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Purpose: To study the local control, toxicity, organ and functional preservation and cosmetic outcomes after interstitial brachytherapy for periocular nonmelanoma skin cancers. Methods and Materials: Patients with skin cancers of upper and lower eyelid, medial and lateral canthus and the infra-orbital region treated with high dose rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) using 192-Iridium (192Ir) between December 2010 and July 2022 were included and data collected from a prospectively maintained database. Local control, survival outcomes, acute and late RTOG toxicity, functional and cosmetic outcomes were analysed. Results: Sixteen patients were included. Nine patients had lower eyelid tumors, 5 patients had tumors in canthi and two patients had skin tumor in the infra-orbital region. The median dose for definitive ISBT was 49 Gy in 14 fractions. After a median follow up of 73 months, all patients treated with definitive and adjuvant ISBT were locally controlled. Three of the four patients who received salvage ISBT for post-surgical failure had local recurrences and all were effectively managed with salvage re-surgery. Of the two deaths, none were disease related. Organ and function preservation was achieved in 15 (93.7 %) and 13 (81.2 %), respectively, with one patient being lost to follow up. Excellent, good, fair and poor cosmesis was seen in 6 (40 %) patients, 6 (40 %) patients, 2 (14 %) patients and 1(6 %) patient, respectively. Conclusion: HDR-ISBT was safe and effective for skin tumors around the eye and resulted in excellent local control and survival outcomes preserving organ and function in majority of patients with good-excellent cosmesis.

The present study focuses on research findings related to the development and assessment of thiadiazole-linked thiazole derivatives as promising anti-tubercular agents. We present the synthesis data of eleven new compounds (4a-4k) and confirm their structures using spectroscopic techniques. Subsequently, the compounds were screened for their anti-tuberculosis activities against M. tuberculosis H37Ra. The results demonstrated that compounds 3 and 4b exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.90 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL, respectively. In-vitro, studies for few compounds exhibited high antioxidant activity against DPPH and OH radical scavengers along with minimal to no cytotoxicity against RBCs which is a promising result. Investigation of molecular docked conformations revealed different molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, and interactions involving Pi electron cloud. The study sheds light on conserved interactions with residues like Met131, Val163, His90 and Gln161 from the tubercular MCAT enzyme. Interestingly, the synthetic chemistry reveals that the employment of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) plays a crucial role for N-butylation and it also expedites the reaction in tetrahydrofuran solvent.

In this article, we report a set of unique dynamic inequalities for different time scales that are based on delta-derivatives. These proposed inequalities prove to be useful tools for investigating both qualitative and quantitative facets of a class of time-scale dynamic equations, in addition to enhancing and extending several inequalities found in the literature. The introduced inequalities aid in a more thorough comprehension of the features of these equations, which involve an unknown function and its associated delta derivatives. The endpoint of this article includes numerical illustrations to emphasize the practical significance of the developed results.

Female urethral strictures and urethral diverticula are rare as individual entities and exceedingly rare in combination. To our knowledge, there has not been a report of the use of diverticulum sac tissue for simultaneous female urethral stricture repair. We present a novel procedure with an inverted U-shaped approach with urethral diverticulectomy, then we were able to use the urethral diverticula sac tissue for repair of the stricture. Ultimately, the procedure was successful and the patient is doing well at 10 months postoperatively.

In this study, mathematical model of advanced exergoeconomic analysis (ADEXEC) basing on advanced specific exergy cost (ADSPECO) and advanced exergy-cost-energy-mass (EXCEM) (ADEXCEM) methods are applied to the industrial cogeneration system (COGEN) which consists of natural gas fired gas turbine unit (with combustion chamber (CC), turbine (GT) and air compressor (AC)), pipe line (PL), wall (WD) and ground (GD) tile dryers under the dead state conditions of 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C. According to ADSPECO analysis; although CC ($6.97/GJ) has the lowest unit fuel exergy cost among the components, it has the highest exergy destruction cost rate ($252,391/hour at 30 °C) due to its high exergy destruction value. Although more than 40 % of the exergy destruction cost rate in the COGEN system is detected in CC, WD (105.541 $/h at 30 °C) and GD (107.499 $/h at 30 °C) which together account for more than 67 % of COGEN's avoidable exergy destruction are understood to be the first components to focus on. The fact that the exergy destruction cost rates of all components except PL is higher than the exogenous part of the endogenous part at all dead state temperatures reveals the weakness of the relationship between the components.

Conducting thorough research, analysis, and detection of cyber-threatening malware with the right parameters is crucial for safeguarding a country’s security and economy. Increasingly sophisticated cyber-attacks directly affect individual welfare, social dynamics, and political stability. So, due to the evolving nature of malware, which continuously improves itself to evade detection, it is even more essential to select effective and decisive parameters, considering interactions among various malware features. As malware evolves with new technologies and techniques, signature-based detection systems are becoming inadequate. Instead of relying on these still widely used but insufficient systems, in this study a new system was established focusing on malware behavior and the relationships between malware features resulting from these behaviors. In this system, rather than using a uniform approach, multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGAs) are employed to select critical and decisive features for malware detection. These selected features are then utilized by machine learning (ML) algorithms within the implemented hybrid framework to accurately detect and classify malware.The aim of this paper is to identify the optimal feature selection and classification methods yielding the highest accuracy within the Cuckoo Sandbox environment. Specifically, the J48 Decision Tree (J48), Reduced Error Pruning Tree (REP Tree), Adaptive Boosting Model 1 (AdaboostM1), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers were assessed. Through our analysis, the feature set was refined from 335 to 200, considering inter-feature relationships, resulting in a peak accuracy of 93.33% and a corresponding 40% performance enhancement due to the reduction in the number of features. The obtained metrics were meticulously compared and evaluated with respect to the employed algorithms and methodologies. Additionally, Mc Nemar’s test was utilized to evaluate the performance of different malware detection classifiers by comparing their correct and incorrect classifications. Notably, the Mc Nemar’s test revealed significant improvements upon analysis of the results.

Perforation cutters must tackle aggressive corrosion and wear while filling sachets/pouches containing shampoo liquids and conditioners. The present work aims to enhance the durability of the perforation cutters through the application of PVD coatings. Further, this study investigates the role of surface energy and wettability to understand the corrosion behavior of different cutter metallurgies (SS420, D2, and HSS M2) and different coatings in shampoo liquids and conditioners. Two PVD coatings, namely Titanium Nitride (TiN) and Chromium Nitride (CrN), were chosen for this work. The most popular FMCG hair shampoo and conditioner combination in South Asia was selected for the study. The coated cutters were exposed to 20% concentration by volume of different shampoo solutions and their corrosion rates were compared with uncoated cutters. The CrN-coated SS420 specimen exhibited the most significant improvement in corrosion resistance with low wettability compared to all other specimens tested in various solutions. In contrast, the uncoated M2 specimen suffered the most severe corrosion with high wettability in various solutions. An inverse correlation was observed between wettability and corrosion resistance for the various specimens. The findings of this study give a better understanding of the corrosion of perforation cutters by shampoo liquids, elucidating the impact on their longevity and providing insights into the potential benefits of PVD coatings for enhancing their durability.

