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This study comprehensively analyzes an integrated renewable energy system complementing offshore wind turbines (OWT) and floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology designed for producing electric power and green hydrogen. The research explores the technical feasibility, techno-economic performance, and optimal sizing of the system components. The system integrates OWT farms, FPV arrays, water electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank, to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), and excess energy. A novel optimization approach, Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO) algorithm, is utilized and compared with the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for performance validation. To ensure the robustness of the proposed DBO algorithm, it is thoroughly tested on two system configurations: a standalone OWT hydrogen production system and a hybrid FPV/OWT hydrogen production system. The results showed that the DBO algorithm outperforms the GWO algorithm in terms of system efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The optimization findings reveal that the FPV/OWT hybrid system, optimized with the DBO algorithm, leads to a more cost-effective configuration, with the OWT component contributing 45.96 % of the total costs. Moreover, the optimized FPV/OWT system achieves a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.5797 $/kWh compared to 0.8190 $/kWh for the standalone OWT system. Furthermore, the hybrid FPV/OWT system maintains a levelized cost of hydrogen (COH) of 1.205 $/kg, making it a competitive option for large-scale hydrogen production. Conclusively, the findings demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic viability of the designated hybrid system for sustainable off-grid rural electrification and hydrogen production, offering a robust solution to meet future energy demands.

Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHXs) are special systems that transfer thermal energy, and they have a significant position in numerous industries. The structure and arrangement of baffles play a vital role in boosting heat transfer rate, increasing thermo-hydraulic performance, and reducing the pumping cost. The numerical study is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to run and investigate 3-D turbulent flow in the STHXs and the thermal performances of two unique combinations of baffles. The combination of double and triple flower baffles (COMB-A) and the combination of triple and novel quadruple flower baffles (COMB-B) are compared with double flower baffle (DFB) and triple flower baffle (TFB). The numerical model of STHX with segmental baffles (SGB) shows promising results while validating it with the previously published results. In the same way, the thermo-hydraulic performances of DFB-STHX, TFB-STHX, COMB-A STHX, and COMB-B STHX are evaluated and then compared. Based on numerical results, the heat transfer rate of COMB-B STHX is greater than DFB-STHX by 6.80 % and 10.76 % than the TFB-STHX. The pressure drop on the shell side for two novels STHXs i.e. COMB-A STHX and COMB-B STHX is reduced by 7.74 %, and 9.39 %, respectively, as compared to DFB-STHX. The comprehensive performance of COMB-A STHX and COMB-B STHX is better than that of the STHX with common flower baffles by 4.16 % and 8.16 % respectively. On the shell side, the fluid flow behavior in COMB-A STHX and COMB-B STHX improves the interaction between cold and hot fluids to optimize thermo-hydraulic performance.

This study involves a computational analysis to find the effectiveness of incorporating twisted tape within a twisted square duct for improving heat transfer, focusing on laminar single-phase flow. The primary goal is to study how varying the tape pitch (y) influences the hydrothermal performance of this system. The twisted square duct pitch (S) and twist ratio (H) were kept constant. The numerical analysis is performed under conditions of uniform wall temperature, and varying the pitch ratio (y/S) across values of 0.25, 0.5,0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.75. The obtained findings suggest that the addition of twisted tape within the twisted square duct results in a greater rate of heat exchange and pressure drop relative to the simple twisted square duct. Research reveals that despite a higher rate of heat transfer for a pitch ratio of 0.25 the increased friction factor results in less effective thermal performance compared to the cases with pitch ratios of 0.75 and 0.5. The thermal performance factor reaches its peak at 1.32, corresponding to the Reynolds number 1000 for a pitch ratio of 0.75 case. Conversely, the lowest thermal performance factor value of 0.89 is observed at the Reynolds number 500 for pitch ratio 1.25 case.

Solar stills represent a crucial technology in the quest to provide clean and accessible water, particularly in regions facing water scarcity and limited energy resources. This study investigates various solar still designs, exploring their advantages and limitations in water purification. Through an analysis of the current global landscape of solar still usage and ongoing research endeavors, this study aims to highlight the potential of solar stills and propose modifications to enhance their efficiency. The study also investigates various extensive analysis of diverse solar still designs and their performance metrics, including factors like reflectors, wick materials, absorber plates, and air velocity, this study elucidates key strategies to augment water output and energy utilization. Reflectors and pebbles, variations in wick materials, and modifications in absorber plate design have shown promising results in increasing productivity. Additionally, insights into the impact of environmental variables such as solar radiation, wind velocity, and ambient temperature on solar still performance are provided, informing the design optimization process. Through an analysis of global usage patterns and ongoing research efforts, this study highlights the untapped potential of solar stills and proposes strategies to enhance their performance. Furthermore, it suggests avenues for future research, including the integration of heat storage materials and the development of advanced modeling and control algorithms, to further enhance the performance of solar stills. Through these efforts, solar stills can emerge as a sustainable and reliable solution for water purification, contributing significantly to global efforts to combat water scarcity.

Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) systems offer a highly effective means of generating clean energy for both electricity and heating purposes in residential buildings. Hence, this article introduces a new BIPV/T system to optimally minimize the energy consumption of a household residential building. The meticulous design of the proposed BIPV/T system is accomplished through MATLAB/Simulink® dynamic modeling. Performance analysis for the BIPV/T system is performed under different seasonal conditions with in-depth techno-economic analyses to estimate the expected enhancement in the thermal, electrical, and economic performance of the system. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impact of various factors on the energetic and economic performances of the proposed BIPV/T system. More so, the two-layer feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network modeling is developed to accurately predict the hourly solar radiation and ambient temperature for the BIPV/T. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using the NSGA-II method is also conducted for the minimization of the total BIPV/T plant area and maximization of the total efficiency and net thermal power of the system as well as to estimate the optimized operating conditions for input variables across different seasons within the provided ranges. The sensitivity analysis revealed that higher solar flux levels lead to increased electric output power of the BIPV/T plant, but total efficiency decreases due to higher thermal losses. Moreover, the proposed NSGA-II shows a feasible method to attain a maximum net thermal power and optimal total efficiency of 5320 W and 63% with a minimal total plant area of 32.89 m2 that attained a very low deviation index from the ideal solution. The levelised cost of electricity is obtained as 0.10 $/kWh under the optimal conditions. Thus, these findings offer valuable insights into the potential of BIPV/T systems as a sustainable and efficient energy solution for residential applications.

