996 (during immunization). All children less than 60 months of age and having an invasive Hib infection were included. The Pasteur-Mérieux Company was asked to provide the number of vaccines sold in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area during the study period., Results: The number of vaccines sold in 1992 was 56,208; this reached 189,173 in 1996, corresponding to an immunization ratio higher than 90%. One hundred and two children representing 155 invasive Hib infections were studied. The annual incidence was 42 during the first period (meningitis: 18.6; septicemia: 14.6; epiglottitis: 5.6), and nine (meningitis: 5; septicemia: 2.6; epiglottitis: 0.3) during the second period, that is a 78% decrease., Conclusion: These results confirm previous data in the literature by demonstrating that immunization in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area has dramatically decreased the incidence of invasive Hib infections.

Rhabdomyolysis results from muscular fibre lysis with release of cellular contents (myoglobin, enzymes, electrolytes) into the plasma. Traumatic (crush syndrome) and non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis have been mostly reported in adults. Traumatic rhabdomyolysis are mostly due to ischemic and reperfusion injuries. Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis include several factors: muscular compression (comas), cytotoxic injury (infections and poisonings), ischemia (shock, cardiorespiratory arrest) or excessive muscular activity (seizures, strenuous exercise). The main etiologies reported in children are: anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (including sudden infant death and life threatening events); electrolyte disorders; severe hyperthermia; poisonings; hereditary myopathies. Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis must be suspected in these circumstances, requiring blood creatinine phosphokinase measurements. Indeed, clinical signs are inconstant and non-specific, and functional signs are difficult to appreciate in children. During the initial phase, the main risk is arrhythmias secondary to hyperkalemia. The two main complications are the compartmental syndrome leading to irreversible vasculo-nervous injuries and acute renal failure. Treatment of traumatic and non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis includes correction of hyperkalemia, active fluid loading in order to prevent acute renal failure and alkalinisation. Prognosis of rhabdomyolysis relates to the aetiology and the presence of acute renal failure.

Background: Gastroenteritis remains a common and expensive illness. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of dehydration, the prime cause for diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality., Objective: To evaluate the ambulatory management of acute gastroenteritis in infants, and particularly practices concerning oral fluid therapy., Methods: This prospective, multicenter study included 326 infants (mean age: 10 +/- 6 months), examined in a hospital for acute gastroenteritis, with or without dehydration., Results: Before admission, 81% had previously been examined by a practitioner, and 89% of these practitioners had written a prescription. This prescription included ORS in 35% and was not different according to the age of the infant. Pediatricians prescribed ORS more frequently than general practitioners (respectively 58% vs 29%; P < 0.001). The failure rate of ORS prescription was 25% (two parents did not observe, ten children refused to drink, and eight stopped treatment because of vomiting). Lactose-free milks were prescribed in 46% of infants and the observance was 82%. At least one drug was prescribed in 94% of infants, with a mean of 2.6 drugs per infant; one antibiotic was prescribed in 33% of infants. Infants were admitted to hospital without any previous consultation in 18%, on the parents' initiative but after at least one previous medical examination in 52%, and on the physician's initiative in 30%. Thirty-three percent were dehydrated; one infant died and two had sequellae., Conclusion: The use of ORS remains insufficient. Efforts to improve use of ORS should be expanded beyond physician education.

Background: Myasthenia gravis is usually revealed by a ptosis or a diplopia. A respiratory muscle weakness often occurs during the course but an acute respiratory failure as initial feature is unusual., Case Reports: Three girls, aged 8, 10 and 14 years, were hospitalised in an intensive care unit, along a 15 year-period, for an acute respiratory distress. The first two children suffered from skeletal and bulbar muscle weakness. The third, admitted with the diagnosis of unexplained pneumonia, was complaining of skeletal and bulbar muscle weakness for the last 18 months. Myasthenia gravis was confirmed with electromyography, and detection of the acetylcholine-receptors antibodies in all three cases., Conclusion: Any unexplained acute respiratory distress must lead to search for skeletal and bulbar muscle weakness, specially after muscular exercise or at the end of day, manifestations which characterize myasthenia gravis.

Background: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is an effective treatment for patients with cystic fibrosis end stage liver disease, especially those with only mild pulmonary involvement. Long-term follow-up in such transplanted patients is still lacking., Case Report: A 15-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis received an OLT because of severe decompensated cirrhosis. She had been colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 3 years and had pancreatic insufficiency; she also had mild glucose intolerance. Postoperatively she developed diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy for 9 months. Oral cyclosporin was poorly absorbed so that she was given a new emulsion of cyclosporin (Neoral) that was better absorbed. A rapid pubertal catch-up was obtained but the patient remained colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Conclusion: This 3-year postoperative follow-up confirms that OLT can represent a good alternative in those patients with severe liver disease and mild pulmonary involvement.