Recently, politicians and legislative bodies have cited neurodevelopmental literature to argue that brain immaturity undermines decision-making regarding gender-affirming care (GAC) in youth. Here, we review this literature as it applies to adolescents’ ability to make decisions regarding GAC. The research shows that while adolescence is a time of peak risk-taking behavior that may lead to impulsive decisions, neurocognitive systems supporting adult-level decisions are available given deliberative processes that minimize influence of short-term rewards and peers. Since GAC decisions occur over an extended period and with support from adult caregivers and clinicians, adolescents can engage adult-level decision-making in this context. We also weigh the benefits of providing GAC access during adolescence and consider the significant costs of blocking or delaying GAC. Transgender and non-binary (TNB) adolescents face significant mental health challenges, many of which are mitigated by GAC access. Further, initiating the GAC process during adolescence, which we define as beginning at pubertal onset, leads to better long-term mental health outcomes than waiting until adulthood. Taken together, existing research indicates that many adolescents can make informed decisions regarding gender-affirming care, and that this care is critical for the well-being of TNB youth. We highlight relevant considerations for policy makers, researchers, and clinicians.

Background: Very limited literature on the clinical course of COVID-19 among liver transplant recipients (LT) is available from India. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and mutational profile of SARS-CoV-2 among LT. Methodology: This was a retrospective study including LT cases in whom SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing was requested between April 2020 and December 2022. Detailed mutational analysis was performed by comparing LT COVID-19 positive study group i.e. LT-CoV(+) with two control groups. One including COVID-19 positive with underlying chronic liver disease (CLD) i.e. CLD-CoV(+) and other including COVID-19 positive outpatients without any underlying LD i.e. NLD-CoV(+) Results: Among 213 cases, 48 (22.5 %) were positive [LT-CoV(+)] and the remaining 165 (77.5 %) were negative [LT-CoV(-)] for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 49 % had mild, 14 % moderate and 37 % had severe COVID-19. Mortality was recorded in 11 (23 %) cases, the majority being non-vaccinated. Severe COVID-19 with intensive care requirement was significantly higher among recipients with >5 years since transplant compared to recipients with ≤5 years (p = 0.02). Among 40 samples subjected to whole genome sequencing, 19 (47.5 %) were Delta, 15 (37.5 %) Omicron, and 6 (15 %) were other variants. COVID-19 severity was significantly higher in LT-CoV(+/D) with no significant difference in mortality (p = 0.122). No significant differences in mutational load and in fraction of deleterious mutations were observed between LT-/CLD-/NLD-CoV(+) groups for either Delta or Omicron. Conclusion: An overall fatality rate of 23 % was recorded among LT recipients. Longer duration since transplant was associated with severe clinical course. However, no significant difference in mutation load between studied groups was observed.

Due to strength and biodegradability, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are potential biodegradable implant materials. However, pure Mg corrodes more rapidly in the physiological environment, causing rapid deterioration before bone repair. The discrepancy between bone healing and Mg implant deterioration encourages the development of new Mg alloys with other acceptable alloying elements to achieve the desired high corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. In this work, different concentrations of yttrium (Y), that is, Mg-4zn-0.2ca-xY, (x= 3,6,9,12% wt), are added to Mg-based alloys. The microstructure, mechanical characteristics, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility of the alloys were carefully investigated. When Y concentrations are high, Mg alloys with Y change significantly. High Y concentrations in Mg alloys containing yttrium (Y) suppress intermetallic phases along grain boundaries and form chemically stable Y oxide layers on the surfaces, changing their microstructures and improving their corrosion resistance. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that human osteoblast cells were not significantly affected by the Y-containing Mg alloys. The benefits of using Y as an alloying element to simultaneously adjust Mg alloys with higher strength and slower deterioration are presented.

Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC), a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used in industrial disinfection processes, was studied for its biomass-specific inhibitory effect on the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of anaerobic granules. Inhibition batch assays were conducted with varying BAC concentrations (5–40 mg/L), resulting in biomass-dependent inhibition. Considering its surface-active nature, a biomass-specific BAC load was a suitable parameter to determine IC50 values, ranging from 4.3 to 6.1 mg BAC/g VS. For predicting the corresponding biomass-specific inhibition constant in ADM1, the inclusion of an additional adsorption-inhibition term was required for a better validation of results. The model yielded a biomass-specific IC50 of 5.3 mg BAC/g VS. The results encourage a change in perspective on IC50 for surfactants by determining a biomass-specific IC50, particularly in scenarios when surfactants accumulate within anaerobic reactors. Hereby, the reliability and practical relevance of IC50 is increased, driving the development of mitigation strategies.

The observational study aims to evaluate inflammatory markers, cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and endothelial dysfunction markers as biomarkers in Indian ACS patients with no conventional risk factors. The study population included 110 healthy individuals and 102 ACS patients without any history of conventional risk factors, except smoking and alcoholism, were included. Patient history, biochemical parameters and levels of biomarkers were estimated. ACS patients had a significant elevation in the circulatory levels of biomarkers, such as IL-6, TNF-α, MCP1, MMP9, VCAM1, ICAM1 and E-selectin. CAM, inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers could help devise strategies for early, effective treatment of ACS.

Recent research on reinforcement learning (RL) based traffic management shows promising results, yet it is a significant issue due to increasing volume of traffic and lack of real time traffic information. Improvements of RL algorithms and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications technologies are creating new prospects to achieve better traffic efficiency. This paper proposes a new method, namely Vehicle-to-Infrastructure based Traffic Signal Control (V2I-TSC), to capture realistic traffic state using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications under 5G-NR-V2X paradigm. It uses single agent RL framework to optimize a traffic signal control which is trained and evaluated through Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) simulator. The experimental results show that our proposed method enhances traffic efficiency at the intersection compared to the general traffic control method.

Problems of energy security, diversification of energy sources, and improvement of technologies (including alternatives) for obtaining motor fuels have become a priority of science and practice today. Many scientists devote their scientific research to the problems of obtaining effective brands of alternative (reformulated) motor fuels. Our scientific school also deals with the problems of the rational use of traditional and alternative motor fuels.This article focused on advances in motor fuel synthesis using natural, associated, or biogas. Different raw materials are used for GTL technology: biomass, natural and associated petroleum gases. Modern approaches to feed gas purification, development of Gas-to-Liquid-technology based on Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and liquid hydrocarbon mixture reforming are considered.Biological gas is produced in the process of decomposition of waste (manure, straw, grain, sawdust waste), sludge, and organic household waste by cellulosic anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria. When 1 tonne of organic matter decomposes, 250 to 500–600 cubic meters of biogas is produced. Experts of the Bioenergy Association of Ukraine estimate the volume of its production at 7.8 billion cubic meters per year. This is 25% of the total consumption of natural gas in Ukraine. This is a significant raw material potential for obtaining liquid hydrocarbons for components of motor fuels.We believe that the potential for gas-to-liquid synthetic motor fuels is associated with shale and coalfield gases (e.g. mine methane), methane hydrate, and biogas from biomass and household waste gases.