Since performance of thermal systems may depend on fluids’ thermal conductivities being utilized as coolants, improvement of thermal efficiencies of fluids having micro-structures and involving ternary hybrid nanomaterials may be highly valued. In fact, microrotation of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) in oblique incinerator-shaped chamber may find applications in industrial processes involving polymeric solutions and lubricants where they help in reduction of drag forces and act as better cooling agent. In view of this, the present study carries out thermal and second law dissection of micropolar THNF within an oblique incinerator-shaped chamber heated from bottom emplacing a roundish heater under a fixed heat flux. The THNF comprises of Al2O3, CNT and graphene as nanoparticles. The study reveals that streamlines and isotherms undergo prominent change due to inclination of the chamber. When Raleigh number and diameter of heater amplify streamlines, microrotations, and entropy generation intensify while average Bejan number whittles down. Average heat transfer rate ameliorates by 4.54 % and 2.17 % when total volume fraction augments from 1.5 % to 3 % and 3 %–4.5 %, respectively. Heat transfer rate reduces by 1.23 %, 0.48 %, 3.33 %, 5.24 %, 2.07 %, and 1.66 % when inclination angle increases from 0° to 90° with inclination angle step 15°.

This article explores the enhancement of thermal exchange in a dissipative Triple-nanoparticle (Al2O3+CuO+Cu) hybrid fluid over a stretchable wavy cylindrical surface with slip effect, incorporating Python bvp algorithm with artificial intelligence AI analysis of numerical results. The stochastic AI analysis gives the enhanced and optimized results with predictive modeling, incorporating randomness of influencing parameters and nonlinear turbulent behavior of model. The model has significant importance and application in noise reducing and drag reduction devices or structures. Moreover, the presented geometrical structure is useful in enhancing thermal conduction characteristic. The intricate interplay of constituent nanoparticles and their effect on complex heat transfer in drag optimization devices is the main focus of this study. Mathematical Model of PDEs of this flow problem is converted into system of ODEs by similarity transformations with introducing dimensionless parameters. Numerical solutions of the emerged system are obtained by Python bvp solver algorithm and graphical solutions by Python are presented. To expedite the solution process and enhance the accuracy of prediction, advanced AI algorithm, such as neural network and machine learning technique is adopted. Numerical dataset obtained from Python is embedded for further AI analysis by using Levenberg Marquardt Feed-forward Algorithm (LMFA) with 10 computing neurons and 4 output layers representing results for 4 parametric variations.A rise in the fluid flow speed is observed with higher of value yield stress or Newtonian-behavior i.e. of Casson parameter a1 and stretching parameter λ for the sheet, but shows a decline with enhancing turbulence s2. Temperature profile show a descending behavior with inclination of Eckert ratio Ec, and Prandtl ratio of momentum-thermal diffusivity.

The recent study concentrates on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Williamson fluid drifts over an exponentially extending sheet. The porous medium is also crucial to improving thermal efficiency. The flow pattern model considers the inspirations of Joule heating, heat generation, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation. This study also comprises the activation energy, bio-convectional, and gyrotactic microorganism phenomena. Furthermore, the Brownian and thermophoresis effects of nanoparticles are taken into consideration. Using proper similarity transformation, PDEs of the impetus, temperature, concentricity, motility microbe density, and boundary constraints upgrade into a non-linearly ordinary differential equations (ODEs) mode. Using MATLAB, transformed non-dimensional ODEs are dealt with using shooting procedures and results of significant physical strictures using a built-in bvp4c solver. Finally, it is elaborated and briefly explored numerically and visually can find interesting physical strictures versus the velocity gradient, temperature gradient, solutal gradient of species, and microbes' gradient. Incorporating microorganisms and nanoparticles into Williamson fluids can create novel materials with tailored properties for diverse applications. However, it's crucial to consider stability, biocompatibility, and environmental impact when designing these advanced fluid systems.

The study of natural convection and heat transfer in a trapezoidal cavity finds a wide range of technological applications including thermal energy storage systems, building ventilation/insulation, waste heat recovery, electronic device cooling, controlling PV panel temperature, energy conservation, exchangers, nuclear reactors, furnaces, glass production, food processing, and drying technologies. The purpose of the current study is to explore the entropy and natural convection of non-Newtonian nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) suspension in a saturated porous medium enshrouded in a trapezoid-shaped domain with three heated blocks fitted with the bottom surface. The novelty of the present work is the introduction of power-law (Ostwald-de Waele) model subject to NEPCM suspension in trapezoidal enclosure emplacing three heated fins at its bottom surface embedded in Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy medium with variant porosity. The finite element method is implemented to solve the governing equations numerically. The important findings of the present study include streamlines, isotherms, velocities, and apparent viscosity enhance while entropy generation whittles down with rise in Darcy number. Entropy generation ameliorates by 519.16 % for low to high porosity of Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy medium. The maximum apparent viscosity augments by 1441.24 % when power law index ameliorates.