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystem disorder with hyperphagia and obesity. Breathing disorders such as snoring, sleep apnea syndrome, and sleep hypoventilation have also been reported., Case Report: Jonathan was born with the typical features of PWS. He developed exercise dyspnea, cyanosis and nocturnal sweating at the age of 3 years. A few months later, a respiratory failure required his admission to the intensive care unit. His weight was then 48 kg (300% ideal body weight (IBW); physical examination showed polypnea (60 breaths/min), cyanosis, fat deposition on the chest wall. Transcutaneous oxygen saturation was 65%, carbon dioxide tension 81 mmHg (capillary sample). Pulmonary hypertension was found (mean arterial pulmonary pressure = 55 mmHg). Polysomnography detected hypoventilation with persistent hypoxemia increasing during the night and transient dips of oxygen saturation with bradycardia. He was treated with oxygen, mechanical ventilation (facial mask) and a low caloric diet (600 cal/day). Four months later, he weighed 33 kg (200% IBW); the respiratory features had resolved and gazometric values and pulmonary pressure returned to the normal ranges. Polysomnography showed only obstruction apnea and hypopnea without oxygen desaturation., Conclusions: Patients with PWS may develop respiratory symptoms sufficient by severity to be life threatening. They are related to morbid obesity and are influenced by a hypocaloric diet. Follow-up of patients with this syndrome must include repeated respiratory evaluation.

Background: There are few data available from European pediatric intensive care units (PICU) regarding the modes of death and their causes., Population and Methods: Two hundred and fifty nine children, not including neonates, died in the PICU over a 7-year period (1987-1993). Data were obtained from a computerized data base and the retrospective review of medical records by two intensivists. Deaths were classified into three groups according to the terminal event: brain death (BD), unsuccessful resuscitation (UR), do-not-resuscitate order and limitation and/or withdrawal of therapy (LWT)., Results: BD was the most common mode of death (38%); UR accounted for 34% and LWT for 28% of deaths. There was no significant annual variation in the proportion of BD, UR and LWT. Age and sex were similar in the three groups. The predominant organ system failure involved upon admission was the central nervous system (52%) in the LWT group, and the cardiovascular system (54%) in the UR group. Severe chronic disease (37%) and immunosuppression (19%) were more prevalent in the LWT group than in the BD group. Time from admission to death was longer in the LWT group (median = 119 hours) as compared to the UR group (10 hours) and the BD group (54 hours). Ten percent of the BD patients became organ transplant donors. Sixty-seven per cent of BD patients had medical contraindication for organ donation: parents did not accept organ donation in 61% of potential cases. Thirty deaths (12%) seemed to be avoidable; dehydration from acute infectious gastroenteritis (n = 7) was the most common cause of avoidable death., Conclusions: The modes of death in our PICU were statistically not different from those seen in two of four North-American PICUs; LWT was less prevalent than in the two other PICUs, but the patient populations were very different (presence of neonates and many cardiovascular surgery patients). Assessment of the severity of illness at admission and of functional outcome in the survivors are mandatory in future studies.

Background: Anomalies of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries may produce compression of the trachea with chronic stridor or wheezing aggravated by crying, feeding and flexion of the neck., Case Reports: Three infants, 3, 5 and 2 months-old, respectively, were admitted suffering from acute bronchiolitis. The first patient had intermittent wheezing for one month; lateral chest X-rays showed an opaque area inserted between the trachea and oesophagus and computed tomography showed pulmonary artery sling with tracheal stenosis which was successfully operated. The second patient displayed pulmonary atelectasia which required bronchoscopy; this technique showed tracheal stenosis which was due to pulmonary artery sling. The third patient had a history of congenital stridor: he required endotracheal intubation; a bronchoscopy performed because persistent pulmonary atelectasia showed tracheal stenosis which was secondary to a double aortic arch. The condition was improved after surgical correction., Conclusions: A history of stridor and/or wheezing in patients admitted for bronchiolitis must lead to consider the possibility of vascular compression of the trachea and to perform specific investigations.

The authors report 7 cases of infants presenting with an apparent life-threatening event associated with acute pericerebral haemorrhage (subarachnoid haemorrhage and/or subdural hematoma) without evidence of traumatism, abuse, or shaking. Clinical characteristics were the same in all cases, including limpness, severe dysautonomic disorders, and pallor; all infants had retinal and pre-retinal haemorrhages. Two infants died; the five survivors have severe neurologic sequelae. The symptoms revealing an infant's pericerebral haemorrhage are usually axial hypotonia and pallor. Traumatism remains the most common aetiology and must be searched for. Non-traumatic aetiologies are unusual and were excluded in these reported cases. The 'shaken baby' syndrome is not the sole aetiology of an apparent spontaneous pericerebral haemorrhage: a slight bump associated with predisposing vascular factors particular to infancy could be involved. When confronted with an apparent life-threatening event associating limpness and pallor, one must consider the diagnosis of pericerebral haemorrhage.

Between 1971 and 1985, 43 children died of purpura fulminans in our intensive care unit: 11 had autopsy and adrenal haemorrhage was observed in 8 (73%). All these patients had an extensive purpura and a severe disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our series confirms the findings of previous studies: 69 autopsies showed 51 cases (74%) of macroscopic adrenal haemorrhage. Adrenal haemorrhage may be only one manifestation of multiple system organ failure consecutive to septic shock; however, its association with low plasma cortisol levels (as previously reported) suggests that glucocorticoid replacement therapy should be reconsidered in purpura fulminans.