Environmental toxins have the potential to disrupt the animal gut microbiome (AGM), which can lead to various gut-associated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of environmental toxins, their sources, and exposure routes. We also discuss the importance of AGM in maintaining human health and the effects of environmental toxins on AGM, including dysbiosis, alterations in diversity, and microbial metabolism. We present evidence linking environmental toxins exposure to gut-associated diseases and mechanisms by which environmental toxins affect AGM. We also highlight factors that influence the effects of environmental toxins on AGM, such as dose, duration, and individual susceptibility. Finally, we discuss strategies to mitigate the effects of environmental toxins on AGM, including prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary interventions, as well as regulatory aspects of environmental toxins, including safety thresholds, exposure limits, and risk assessment. We conclude by discussing future research directions and the potential for personalized approaches, targeted detoxification, and ecological restoration of AGM to prevent and treat gut-associated diseases.

In the dynamic sphere of building energy systems, this study explores advancements in energy integration, storage technologies, management practices, and occupant behavior, assessing sustainable energy practices, including emerging technologies like fuel cells and energy storage systems. It underscores the significance of efficient energy management, considering both renewable and conventional energy mechanisms. The study comprises four key strata: (i) a thorough literature review of recent energy trends, (ii) a comparative study of global energy patents using the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) database, (iii) a comprehensive analysis of building-energy patents, and (iv) expert-guided Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluation. These realms encompass five primary sources: (i) energy-efficient building design, (ii) intelligent building automation, (iii) optimizing energy systems integration, (iv) energy storage, and (v) energy management and optimization. Findings reveal energy storage's dominance, with water energy storage and emerging hydrogen technology leading the trajectory. Global energy patent scrutiny underscores China, the United States, and Japan as influential players in optimizing energy markets. The research shapes energy futures, identifies gaps, and drives sustainable energy practices within the built environment, serving as a compass for policymakers and researchers.

Natural dyes are more environmentally and fiscally friendly than ruthenium-based dyes because they are non-toxic and inexpensive. In this research, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were created using natural dyes as light harvesting materials. Natural dyes were derived from blackberry fruit, beetroot, and neem foliage. Also, organic-solvent and water-based electrolytes were investigated for the TiO2 working electrode and Bi2S3 counter electrode. As-prepared organic-solvent-based electrolyte DSSCs demonstrated photoelectrochemical efficiency with fill factors (FF) varying from 35% to 45%. At 100 mW/cm2 light strength, open circuit voltages (VOC) and short circuit current densities (JSC) vary from 0.41 to 0.58 V and 1.35–1.93 mA cm−2, respectively. As a result of this, the highest power conversion efficiency (ƞ) of the as-prepared blackberry DSSC is 0.51%. The highest power conversion efficacy using water-based electrolytes with berries dye and a comparable extraction solvent, on the other hand, reached up to 0.47%. This is the first research to describe the construction of a dye-sensitized solar cell using natural dye sensitizers extracted from various colours of fruit and foliage in the presence of organic-solvent and aqueous electrolyte with Bi2S3 as a counter electrode for an efficient dye-sensitized solar cell.

In recent times, machine learning algorithms have gained significant traction in addressing aerodynamic challenges. These algorithms prove invaluable for predicting the aerodynamic performance, specifically the Lift-to-Drag ratio of airfoil datasets, when the dataset is sufficiently large and diverse. In this paper, we delve into an exploration of five machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Regression, Decision Tree Regressor, AdaBoost Algorithm, and Linear Regression. These algorithms are scrutinized within the context of various train/test ratios to predict a crucial aerodynamic performance metric—the lift-to-drag ratio—for different angle of attack values. Our evaluation encompasses an array of metrics including R2, Mean Square Error, Training time, and Evaluation time. Upon analysis, the Random Forest Method, with a train/test ratio of 0.2, emerges as the frontrunner, showcasing superior predictive performance when compared to its counterparts. Conversely, the Linear Regression algorithm distinguishes itself by excelling in training and evaluation times among the algorithms under scrutiny.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive investigation to obtain the structural calculations needed to design a rigid panel of aluminum alloy for the wing box beam of an ATR 72–500 aircraft. For this design process, several types of materials, including composites like CFRP, are considered so it is possible to compare the actual existing part made of aluminum to them, thus checking the advantages these new materials offer. The research presents an introduction to structural design and provides a study of the relevant literature. The aircraft's principal characteristics and performance abilities were collected so that structural loads can be computed. Research used several methods, a design using conventional methods, applying the theory of elasticity is performed using the Theory of Farrar, allowing us to obtain an analytical solution to the problem, followed by checking the obtained results using Ansys FEM software combined with the parts being designed with CATIA. Furthermore, this same panel is calculated using composite materials instead of conventional aluminum, allowing us to compare both solutions. This research shed light on the intricate process of aircraft structural design, materials selection, and calculation methodologies, highlighting the ongoing pursuit of new and advanced materials. This paper makes clear that using composite materials presents several advantages over traditional ones, allowing for lighter, safer, more fuel-efficient, and more sustainable aircraft. The use of composite materials in the construction of airplane structures is driven by many factors. The results show that the chosen composite materials reduce weight, are durable, have low maintenance requirements, reduce noise, enhance fuel economy, and are resistant to corrosion.

Introduction: Individuals with a history of smoking and a high risk of lung cancer often have a high prevalence of smoking-related comorbidities. The presence of these comorbidities might alter the benefit-to-harm ratio of lung cancer screening by influencing the risk of complications, quality of life, and competing risks of death. Nevertheless, individuals with chronic diseases are underrepresented in screening clinical trials. In this study, we use microsimulation modeling to determine the impact of chronic diseases on lung cancer benefits and harms. Methods: We extended a validated lung cancer screening microsimulation model that comprehensively recapitulates an individual’s lung cancer development, progression, detection, follow-up, treatment, and survival. We parameterized the model to reflect the impact of chronic diseases on complications from invasive testing, quality of life, and mortality in individuals in five-year age categories between the ages of 50 and 80 years. Outcomes included life-years (LY) gained per 100,000 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and history of stroke compared with screening-eligible individuals without comorbidities. Results: Among individuals between the ages of 50 and 54 years, we found that the presence of a comorbidity altered the LY gained from screening per 100,000 individuals depending on the comorbidity: 4296 LY with no comorbidities; 3462 LY, 3260 LY, 3031 LY, and 3257 LY with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and stroke, respectively. We observed greater reductions in LY gained in individuals with two comorbidities; we observed similar patterns for individuals between the ages of 55 and 59 years, 60 and 64 years, 65 and 69 years, 70 and 74 years, and 75 and 80 years. Conclusions: Comorbidities reduce LY gained from screening per 100,000 compared with no comorbidities, and our results can be used by clinicians when discussing the benefits and harms of screening in their patients with comorbidities.