The present work deals with thermal aspect and entropy of ternary hybrid nanofluid (Graphene, Al2O3, and MWCNT as nanoparticles and water as base fluid) inside an inclined domain considering heat generation/absorption. The domain possesses triangle-shaped corrugated walls with variable height and a semi-circular heater located on its bottom wall. Finite element method (FEM) is employed to acquire a well-defined solution of the non-dimensional governing equations along with the boundary conditions. The influence of the pertinent parameters along with their ranges (0.2≤b≤0.3), (105≤Ra≤106), (0o≤η≤90o), (−1≤Hs≤1) has been studied. Some striking outcomes of the present investigation are that streamlines and entropy generation (EnT) peter out while local Nusselt number (Nuloc) and average Bejan number (Beave) ameliorate with rise in dimensionless height of the corrugated wall (b). The absolute maximum values of vertical and horizontal velocities of ternary hybrid nanofluid enhance by 96.47 % and 29.5 %, respectively, when inclination angle (η) increases from 45o to 90o. It is visualized that Nusselt number is maximum subject to heat sink while it attains a minimum value in response to heat source. Because of triangle shaped corrugated walls and ternary hybrid nanofluid, the present problem contributes superior cooling in thermal systems featured with such complex geometry in industries.

Incorporating distributed renewable energy sources into heating, power, and cooling systems is facilitating the drive toward intelligent building energy solutions. However, the inherent uncertainties associated with controllable renewable resources pose challenges for the thermo-economic scheduling of smart buildings. Nonetheless, the flexibility inherent in smart buildings can be leveraged through various market mechanisms. Hence, this research introduces a sustainable energy-building system driven by an autonomous solar/dish Stirling engine (SDSE) and wind turbine combined with a sophisticated control strategy and battery storage, which is designed to provide heat and power requirements. The proposed control strategy is also devised to optimize energy generation, ensuring prudent conservation and minimal waste, thereby amplifying overall efficiency and financial viability. The meticulous design of the system is accomplished through advanced MATLAB/Simulink® modeling. A thorough technical sensitivity analysis meticulously hones design parameters, revealing optimal operational thresholds. Simulation outcomes unveil a consistent Stirling engine (SE) efficiency, achieving a pinnacle of 35 %, while the SDSE attains over 28 %, respectively. The horizontal axis wind turbine, encompassing 100 kW and 500 kW modules, demonstrates power coefficients spanning from 0.18 to 0.09, with corresponding land area requirements ranging from 4.22 m2 to 21.10 m2, emphasizing the pivotal roles of module power and land area optimization. This paper also casts a spotlight on the environmental repercussions of the system, illustrating its potential to avert up to 30,000 kg of CO2 emissions per kWh/year. Moreover, the levelized cost of electricity ranges from 0.13 to 0.16 $/kWh, accompanied by an hourly cost that fluctuates between 3 $/h and 40 $/h, respectively. Conclusively, the developed modeling can be regarded as a significant stride in the realm of hybrid renewable energy systems, replacing the conventional photovoltaic/wind models with cutting-edge solar/wind configurations managed by a sophisticated control strategy and battery storage system.

This article employs an artificial neural network technique to approximate the solution for the stagnation point flow with velocity and thermal slip effects, as well as radiative heat transfer. The PDE governing system is transformed into a set of coupled ordinary differential systems by incorporating similarity variables. The shooting method is used to obtain a dataset in Mathematica. To test the precision of the suggested model, the operations of training, testing, and validation are performed, and the results are compared to a reference dataset. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network model is utilized to solve the system of equations under different scenarios, and its output is evaluated using mean square error, state transition dynamics, error histograms analysis, and regression illustrations. The findings indicate that the neural network approach achieves a high level of accuracy when predicting thermal analysis. Moreover, the current Artificial Neural Network model has an advantage over other numerical techniques in that it can handle more intricate mathematical models while minimizing the resources required for problem-solving.

The current research looks into magnetohydrodynamics Casson nanofluid flow and suction/injection implications for a nonlinearly stretched interface. To improve heat transport, joules of heat, radiation impacts and thermal stratification are used. A Darcy-Forchheimer porous media is used to conduct fluid flow. Chemical reactions involving energies of activation and solutal stratum are additionally considered. The Keller-box technique is used to solve the resulting non-linear set of ordinary differential equations. The impacts of a number of variables are examined employing diagrams of quantity, velocity, and heat. Increased assessments of porousness, Darcy-Forchheimer, and Casson fluid characteristics result in a decrease in velocity trends. For improved measurements of Lewis number and solutal fractionated factors, the intensity pattern reduces. The skin friction factor increases with increasing Casson parameter estimate. In the instance of the porous and nonlinear stretching parameters, the Nusselt number rises. For increasing levels of the Lewis number and Brownian motion factors, the Sherwood number drops. Furthermore, Nusselt number ratios are estimated with Prandtl numbers with regard to current information available, which shows remarkable consistency. For varied incorporated parameters, streamlines, heatlines, and masslines additionally displayed.