Flash flood in the Himalayan River has made some catastrophic effects on the life people residing in its river banks mainly associated with extreme rainfall events/cloud bursts/the collapse of moraine-dammed lakes which significantly leads to rapid flooding and subsequently disaster in low laying areas. In the present study, we used different equations to determine the flash flood potential index(FFPI) and further, an improved Modified Flash Flood Potential Index (MFFPI) equation has been used to estimate the area with a predisposition to water accumulation. Various thematic layers prepared in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and integrated by providing proper weightage to each thematic layer i.e., slope, profile curvature, soil texture, geology and Land Use Land Cover (LULC), flow accumulation, slope, and profile curvature, etc. The MFFPI equation-derived map of Tawi Basin is classified into five zones such as very high hazard (100.40 km2), high hazard (971.60 km2), medium hazard (92.78 km2), low hazard (634.03 km2) and the very low hazard (254.61 km2) areas. Further, the results of the MFFPI were validated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based flood hazard zonation results which shows a very high correlation and similar trends of spatial and areal distribution with the MFFPI. The results of this study are quite useful for the local administration for futuristic planning and management of flood hazards in the Tawi River Basin and many other basins of similar terrain around the world.

Background: India's AYUSH systems of medicine, Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Sowa-Rigpa, and Homeopathy, use natural self-healing abilities of body and mind. Their ways to treat non-communicable diseases reduce use of modern drugs with their side-effects. Scientific acceptance requires them to be explained from a modern biological perspective. This paper indicates how to achieve such an integrative approach, using aspects of biology not yet taught in medical schools. Methods: A new, ‘Sandwich Model’ of biology is introduced that includes holistic epigenetic regulation; also, complexity biology's concept of self-organized criticality; a systems treatment of organism function from Ayurveda; and Ayurveda's six stages of etiology, Shadkriyakala. Results: Molecular biology is upgraded by the sandwich model's layer of epigenetics, leading to a new, scientific definition of health as optimized regulation. Fractal Physiology then expands this to explain self-healing, used in all AYUSH systems. Ayurveda contributes in two ways: its systems approach yields a holistic understanding of organism functioning, while Shadkriyakala improves our understanding of pathophysiology. Discussion: These additions create an integrative biology; modern biology expands to include AYUSH systems' concepts. It provides a scientific basis for India's plan for integrative medical education, with AYUSH systems treated as equal to modern medicine.

The significance of EGFR targeted therapy in the lung adenocarcinoma is paramount. Several controlled clinical trials have reported considerable survival of EGFR mutation positive patients on receiving the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). However, the real-world evidence of benefits of EGFR TKI would be further useful to understand how the designated therapeutic regimen benefits the patients. In this study, we report a decade long real-world evidence of EGFR molecular testing in lung cancer at Tata Memorial Hospital (Mumbai, India). Laboratory and hospital records containing basic demographic details, clinical characteristics, treatment regimen, survival outcome were collected retrospectively. Statistical association and survival analysis were performed using the R programming. The cohort includes 9,053 lung cancer patients tested for EGFR mutations during 2011 to 2019. Baseline T790M and compound mutations were the only mutations observed co-occurring while all other EGFR mutations were mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the baseline T790M were also observed to be associated with TTF1 positivity, smoking and local metastasis. Overall survival of the patients harboring co-occurring compound mutations was significantly lesser than the other EGFR positive patients. Overall, our study suggests that EGFR TKI may provide real-world benefit to the lung cancer patients harboring mutually exclusive EGFR mutations. On the other hand, further systematic study is essential to develop better therapeutic regimen for co-occurring baseline EGFR T790M and other compound mutations.

Background: Gingival Recession (GR) is defined as the displacement of the soft tissue margin apical to the cementoenamel junction which can lead to root exposure and hypersensitivity. Treatment of GR has become an important therapeutic issue due to the increasing number of cosmetic requests from patients. Several techniques exist for the management of GR that include Sub-Epithelial Connective Tissue Graft (SECTG), Pedicle Graft (lateral and coronal), and Free Gingival Graft (FGG) and more. FGG is a non-submerged grafting procedure carried out for the management of recession defects. However, FGG has limitations like aesthetic mismatch and bulky appearance. A relatively newer modification of FGG was introduced by Allen in 2004 wherein a palatal graft including the marginal gingiva and interdental tissue was used as donor tissue for recession coverage. This review aims to study and compare the use of Gingival Unit Graft/Transfer (GUG/GUT) (palatal graft including the marginal gingiva and papillae) and FGG in the management of GR. Materials and Methods: Randomized Clinical Trials, Non-Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials for the treatment of Miller Class I,II, and III of GRs by GUG with FGG were identified. Data sources included electronic databases and hand-searched journals. The primary outcome variables were complete root coverage, mean root coverage, vertical recession depth. The secondary outcome variables were keratinized tissue width gain, clinical attachment level and probing depth. Results: Three Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in this systematic review. Both techniques showed significant improvement in clinical parameters. GUG procedure resulted in a greater percentage of sites achieving complete root coverage and vertical recession depth reduction when compared to FGG group in all the studies. Two studies reported significantly greater mean root coverage in GUG group compared to FGG group. GUG procedure revealed statistically significant greater gain in keratinized tissue width when compared to FGG group in all the studies. Conclusion: Because of the limited number of selected studies, no conclusive statement could be made regarding the advantage of the GUG technique over FGG. However, the percentage of sites with complete root coverage obtained in the GUG technique is higher than FGG. More RCTs with aesthetic and patient satisfaction-related parameters are needed to provide definite evidence.

Potassium is an essential intracellular ion, and a sufficient intracellular concentration of it is crucial for many processes; therefore it is fundamental for cells to precisely regulate K+ uptake and efflux through the plasma membrane. The uniporter Trk1 is a key player in K+ acquisition in yeasts. The TRK1 gene is expressed at a low and stable level; thus the activity of the transporter needs to be regulated at a posttranslational level. S. cerevisiae Trk1 changes its activity and affinity for potassium ion quickly and according to both internal and external concentrations of K+, as well as the membrane potential. The molecular basis of these changes has not been elucidated, though phosphorylation is thought to play an important role. In this study, we examined the role of the second, short, and highly conserved intracellular hydrophilic loop of Trk1 (IL2), and identified two phosphorylable residues (Ser882 and Thr900) as very important for 1) the structure of the loop and consequently for the targeting of Trk1 to the plasma membrane, and 2) the upregulation of the transporter’s activity reaching maximal affinity under low external K+ conditions. Moreover, we identified three residues (Thr155, Ser414, and Thr900) within the Trk1 protein as strong candidates for interaction with 14–3–3 regulatory proteins, and showed, in an in vitro experiment, that phosphorylated Thr900 of the IL2 indeed binds to both isoforms of yeast 14–3–3 proteins, Bmh1 and Bmh2.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the cell viability, differentiation potential and anti-inflammatory potential of propolis and Biodentine™ on stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Materials and methods: SHED were segregated and cultured from the dental pulp of children after therapeutic extraction. Microculture Tetrazolium Assay (MTT) assay was carried out for assessing cell proliferation potential of propolis and Biodentine at different concentrations. As per the results from cell proliferation assay, cell differentiation potential of SHED was evaluated at concentration of 12.5 μg/ml using Alizarin Red staining. The anti-inflammatory potential of test materials was evaluated using gelatin zymography by detecting MMP-2 and MMP-9. Results: The maximum cell proliferation percentage of SHED treated with propolis and Biodentine was observed at a concentration of 12.5 μg/ml, on day 7, 14 and 21 with Biodentine having maximum cell proliferation potential followed by propolis. SHED treated with Biodentine showed maximum cell differentiation on day 7 (107.16), 14 (106.29) and 21 (107.72). However, anti-inflammatory activity against MMP-2 was 95 % with propolis and 85 % with Biodentine and whereas, against MMP-9 it was 65 % for propolis and 47 % for Biodentine. Conclusion: Propolis shows comparable cell viability, cell proliferation and differentiation potential on SHED when compared to Biodentine. It also exhibits better invitro anti-inflammatory activity on SHED compared to Biodentine. Further studies are warranted to validate the application of propolis as an effective and economical alternative biocompatible agent to Biodentine for vital pulp therapies.

Prostate cancer surgeons are commonly faced by a technically challenging situation dealing with prostate cancer having large median lobes. Patients with large median lobes often have larger prostates, which makes it difficult to visualize anatomical planes during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Herein, we described our experience in dealing with large median lobes during RARP. We have focused on technical tips to avoid complications and facilitate a smooth procedure in patients with large median lobes during RARP. A total of 2671 patients who underwent RARP were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of a protruded median lobe (PML): group A (2411 patients without a PML) and group B (260 patients with a PML). All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and final intraoperative confirmation for the presence of a PML. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative parameters were compared in two groups using the Student t test and two-proportion t test as appropriate. Patients in group B have statistically significantly higher median prostate-specific antigen (PSA; 7.7 vs 5.8 ng/dl), PSA density (0.17 vs 0.09), and International Prostate Symptom Score (19.5 vs 7.2); longer median console time (114 vs 134 min) and surgery time (145 vs 170 min); and higher blood loss (150 vs 175 ml) than those in group A. There were no statistically significant differences in pathological stages (T2, T3; 87%, 13% vs 88%, 12%) and rates of positive surgical margins (7% vs 8.5%) between groups A and B. Single-center and retrospective design was the major limitation of our study. We conclude that understanding the key steps to facilitate bladder neck dissection is vital to avoid serious intraoperative events and to maximize outcomes. Patient summary: In this report, we looked at our robotic radical prostatectomy cohort with large median lobes. We found that surgery in these patients requires more time and blood loss, but similar cancer control. We conclude that following the key steps are important to avoid complications.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the emission impact, environmental damage cost, exergoenvironmental and life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses of a micro turbojet engine (m-TJE) utilized on Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) for four different operating cases. The novelty and motivation to conduct this study are that no study in the literature was done about the environmental damage cost and exergoenvironmental analyses based on exergy and LCA of a micro turbojet engine used on UAVs.According to the results of this study, the engine product exergy rate increasing from 27.119 MJ/h at Case-1 to 114.742 at Case-4 while the engine’s specific emission impact (sei) value decreases from 13.346 mPts/MJ at Case-1 to 5.440 mPts/MJ at Case-4. Similarly, the specific environmental damage cost of engine product decreases from 0.150 $/MJ at Case-1 to 0.061 $/MJ at Case-4 whilst the specific exergy cost of engine product goes down from 0.249 $/MJ at Case-1 to 0.088 $/MJ at Case-4. In this regard, the specific exergoenvironmental cost of engine product declines from 0.400 $/MJ at Case-1 to 0.150 $/MJ at Case-4. Besides, the specific exergoenvironmental impact of engine product reduces from 71.694 mPts/MJ at Case-1 to 29.219 mPts/MJ at Case-4 when the relative exergoenvironmental impact difference of engine product falters from 1257.306 % at Case-1 to 453.162 % at Case-4. This investigation shows that an increase in engine product rate reduces specific emission impact, specific environmental damage cost, specific exergy cost, specific exergoenvironmental impact, and relative exergoenvironmental impact difference of engine production.

Objective: Vitamin B12, an essential micronutrient, plays a vital role in various physiological processes, particularly during pregnancy and fetal development. The growing popularity of vegetarian diets and socioeconomic barriers to consuming animal-based products contributes to Vitamin B12 deficiency becoming a global issue. Understanding the B12 status in pregnant women and its potential impact on newborns is of utmost significance as it can have far-reaching implications for both maternal and infant health. This research aims to investigate the vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in pregnant women admitted for delivery and analyze corresponding cord blood samples from their newborn babies. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted in three tertiary care hospitals and included pregnant women aged ≥16 years admitted for delivery and their newborns ≥34 weeks. The demographic data and the results of complete blood counts performed within the previous 24 hours before birth were recorded. The levels of vitamin B12 and homocysteine were measured in blood samples and cord blood samples taken from pregnant women and their newborns, respectively. The study parameters were compared between the two groups based on the mothers' and babies' homocysteine and B12 levels. Results: The study included 615 Turkish and 217 foreign pregnant women. Anemia affected 36% of pregnant, with a higher frequency in mothers with B12 deficiency. The mean B12 level in pregnant women was 157±75.3 pg/ml, with 14.8% having elevated homocysteine levels. The levels of B12 and homocysteine of the newborns were 234.7±13.2 pg/ml and 9.13±5.75 mol/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency was found in 48.9% of newborns, while homocysteine levels were slightly elevated or elevated in 19.1%; both findings were significantly more common in babies born to B12-deficient mothers. Conclusion: In our study, vitamin B12 deficiency was significant in pregnant mothers and their neonates, with a substantial connection to cord blood homocysteine levels. Further study is needed to determine the impact of this deficit on mother and newborn health. Implementing approaches to timely detecting Vitamin B12 deficiency and, if necessary, providing adequate Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy could play a pivotal role in enhancing the health and well-being of both the mother and the child.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the real-life setting. Methodology: A total of 204 patients with low-risk or intermediate-1-risk MDS who received epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa were included. Hemoglobin levels and transfusion need were recorded before and during 12-month treatment. Results: Hemoglobinlevelsweresignificantlyhigherateachfollowupvisitwhencomparedtobaseline levelsinbothepoetinalfaanddarbepoetinalfagroups.Transfusionneedsignificantly decreasedfrombaselineateachstudyvisi intheepoetinalfagroupandonlyatthe12thmonth visitinthedarbepoetinalfagroup.Hemoglobin levels or transfusionneedwassimilarbetween treatmentgroups. Conclusion: This reallife retrospective study revealed similar efficacy of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa among low risk or intermediate-1 risk MDS patients with no difference in treatment response between treatment groups, whereas a likelihood of earlier treatment response in the epoetin alfa group(figure 1).