Purpose: The current study aims to enhance the double diffusive natural convection in an Ostwald-de Waele fluid filled in a hexagonal enclosures using non-uniform magnetic field embedded with circular obstacle. The upper wall has maximum temperature Th∗ and concentration (Ch∗) whereas the lower wall is kept at minimum temperature Tc∗ and concentration Cc∗. The parameters that play a significant role in the heat and mass transfer are evaluated, including Hartmann number, power law index, Rayleigh number and buoyancy ratio. Design/Methodology/approach: In two-dimensions, the governing formulation is written as a set of balancing equations for velocities, pressures, energies and concentrations. The nonlinear governing PDEs are solved using numerical approach based on Finite Element Method (FEM). The discretization is performed using the stable finite element pair ℘2/℘1. Code validation and results are ensured by conducting a grid convergence and comparison test respectively. Findings: The influence of flow on velocity, isotherms and iso-concentration field is examined by analyzing a broad variety of variables such as power-law index 0.7≤n≤1.2, Hartmann number 0≤Ha≤50, Rayleigh number 104≤Ra≤106, inclination angle 0°≤γ≤90° and buoyancy ratio -2≤N≤2. The findings are displayed graphically, including the flow, temperature and concentration fields. Heat and mass transfer rates are maximum for shear thinning fluids while for shear thickening fluids it reduces, whereas it is maximum for concentration dominated assistant flow and minimum for concentration dominant counter flow. Application: The novel aspects of the research include its thorough examination of solar thermal power conversion and its inventive energy deficiency devices and a wide range of electrical design applications.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have a wide range of applications in science and technology. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) widely utilized in image and speech recognition, neural language processing, drug discovery, genomics and bioinformatics, Robotics and control systems, material science and energy and power system. Due to the above applications, the main focus of this article is to scrutinize the impact of inclined magnetic field on a cross nanofluid flow with slip velocity and convective boundary conditions over a variable porosity. Gold (Au) nanoparticles are suspended in base liquid blood. Thermal stratification and heat generation with joule heating impact is taken in the energy equation in order to see the heat transfer. To transform the non-linear partial differential equations (PDE's) into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODE's) utilized the von-Karman similarity transformation parameters. For the solutions of the non-linear ODE's, the 4th- order Runge-Kutta numerical method is employed. A dataset for the employed neural network back propagated Levenberg-Marquard scheme (NN-BLMS) is generated for various estimations of the embedded parameters like Weissenberg number, magnetic parameter, angle of inclination, porosity and permeability parameters, thermal stratification parameter by utilizing the 4th-order Runge-Kutta numerical scheme. The testing, validation and training methods of NN-BLMS are utilized to scrutinize the approximate solution of cross nanofluid with slip velocity and convective boundary conditions. The performance of the proposed NN-BLMS to successfully solved the cross nanofluid model is endorsed via mean squared error, error histogram and regression analysis. Streamlines and heatlines are plotted for different parameters including in velocity and temperature equations.

The current study represents a sensitivity analysis of the flow of gold nanoparticles in blood over a rotating disk with the combined impacts of viscous dissipation, nonlinear thermal radiation, joule heating, and slippage using response surface methodology. We use response surface methodology to investigate the relationships between the model's parameters (the input parameters), and the response variables. Response Surface Methodology is a useful method for finding the best values for the input parameters that improve the output. It can also help researchers create a list of experiments to predict the output. We often use response surface methodology with sensitivity analysis to see how the output depends on the input parameters and to suggest the optimal values of them. After incorporating the effects of MHD, viscous dissipation, nonlinear thermal radiation, and joule heating, the boundary layer flow equations are solved using NDSolve command of Mathematica. The influences of dimensionless parameters on all flow profiles and physical quantities are presented and discussed. The arithmetic has been considered for a specific range of values for the apparent parameters in order to calculate and analyze the physical quantities of interest for various relevant parameters, for instance 2≤M≤5, 0≤β≤2, 0.6≤A≤1.5, 0.1≤Br≤0.65, 0.5≤δ≤2, 0≤φ≤0.15, 15≤Pr≤21, 0.1≤Rd≤1.5. For sensitivity analysis, we consider skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number for three independent input parameter namely, the radial stretching rate, the magnetic field parameter, and the thermal slip parameter. After using the statistical measures such as residual quantile – quantile plots, hypothesis testing, and adjusted R2, we concluded that our models for the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are best fitted.

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess unique properties due to their structural mechanism. The CNTs comprise of exceptional electrical, mechanical and thermal attributes. This paper aims to interpret the correlation of carbon nanotube nanoparticles with motile microorganisms in a rotating magnetohydrodynamic flow with respect to slip as well as convective boundary conditions. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are incorporated as nanoparticles whereas water (H2O) as host fluid. The dimension free appearance of governing differential equations is caused by the similarity transformation. Afterward, the combination of order reduction and finite differences is used to determine the approximate solution of the problem. The consequences of problem parameters for temperature, velocity, Nusselt number and skin friction are deliberated through tables and graphs. The code efficiency is assessed by equating the results, under limiting cases, with the previous ones and found to be in an exceptional agreement. The temperature seems to be elevating with the influence of Biot number. On the other hand, a decreasing trend in the velocity profile is noticed when we increase the parametric values of rotation as well as slip parameter. The Peclet number is one of the factor that reduces the microbe's density distribution within the boundary layer regions.

The present work distinguishes the thermal attributes of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and single wall-carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a three dimensional rotating frame under the magnetic field environment. Sodium alginate (NaC6H7O6) is assumed to be the base fluid. The slippage and convective conditions on boundary have also been incorporated. The analysis comprehends, comparatively, features of both SWCNTs-NaC6H7O6 and ZrO2–NaC6H7O6 nanofluids. The amalgamation of nanomaterial SWCNTs-ZrO2 in sodium alginate builds up the thermal characteristics. An algorithmic approach deals with the approximate solutions of the problem. The numerical algorithm is mainly based on order reduction and central difference discretization. A comparison, in limiting case, appraises the proficiency of the code. The outcomes are physically and numerically interpreted via graphical and tabular representations against the prime parameters. The nano-composition of SWCNTs-ZrO2 convincingly improves and embellishes the heat transport rate. It has been revealed from the results that higher the microrotation parameter Ω0, higher will be the thermal boundary layer thickness in both cases of nanofluids such as SWCNTs/NaC6H7O6 and ZrO2/NaC6H7O6. A sensible judgment of the outcomes discloses that SWCNTs possess, comparatively, better heat transfer features than zirconium oxide.

The power that comes from renewable sources is made back faster than it is used. Infinitely renewable examples include solar and wind energy. There are many sources of clean energy all around us. Motive behind current study: A framework has now been developed throughout this research to investigate the impact of the sun's rays on novel Xue tetra hybrid magnetized cross nano-liquid as it moves through an expanding sheet inside that PV sheet of a solar module installed on top of such an offshore solar oil field. A novel Xue tetra hybrid nanofluid model has been developed and utilized to explore the impact of tetrahybrid nanoparticles on liquid flowing in order to investigate heat transport analysis. By directing the liquid's motion through a magnetic field, we may examine its velocity impact. The concentration aspect of nanofluid has been examined by including homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical processes, and indeed, the temperature accessibility of cross-nanofluid is obtained by taking into consideration effects like thermal conductivity and thermal radiation. Technique: The PDEs derived from the working prototype are then subjected to the resemblance factors, yielding the ODEs. The bvp4c scheme is used to get numerical results. The procedure is an ODE solver that belongs to the Runge-Kutta family. In order to provide precise answers in the fourth and fifth orders, it performs six function evaluations. The discrepancy between them is therefore interpreted as the solution's (fourth-order) inaccuracy. Adaptive stepsize integration techniques greatly benefit from this error estimation. Fehlberg's (RKF) integration strategy is quite similar to Cash and Carp technique. Significant finding: From obtained results, it is detected that the addition of novel tetrahybrid nanoparticles in the conventional liquid (Xue tetrahybrid nanofluid) enhances heat transfer rate and temperature profile more quickly in contrast to conventional ternary hybrid nanofluid and dihybrid nanofluid available in the existing literature. The thing which makes the present work novel and one step ahead in contrast to existing available literature is the development and implementation of a tetrahybrid nanofluid model in contrast to conventional ternary hybrid and dihybrid nanofluid models. Tetra hybridity nanoliquid generates extra heat in distinction to already existing ternary hybridity and dihybrid nanofluid models and more heat is absorbed by PV sheets in the existence of tetrahybrid nanoparticles. Conclusions: When the nanomaterials are submerged inside this liquid, their temperature increases throughout both the shear thinning and shear thickening cases. This is because the homogeneous chemical reaction mimics the migration of nanoparticles within the liquid. The increased magnetic force, in addition to an enhancement of Lorentz's force, slows down the nanofluid motion. The increased volume percentage of tetrahybrid nanoparticles, thermal radiation, and thermal conductivity boost the heat that's captured by a PV sheet, and that heat is utilized for other functions, such as drilling or navigation, on that solar offshore rig. Cost analysis: Cost analysis has also been presented in terms of Pakistan offshore oil rigs in terms of solar panels and diesel generators and it is observed that 49% cost is reduced if we replaced offshore oil rigs with solar-powered energy.

To improve heat transfer, this work provides a unique theoretical mathematical model of ternary hybrid nanofluid. In this analysis, the tri-hybrid nanoparticles TiO2, Al2O3, and AA7072 are submerged in ethylene glycol (EG), resulting in the mixture TiO2+Al2O3+AA7072/EG. The tri hybridity nanofluid is considered 3-D flowing via a rotate permeable cone embedded in Darcy-Forchheimer porousness material in the existence of fluctuating temperature generating (sink) and current radiate fluxing. The Keller box scheme (KBS) is exploited to resolve the liquid flowing and temperature equations numerically after converting them to ordinary differential equations employing similarity transformations. The results are graphed, and it is shown that the tri-hybrid nanofluid (THNF) has superior thermal conductance to the hybrid nanofluid (HNF) and that the fluid's velocity and temperature develop as a consequence of enlargement in thermal radiative fluxing and variable thermal conductivity effects. Raising values of De and Fr decline drag friction but drag friction coefficient values are improved as a result of positive variation in M, Re, ς, and λ. It is apparent that the rate of heat transference amplifies owing to magnification in QT, QE and Rd but the heat transfer rate diminishes due to magnification in Re and Fr. Incremental change in volume fraction of nanoparticles φ=0.005 to 0.03 delivers more heat in the case of tri-HNFs TiO2+Al2O3+AA7072 in contrast to ethylene glycol based TiO2+Al2O3 fluid. The optimal percentage error diminishes for the drag friction phenomenon from 1.4% up to 1.1% by adopting De from 1 to 1.5 and λ=0.5. The percentage error in terms of heat transfer rate is getting smaller from 3.6% to 3.0% because of a positive change in QT by keeping Rd=1.5.

Prandtl Eyring fluid and stretchable wedge have multiple usages in many industries. The present study aims to investigate the impact of modified Buongiorno trihybrid nanofluid on Prandtl Eyring fluid past a wedge with the addition of various influences like endothermic/exothermic reactions, thermal radiation, and thermal conductivity, Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion. Aluminium alloys (AA7072), Aluminium alloys (AA7075) and Silver (Ag) are used as nanocomponents. Prandtl Eyring fluid is employed as a conventional liquid in the preparation of nanofluids by blending nano components into the base fluid. Further, the flow model is imposed with Modified Buongiorno nanofluid. By using the similarity approach, the proposed mathematical flow model of partial differential equations (PDEs) is turned into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Throughout the whole range of material parameters, the solution for the ensuing nonlinear boundary value issue is given by employing the finite element method (FEM). The numerical results of Prandtl Eyring ternary HNF motion, thermal and solute profiles are performed through graphical amassment on the collected data and discussed in detail. The numerical significances of material sections, such as the frictional force, local Nusselt quantity, and local Sherwood number requirements, are supplied in tabular form. Further, it also presents the validation and performance characteristics of the proposed device with previously published work and found excellent accuracy. In comparison to hybrid nanoparticles, the consequences reveal that heat transmission is amplified in the case of tri-hybrid nanoparticles. The numerical consequences show that the heat transfer amount reduces in the situation of exothermic reactions parameter Ω1.

This work reported to investigate convective flow of non-Newtonian fluid effect on an exponentially stretchable surface. Effect of nanoparticle is considered in heat and mass equation. The transformation technique utilized on dimensionless equations is converted to non-dimensionless equations are solved thought numerical approach Bvp4c. Influence of approatiate analysis of velocities, heat and mass transport are scrutinized through figures. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of drag forces, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are evaluated over and done with tabulated values. It is give details that the temperature field strengthens with intensification in thermophoresis and random diffusions. Similarly, rises in thermophoresis effect parameter both temperature and concentration profile increasing.