Objective: Bladder neck contractures (BNCs) are a well-documented, but acceptably uncommon late adverse outcome of surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urologists successfully manage short segment contractures with endoscopic approaches, but recurrence rates are significant. When two endoscopic attempts fail, or in the case of long segment contractures and complete obliteration of the bladder neck, reconstruction and grafting are the mainstay. In this submission we aim to describe a new surgical solution to the completely obliterated bladder neck and prostatic fossa - a robot assisted laparoscopic (RAL) bladder neck reconstruction using an anterior and posterior buccal mucosal graft to create a double-faced repair. Methods and Surgical Procedure: A 70-year-old male with a history of BPH presented with recurrent bladder neck contractures after an initial TURP. Being recalcitrant to four attempts at endoscopic correction, he was dependant on a suprapubic catheter (SPC) for 18 months. Retrograde urethrogram and SPC-gram confirmed a complete obliteration of the bladder neck and prostatic fossa. The patient underwent a RAL bladder neck reconstruction with a double face buccal mucosal graft. There were no perioperative complications. Results: The patient was discharged on day 2 without perioperative complications. His IDC was removed and SPC clamped at 3 weeks, and the patient was voiding spontaneously without incontinence. At his 7-month follow-up the patient remained continent with a Qmax of 23 ml/s where he previously had no flow at all. His residual bladder volume was 125 ml. He has had no change in his erectile function. His postoperative IPSS was 3, and his quality of life “delighted”. Conclusions: We present a new surgical alternative to treat an obliterated bladder neck whereby we completely reconstruct the defect with a double-faced buccal mucosal graft. Significant morbidity is avoided by the robot assisted transvesical approach, especially in regard to continence and erectile function. As technology becomes more readily available, this procedure will be easily replicated by adequately trained Urologists.

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most difficult to treat cancers. Gemcitabine is still the standard of care treatment for PDAC but with modest survival benefit and well reported resistance. Here we explored potential of inhibiting p21 activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a downstream protein of KRAS oncogenic pathway, in combination with Gemcitabine in PDAC cells. PAK4 inhibition by KPT-9274 led to significant potentiation of Gemcitabine activity in PDAC cells, with an increase in apoptosis, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. At molecular level, PAK4 inhibition dose dependently inhibited Gemcitabine-induced β-catenin, c-JUN and Ribonucleotide Reductase subunit 2 (RRM2) levels. PAK4 inhibition further inhibited levels of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK); Gemcitabine-induced phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), phosphorylated and total c-Myc. These results suggest possible role of β-catenin, p-ERK and p-AKT, key effector proteins of Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK and PI3K pathways respectively, in sensitisation of Gemcitabine activity with PAK4 inhibition. Our data unravel probable molecular mechanisms behind combination of PAK4 inhibition with Gemcitabine to counter PDAC, which may be unequivocally proved further with knock down of PAK4. Our findings provide a strong rationale to exploit the combination therapy of Gemcitabine and PAK4 inhibitor for PDAC at pre-clinical and clinical levels.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and a cause of significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure. Treatment of DFU includes multimodal approach like surgical debridement, infection control, vascular assessment, dressing etc. Multidisciplinary approach towards foot care is becoming a mainstay of therapy, and even with this comprehensive approach, there is still room for improvement in DFU outcomes. Integrative management includes the adoption of various systems of treatment with standard treatment for better outcomes. In the present case series, six cases of DFU were managed with the integration of Ayurveda and allopathic treatments. The cases were managed according to the standard diabetic foot ulcer management principles like surgical debridement, insulin therapy, along with incorporation of Ayurveda procedures like Vimlapana, Prakshalana, Bandhana etc. Standard assessment of ulcers at different time points was done using the Bates- Jensen Ulcer assessment tool. All the six DFU healed with minimal scar formation and in less time, lowering the risk of further amputation. Promising results were obtained in all six cases by adopting integrated Ayurveda and allopathic treatments, which indicates the potential benefits of alternative systems of medicine.

Recently, workflow management platforms are gaining more attention in the artificial intelligence (AI) community. Traditionally, researchers self-managed their workflows in a manual and tedious way that heavily relies on their memory. Due to the complexity and unpredictability of AI models, they often struggled to track and manage all the data, steps, and history of the workflow. AI workflows are time-consuming, redundant, and error-prone, especially when big data is involved. A common strategy to make these workflows more manageable is to use a workflow management system, and we recommend Geoweaver, an open-source workflow management system that enables users to create, modify and reuse AI workflows all in one place. To make our work in Geoweaver reusable by the other workflow management systems, we created an add-on functionality geoweaver_cwl, a Python package that automatically converts Geoweaver AI workflows into the Common Workflow Language (CWL) format. It will allow researchers to easily share, exchange, modify, reuse, and build a new workflow from existing ones in other CWL-compliant software. A user study was conducted with the existing workflows created by Geoweaver to collect suggestions and fill in the gaps between our package and Geoweaver. The evaluation confirms that geoweaver_cwl can lead to a well-versed AI process while disclosing opportunities for further extensions. The geoweaver_cwl package is publicly released online at https://pypi.org/project/geoweaver-cwl/0.0.1/.

Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting approximately 40% of this patient population. Early detection of DR is vital to ensure monitoring of disease progression and prompt sight saving treatments as required. This article describes the data contained within the INSIGHT Birmingham, Solihull, and Black Country Diabetic Retinopathy Dataset. Design: Dataset descriptor for routinely collected eye screening data. Participants: All diabetic patients aged 12 years and older, attending annual digital retinal photography-based screening within the Birmingham, Solihull, and Black Country Eye Screening Programme. Methods: The INSIGHT Health Data Research Hub for Eye Health is a National Health Service (NHS)–led ophthalmic bioresource that provides researchers with safe access to anonymized, routinely collected data from contributing NHS hospitals to advance research for patient benefit. This report describes the INSIGHT Birmingham, Solihull, and Black Country DR Screening Dataset, a dataset of anonymized images and linked screening data derived from the United Kingdom’s largest regional DR screening program. Main Outcome Measures: This dataset consists of routinely collected data from the eye screening program. The data primarily include retinal photographs with the associated DR grading data. Additional data such as corresponding demographic details, information regarding patients’ diabetic status, and visual acuity data are also available. Further details regarding available data points are available in the supplementary information, in addition to the INSIGHT webpage included below. Results: At the time point of this analysis (December 31, 2019), the dataset comprised 6 202 161 images from 246 180 patients, with a dataset inception date of January 1, 2007. The dataset includes 1 360 547 grading episodes between R0M0 and R3M1. Conclusions: This dataset descriptor article summarizes the content of the dataset, how it has been curated, and what its potential uses are. Data are available through a structured application process for research studies that support discovery, clinical evidence analyses, and innovation in artificial intelligence technologies for patient benefit. Further information regarding the data repository and contact details can be found at https://www.insight.hdrhub.org/. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Dry fruits are convenient and nutritious snacks that can provide numerous health benefits. They are packed with vitamins, minerals, and fibres, which can help improve overall health, lower cholesterol levels, and reduce the risk of heart disease. Due to their health benefits, dry fruits are an essential part of a healthy diet. In addition to health advantage, dry fruits have high commercial worth. The value of the global dry fruit market is estimated to be USD 6.2 billion in 2021 and USD 7.7 billion by 2028. The appearance of dry fruits is utilized for assessing their quality to a great extent, requiring neat, appropriately tagged, and high-quality images. Hence, this dataset is a valuable resource for the classification and recognition of dry fruits. With over 11500+ high-quality processed images representing 12 distinct classes, this dataset is a comprehensive collection of different varieties of dry fruits. The four dry fruits included in this dataset are Almonds, Cashew Nuts, Raisins, and Dried Figs (Anjeer), along with three subtypes of each. This makes it a total of 12 distinct classes of dry fruits, each with its unique features, shape, and size. The dataset will be useful for building machine learning models that can classify and recognize different types of dry fruits under different conditions, and can also be beneficial for dry fruit research, education, and medicinal purposes.Due to their nutritional value and health advantages, dry fruits have been consumed for a very long time. One of the best strategies to improve general health is to include dry fruits in the diet.

Comparative toxicology continues to provide information on how the age of every living organism affects the frequency, severity, and nature of the potentially toxic agent. We investigated the effect of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure on gametes and four developmental stages of Clarius gariepinus (C. gariepinus) (African Catfish). Gametes from healthy gravid female and mature male C. gariepinus were exposed to GBH in sublethal concentrations of 0.0 (G1, control), 0.02 (G2), 0.05 (G3), 0.1 (G4), 0.5 (G5), and 1.0 (G6) mg/L for 24 h at the standard conditions of temperature and water quality parameters. The surviving embryos were examined microscopically for malformation rate and edema occurrence post-GBH exposure. In a separate experiment; postfryer, fingerling, posfingerling and juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 of GBH concentrations daily consecutively for 28 days. Fish growth performance, behavioural changes, haematology, oxidative stress, and histology were assessed. From our results, GBH showed altered morphology 24 h post-fertilization, decreased body weight, growth parameters, behavioural indices, and survival rate in the various developmental stages. Oxidative stress metabolite, malondialdehyde levels, increases in the postfryer > postfingerlin > fingerling > juvenile C. gariepinus following GBH exposure. Leukopenia and thrombocytosis were observed in the postfingerlings and juvenile fish and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione and activity of superoxide dismutase compared with the control. Histology showed gross necrosis of the fish gills, liver, brain, and cardiac myocytes in the exposed fish. Hence, our findings provide an insight into C. gariepinus developmental toxicity due to GBH, although continuous measurement of glyphosate levels in the fish and fish environment is essential.

Specifying surface soil types is vital for healthy agricultural management to enhance food production. Recent advancements in machine learning are essential in soil science, quantitatively predicting and classifying soil types. The current study concentrates on generating and testing the spectral library to classify surface soil types. It deals with advanced machine learning methods in evaluating soil physicochemical properties and soil type classification using Spectroradiometer and satellite imagery. The proposed methodology tests Phulambri Tehsil's agricultural regions in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India. The soil properties determination has been accomplished using partial least square regression (PLSR) models, enabling the relationship between soil profiles and reflectance spectra. The soil type classification has been done on identified values of specific properties in sampled profiles. Machine learning methods such as PLSR, support vector machine (SVM), and spectral angle mapper (SAM), along with principal component analysis (PCA) and minimum-noise-fraction (MNF), were used. The study showed that the three major soil classes have accurately identified and mapped from satellite images using machine learning methods with more than 95% classification accuracy. The results proved to be useful for soil study in heterogeneous areas. Therefore, this study is used in precision farming to enhance food production and management.

Bird strikes, a risk factor in the aviation industry, are a common problem in certain states of the USA, while they are extremely rare in other states. Similarly, the seasonal distribution of bird strikes is not proportional. This situation poses an unfair situation in the aviation insurance of airline companies in terms of routes taken. The current study, detecting a literature gap related to the principal-agent problem within the aviation sector, evaluates the possible differences in aviation companies' insurance costs, assuming bird strikes are spatially and temporally analyzed in the US, and airline companies are provided with complete information regarding bird-strikes. In this research, QGIS software served in spatial model mappings. In terms of the threshold value, the study results show that making bird-strike insurance aircraft in twenty-one states which were below the threshold value increased the aviation costs of these airline companies, while in the remaining twenty-nine states, non-insurance raised the cost. In this context, as of 2022, it has been determined that not paying an extra premium for bird strikes in twenty-one states below the threshold value will create efficiency, while expending an above-average insurance premium in twenty-nine states and the District of Columbia above the threshold value will create efficiency. The research seeks to answer the following question: Is it fair for airlines operating on routes with low or high bird strike risks to pay the same amount of insurance cost?

The design and mission requirements of aero vehicles, which vary on a day-to-day basis, have become major study concerns in the burgeoning aviation sector. In addition to the design and mission criteria that must be met in an aero vehicle design, the designers' primary goals are to construct original, innovative, environmentally friendly, fuel-efficient, and sustainable designs. In this study, a detailed conceptual design of a helicopter that does not need a notable runway for operation and is limited by mission and design requirements is offered. Within the scope of this research, a competitor analysis study was undertaken in accordance with the defined criteria, and design approaches were chosen based on the outcomes of competitor analysis. In addition, this research, which looks for an environmentally friendly and sustainable design, was developed with the aviation industry's demands in mind by analyzing the International Helicopter Safety Team's (IHST) data. As a result of the reports analyzed and considering the causes and consequences of accidents that have happened, the objective of the design research was to achieve a sustainable, ecologically friendly, and fuel-efficient design by reducing the number of accidents and damage. The planning and design processes as a result of this examination are essential as a step towards the helicopter being an original design and in the context of solution methodologies. This archetypal design aims to shed light on helicopter design studies and serve as a roadmap for future research.