Ethanol and biodiesel, which both belong to the first generation of biofuel technology, are the two most popular forms of biofuels now in use. In order to create next-generation biofuels using waste, cellulosic biomass, and algae-based resources, the Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) is working with business. The present article is designed to study the effect of tetra hybrid nanoparticles with the utilization of the novel Hamilton and Crosser model and catalytic reaction on binary fluid with the consideration of ethanol biofuel as a base fluid. Ethanol comprising tetra hybrid nanoparticles and heterogeneous catalytic reaction amplifies thermal conductivity and significantly increases brake thermal efficiency and reduces brake-specific fuel consumption in diesel engines. Therefore, the aim of this article is a theoretical checkup that is related to heat and mass transport of biofuel flow considering binary fluid accompanied with autocatalysis reaction and novel tetra hybrid nanoparticles on biofluid flow subjected to a Riga wedge. Transportation of heat via nonuniform heat source/sink, thermal radiation, and thermal conductivity are in our consideration. The mathematics of the assumed problem generates the system of non-linear partial differential equations from basic equations of momentum, energy, and mass. The usage of non-dimensional variables gave a system of non-linear ODEs with boundary conditions which are further dealt with in the Lobatto111A scheme. The results are obtained for stretching/shrinking wedge with several parameters. From obtained results, it is observed that the velocity field diminishes owing to magnification in Weissenberg number and Casson fluid parameter. The temperature field diminishes by amplifying heat generation, thermal radiation, and variable thermal conductivity parameter. Concentration distribution escalates by rising homogeneous reaction parameters.

The purpose of the present research is to conduct an examination of entropy generation in a 2D magneto Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow that contains cobalt ferrite and titanium oxide nanoparticles and undergoes surface-catalyzed reactions through a thin vertical needle. The consequences of joule heating and viscous dissipation are considered to elaborate the features of heat transport. Further, the influence of thermal stratification, thermal radiation, and homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction is also taken into account. Through the application of appropriate similarity variables, the dimensionless system of coupled ordinary differential equations is achieved. The coupled system of equations is numerically solved by the usage of the bvp4c technique in the MATLAB algorithm. The current investigation also compared the existing outcomes with the available literature, which shows great harmony between the two. The consequences of the physical parameters are discussed graphically and with numerical data. It is worth noting that larger values of homogeneous reaction strength and the surface-catalyzed parameter diminish the concentration field. Further, the velocity distribution and their related momentum boundary layer thickness, diminishes with the enlargement of the Weissenberg parameter.

Due to its wide range of uses in numerous manufacturing, technological, and industrial processes, mineral oil (MO) is extremely significant. Mineral oil (MO) is used in the manufacture of PVC, polystyrene, as a lubricant and cutting fluid, thermoplastic rubber, glossing products, wood products, cleaning products, lamp oil, glues, toys, veterinary, cosmetic, food preparation, and other things. Due to the above applications, this article deals with the exact solution of unsteadiness naturally convective flowing of Maxwell nanofluid with radiation and uniform heat flux. Al2O3 nanoparticles are suspended in so-called mineral oil to make a homogeneous solution of nanofluid. The problem is demonstrated regarding coupled PDEs with initial and boundary conditions. Certain dimensionless factors are utilized to make the governing equation into a dimensionless structure. The solution for energy and momentum profiles is captured through the Laplace transform method. To predict heat transport and shear stress at the wall, the temperature and velocity gradient is also calculated. In the lack of the radiation factor, the relevant heat equation is simplified to the well-known solution in the literature. These solutions are greatly affected by the variety of different dimensionless variables like the thermal radiation parameter, volume fraction, and Grashof number. In a specific situation, the solutions relating to Newtonian fluids are retrieved, and a graphic juxtaposition of Newtonian and Maxwell fluids is displayed. Finally, the impact of pertinent parameters is shown by plotting graphs. The range of the pertinent parameters is 0.1≤λ≤0.4, Gr=5×K(K=1,2,3,4), 0.01≤χ≤0.04, Nr=5×K(K=1,2,3,4), t=1,3,5,7 while Pr=158 is fixed for mineral oil. The volume fraction declines the nanofluid's temperature while accelerating the velocity. The amplification in the Grashof number and radiation parameter improves the velocity. The increasing Maxwell fluid factor enhances the nanofluid's velocity. A decrease in the nanofluid's shear stress occurs, but after certain estimations of y, the nanofluid's shear stress goes up against the Maxwell fluid factor.

In industry, double-diffusive convection has various and important technical applications. These applications include electronic apparatus cooling, drying processes, fuel cells, geothermal engineering, and thermal storage. We provide an entropy-thermal based analysis of magnetized Boussinesq-free double-diffusive convection engendered by internal heat and concentration source block in a nanofluid-filled C-shaped inclined confined space. Findings may be interpreted and assessed in terms of the leading variables such as Lewis number (Le = 2 to 8), Hartmann number (Ha= 0 to 20), buoyancy ratio (N = 1 to 3), and Rayleigh number (Ra = 105 and 106). Besides, to determine the effective geometry and good control of the phenomenon, the investigation also covered the system geometry parameters including the position of the concentration and heat source block (h/L = 0.2 to 0.8) and the inclination angle of the enclosure (δ = 0°–90°). We state that the mass and heat transfer rates increase with Ra, N, and δ while decreasing with Ha, Le, and h/L parameters. Furthermore, when Le, Ha, N, and δ increase, overall entropy increases, whereas it decreases as the h/L parameter increases.

This study investigates the performance of a hybrid system that combined thermoelectric generators (TEG) with a solar flat plate collector system (SFPC) to turn more renewable energy into useable energy under normal operating and environmental conditions. A multi-month case study was first time conducted to explore the performance of SFPC with and without TEGs under the cold climatic conditions of Abha, Saudi Arabia. The result demonstrates that the heat losses from the rear surface of the SFPC's absorber plate were effectively utilized by TEGs, thereby decreasing overall heat losses and increasing the SFPC's overall thermal efficiency. Further, it was found that adding TEGs at the rear surface of SFPC's absorber plate improves thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency by 8.4% and 1.3%, respectively. The hybrid TEG-SPFC system can turn waste heat into useable electricity, with a peak power output of 2.2 W at midday. Maximum power was generated around midday, when the temperature differential between the upper and lower layers of TEGs was greatest. In addition, it was noticed that the thermal efficiency of the SFPC diminishes when the inlet water temperature rises. A hybrid TEG-SFPC system's exergy efficiency depends on ambient temperature variation and solar irradiance.