The present study narrates the extraction of rutin from Tagetes erecta (Marigold) via maceration followed by ultrasonication. The extracted rutin was further fabricated into nanoparticles by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and assessed by HPLC, DSC, XRD, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. The optimized batch of nanoparticles obtained using 32 central composite design (CCD) which exhibited particle size 209±14 nm, PDI 0.234±0.06, and 92±1.3% entrapment efficiency. The lyophilized rutin nanoparticles were further converted into nano-suspension. Interestingly, the rutin nano-suspension exhibited a similar antitussive effect in vivo as that by standard treatment pentoxyverine and reduced the coughing times within 2 min. Also, the phlegm showed high UV absorbance, implying its better expectorant activity than the standard and control. The rutin nano-suspension was highly stable and shelf life was found to be ∼29.1 months. The present study, for the first time, paves a way for the use of rutin nano-suspension to overcome chest congestion, shortening of breath, and in the management of cough.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) includes more low-cost and less-power sensor nodes. All the sensor nodes are positioned in a particular area and form a wireless network by way of self-organizing. They has the ability to work normally at any of the special or wicked environ that people cannot close. However, the data transmission among nodes in an effective way is almost not possible due to various complex factors. Clustering is a renowned technique to make the transmission of data more effective. The clustering model divides the sensor nodes into various clusters. Every cluster in network has unique cluster head node, which send the information to other sensor nodes in cluster. In such circumstances, it is the key role of any clustering algorithm to choose the optimal cluster head under various constraints like less energy consumption, delay and so on. This paper develops a new cluster head selection model to maximize the lifetime of network as well as energy efficiency. Further, this paper proposes a new Fitness based Glowworm swarm with Fruitfly Algorithm (FGF), which is the hybridization of Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) and Fruitfly Optimization algorithm (FFOA) to choose the best CH in WSN. The performance of developed FGF is compared to other existing methods like Particle swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), GSO, Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) and Cuckoo Search (CS), Group Search Ant Lion with Levy Flight (GAL-LF), Fruitfly Optimization algorithm (FFOA) and grasshopper Optimization algorithm (GOA) in terms of alive node analysis, energy analysis and cost function and the betterments of proposed work is also proven.

The usual etiologies of giant abdominal cystic masses in infants are mesenteric cyst, enteric duplication cyst, ovarian cyst in females, cystic lymphangioma, however, the presentation of a choledochal cyst in a gigantic form, is unusual. The primary modality for diagnosis of this entity is ultrasound, followed by MRI. The characteristic ultrasound features of a choledochal cyst are a well-defined cystic lesion which may be found to replace any segment of the biliary tree and is distinctly separate from the gallbladder. The associated anomalies are biliary atresia, gallbladder atresia, hepatic fibrosis and those of the pancreatico-biliary ductal system. MRI with MRCP has a conclusive role in confirming the ultrasound diagnosis. Choledochal cysts are currently classified as proposed by Todani et al, into five types. Herein, we report the case study of a 4-month-old male infant afflicted with a gigantic, Type1 Choledochal cyst, complicated by perforation, which was diagnosed by us at the first instance itself, using ultrasound examination and confirmed by MRI. The diagnosis was further confirmed at surgery and histopathology. The recommended treatment of cyst resection accompanied by a hepatico-jejunostomy bypass procedure, was successfully performed in the reported infant.

Particle image velocimetry has been widely used in various sectors from the automotive to aviation, research, and development, energy, medical, turbines, reactors, electronics, education, refrigeration for flow characterization and investigation. In this study, articles examined in open literature containing the particle image velocimetry techniques are reviewed in terms of components, lasers, cameras, lenses, tracers, computers, synchronizers, and seeders. The results of the evaluation are categorized and explained within the tables and figures. It is anticipated that this paper will be a starting point for researchers willing to study in this area and industrial companies willing to include PIV experimenting in their portfolios. In addition, the study shows in detail the advantages and disadvantages of past and current technologies, which technologies in existing PIV laboratories can be renewed, and which components are used in the PIV laboratories to be installed.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the energetic, exergetic, sustainability, economic and environmental performances of a 4-cylinder turbodiesel aviation engine (TdAE) used on unmanned aerial vehicles for the take-off operation mode to assess the system with large aspects. Energy efficiency of the system is found as 43.158%, while exergy efficiency 40.655%. Thermoeconomic analysis gives information about the costs of the inlet and outlet energy and exergy flows of the engine. Hourly levelized total cost flow of the TdAE is found as 21.036 $/h, when the hourly fuel cost flow of the engine is found as 30.328 $/h. The waste exergy cost parameter is determined as 0.0144 MJ/h/$ from exergy cost-energy-mass (EXCEM) analysis, while it is estimated as 14.043 MJ/$ from modified-EXCEM analysis. Environmental damage cost analysis evaluates the cost formation of the exhaust emissions. The total environmental damage cost of the TdAE is computed as 12.895 $/h whilst specific environmental damage cost is determined as 0.054 $/MJ for 494.145 MJ/h TdAE power production. It is assessed that the main contributors to the environmental impact rate of the TdAE are the fuel consumption and the formation pollutants of combustion reaction.

Background: Breast reconstruction may result in significant functional compromise and pain. Postoperative exercise and physical therapy can mitigate these morbidities, but it is infrequently recommended by healthcare providers. This study asked how many breast reconstruction patients are instructed to perform postoperative at-home exercises or physical therapy, how many reported following through with these instructions, and what timeline they were given for these activities. Methods: A 16-question multiple-choice anonymous online survey was distributed to a private breast cancer survivor Facebook group (Diep C. Foundation). Results: A total of 150 breast reconstruction patients responded to our survey. The majority of respondents in our sample were not provided with specific instructions regarding postoperative at-home exercises (N = 70, 54.3%) or physical therapy (N = 77, 63.6%). Approximately 13 of 59 respondents (22%) who had been instructed to participate in postoperative at-home exercises were directed to begin at 2–3 weeks. Approximately 15 of 44 respondents (34.1%) who had been instructed to participate in physical therapy were directed to begin these at 4–5 weeks. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of how often postoperative at-home exercises and physical therapy are recommended to breast reconstruction patients. Despite robust evidence of these activities’ benefits, most women are not instructed to participate in postoperative at-home exercises or physical therapy. This is likely to impede breast reconstruction patients’ recovery and delay their return to activities of daily living. More studies are needed of how to actively engage breast reconstruction patients in postoperative at-home exercises and physical therapy.

Summary: Number perception is among the basic cognitive abilities necessary to understand our environment. Here, we present a protocol to examine the neural underpinnings of numerosity comparison regarding symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol gives instructions for screening participants, followed by steps to perform an event-related fMRI experiment and data analysis with SPM12. This protocol will be informative for investigating numerical cognition in various groups including children with dyscalculia or people at different developmental stages.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Üstün et al. (2021) and Vatansever et al. (2020). : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.