Non-Newtonian flows are a relatively recent aspect of industrial heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The development of new products, the use of conventional fluids under special conditions, the interaction of heat exchange phenomena with viscosity variations, and the search for new manufacturing processes all encourage us to evaluate industrial problems involving fluid flows that do not obey Newton's classical law. The present study deals with the modelling and the numerical simulation of natural convective flow, heat exchange, and entropy generation features within a hexagonal-shaped domain influenced by an inclined magnetic field and filled with a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid charged with Alumina nanoparticles. Three variant configurations of three cooling channels positioned inside the domain are considered. The equations system resulting from the mathematical modelling of the physical problem has been discretized via the finite element method. The spatial distribution of apparent viscosity was portrayed in this study. The findings represented that by growing the Power-law index from 1.2 to 1.8 as well as the magnetic field's power from 0 to 80, the mean Nusselt would descend 27.5% and 12.1%, respectively. Moreover, it was recognized that Config.2 might present the highest mean Nu among other cases examined in this research.

A recent advancement in fluid dynamics is the consideration of nanofluids which has an extraordinary thermal conductivity characteristics and upsurge heat transfer in fluids. This paper examines the heat and mass transfer properties of a steady 3D movement of a sutterby nanomaterial on a bidirectional stretching plane. Nanoparticle mass flow and convective boundary conditions are deliberated. In addition, the effect of heat generation/absorption and non-linear thermal radiation is explored. Moreover, the latest proposed model of the nanofluid has been pondered which involves controlling the nanoparticle volume element at the wall submissively relatively than dynamically. We introduced a similarity transformation to change the equations of boundary layer to a self-similar system after that processed analytically with the help of the bvp4c scheme. The outcomes of several control parameters on heat and mass transfer properties are shown among graphs then scrutinized. The systematic outputs of the Nusselt number are premeditated via tables. We observed that by increasing the estimates of the Lewis number (Le) indicates a reduction in the concentration field as well as the thickness of the equivalent boundary layer. Similarly, it is seen that the concentration field decreases rapidly according to the Brownian motion parameter as compared to the Lewis number (Le).

This study considers the natural convection of viscoelastic fractional-type Maxwell fluid flowing on an inclined oscillating plate with generalized equations for stress-shear and thermal flux of thickness vector. A recent and modified fractional technique, namely Prabhakar fractional derivative, is utilized for the generalized memory effect. The solution of non-dimensional and transformed governed equations is explored by integral transform. Prabhakar-like fractional-Maxwell fluid's energy and momentum profiles are compared with classical Fourier thermal flux and ordinary Maxwell fluid with generalized heat transport. To see insight into the physical behavior of the governed equations, different exceptional cases of momentum profiles are described whose physical significance is well-explained in the existing literature, and also the graphical interpretation is presented for the comparison and influence of all parameters on momentum and energy fields. As a result, we have concluded that the Prabhakar fractional operators signify the possibility of a convenient choice of different fractional constraints, which has good fitting in both experimental and theoretical data. Furthermore, the ordinary-type Maxwell fluid with Fourier thermal flux represents less velocity rate as compared to ordinary Maxwell fluid with fractional thermal flux and fractional Maxwell fluid with fractional thermal flux.

This study investigates the parametric electrical and thermal performance of a novel photovoltaic trombe wall with a venetian blind system (PVTW-VB) in a semi-arid climatic conditions. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to determine the optimal parametric configuration for the PVTW-VB and is validated using experimental data. The experimental results indicated that the CFD model could accurately predict the operational performance of the PVTW-VB system. According to the findings, the VB spacing within the air gap, the VB angle, and the PVTW air flow rate should be 0.09 m, 60°, and 0.2 m/s, respectively. Additionally, PVTW-VB is compared with PVTW without VB. The average electrical power generation and PV panel surface temperature are found to be 8.6% higher and 3.2 °C lower in case of PVTW-VB configuration, respectively. Thermal regulation studies are conducted for three different test room configurations (i.e., a normal test room, test room with PVTW and test room with PVTW-VB). The study found that PVTW-VB system reduces the thermal load of the test room.

Nanofluids have been extensively studied in recent decades and have been regarded as “next-generation heat transfer fluids” due to their superior properties. However, dispersion stability and application at higher temperatures are among the challenges that must be overcome. In this work, a new class of stable hybrid nanofluid based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) + cupric oxide (CuO) nanocomposite is produced with Therminol55 (TH55) as the base fluid. Nanofluids' thermophysical characteristics are investigated at varying concentrations (0.005–0.08 wt%), and they are subsequently employed as the heat transfer medium in a tube heat exchanger (HEX) for the turbulent flow regime. Thermal conductivity was significantly increased by 128.4% at the maximum nanocomposite concentration of 0.08 wt%. Despite this, nanocomposites enhanced the nanofluids' viscosity, which climbed gradually with concentration to a maximum enhancement of around 25% at 0.08 wt%. The heat transfer performance of the formulated nanofluids was numerically assessed and found to be good; for example, when compared to pure TH55, the heat transfer coefficient improved by up to 128%. The highest increase in Nu was 38.4%, while the maximum increase in pumping power was determined to be 103.88%. Furthermore, the maximum exergy efficiency was 47.84% at a 0.08 wt% concentration and a Reynolds number (Re) of 12500, which is somewhat higher than the 40.96% attained with pure TH55. The highest thermal performance factor was 1.31 for 0.08 wt %, exceeding the maximum thermal performance factors of 1.17, 1.11, 1.08, and 1.03 for 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.005 wt %, respectively. Consequently, a nanofluid made of MWCNT + CuO/TH55 might be a promising candidate for usage as a heat transfer fluid.

To meet the growing energy demand, double pipe heat exchangers (DPHEX), which are used in a variety of energy and thermal engineering applications, require improved heat transfer performance. In this study, a new class of surfactant-free Ionanofluid is formulated at three different concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 wt% and thermophysical and rheological properties are assessed. Zeta potential analysis is executed to assess the dispersion stability. An optimum concentration has been selected to investigate the hydrothermal performance of an insert fitted DPHEX at varying Re from 400 to 2000. The conventional twisted tape (TT) insert is modified by introducing different types of geometrical (triangular, rectangular, and circular) cuts on its surface. According to the Ionanofluid characterization, 0.10 wt % Ionanofluid has the highest thermal conductivity enhancement of 64% and heat capacity of 16.1% when compared to the base fluid, with a maximum enhancement in Nu of about 116–136% at varying Re. The rectangular-cut TT imparts highest heat transfer enhancement as the additional vortices is more intensive than other cut-inserts. Nevertheless, the value of PEC for the combination of Ionanofluid and RCTT insert, remaining between 1.61 and 1.68 over the entire range of Re, is greater than other combinations.

Contamination of soil with heavy metals is a threatening global environmental problem. With increasing urbanization, it is very important to design economical and environment-friendly mitigation measures to have pollutant free soil. Phytoremediation is an advancing technique to extract pollutants from soil to achieve eco-sustainability. This study aimed to investigate the combined impact of biochar and silicon on growth attributes of Brachiaria mutica grown in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. The biochar was prepared by co-pyrolysis of agricultural left-over biomass (rice husk, bamboo leaves and corn cob in a 1:1:1 ratio) and physio-chemical characters were studied by FTIR, SEM-EDX and proximate analysis. A pot study was conducted to evaluate the potency of biochar and silicon in lowering the Cd uptake by para grass grown under Cd spiked soil. Total 8 treatments were planned by taking 1 % and 2 % biochar with 0.01 % and 0.02 % silicon. The results have shown that treatment 8 (2 % biochar and 0.02 % silicon) exhibited maximum improvement in growth parameters such as shoot length by 2.64-fold and root length by 44.9 %, along with improving the antioxidant defense system of Para grass (CAT by 2-fold and POD by 56.4 %). Application of treatment 8 also decreased Cd concentration in the shoot and root by 48.8 % and 47.4 %, respectively. Treatment 8 was most effective in reducing CaCl2 extractable Cd in soil up to 56.1 %. Based on this data, treatment 8 was most effectual in suppressing Cd stress. Biochar produced from other agricultural waste material along with Si as inorganic amendment can be used to immobilize other toxic heavy metals at field level. Heavy metals immobilization potential of Si and biochar can be tested by harvesting other grasses and oil seed crop species.

Seed priming with a composite of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) is an innovative technique to mitigate cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) uptake in plants from rooting media. The current study explored the impact of seed priming with varying levels of Fe3O4 NPs, SiO2 NPs, and Fe3O4-SiO2 nanocomposites on Cd and Cr absorption and phytotoxicity, metal-induced oxidative stress mitigation, growth and biomass yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The results showed that seed priming with the optimum level of 100 mg L−1 of Fe3O4-SiO2 nanocomposites significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased root dry weight (144 %), shoot dry weight (243 %) and leaf area (34.4 %) compared to the control, primarily by safeguarding plant's photosynthetic machinery, oxidative stress and phytotoxicity of metals. Plants treated with this highest level of Fe3O4-SiO2 nanocomposites exhibited a substantial increase in photosynthetic and gas exchange indices of spinach plants and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) antioxidant enzymes by 45 %, 48 %, and 60 %, respectively. Correspondingly, the relative gene expression levels of SOD, CAT, and APX also rose by 109 %, 181 %, and 137 %, respectively, compared to non-primed plants. This nanocomposite application also boosted the levels of phenolics (28 %), ascorbic acid (68 %), total sugars (129 %), flavonoids (39 %), and anthocyanin (29 %) in spinach leaves, while significantly reducing Cd (34.7 %, 53.4 %) and Cr (20.2 %, 28.8 %) contents in plant roots and shoots, respectively. These findings suggest that seed priming with Fe3O4-SiO2 nanocomposites effectively mitigated the toxic effects of Cd and Cr, enhancing the growth and biomass yield of spinach in Cd and Cr co-contaminated environments, offering a promising sustainable approach for producing metal-free crops.

Worldwide, arsenic contamination has become a matter of extreme importance owing to its potential toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic impact on human health and the environment. The magnetite-loaded biochar has received increasing attention for the removal of arsenic (As) in contaminated water and soil. The present study reports a facile synthesis, characterization and adsorption characteristics of a novel magnetite impregnated nitrogen-doped hybrid biochar (N/Fe3O4@BC) for efficient arsenate, As(V) and arsenite, As(III) removal from aqueous environment. The as-synthesized material (N/Fe3O4@BC) characterization via XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM/EDS clearly revealed magnetite (Fe3O4) impregnation onto biochar matrix. Furthermore, the adsorbent (N/Fe3O4@BC) selectivity results showed that such a combination plays an important role in targeted molecule removal from aqueous environments and compensates for the reduced surface area. The maximum monolayer adsorption (Qmax) of developed adsorbent (N/Fe3O4@BC) (18.15 mg/g and 9.87 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of pristine biochar (BC) (9.89 & 8.12 mg/g) and magnetite nano-particles (MNPs) [7.38 & 8.56 mg/g] for both As(III) and As(V), respectively. Isotherm and kinetic data were well fitted by Langmuir (R2 = 0.993) and Pseudo first order model (R2 = 0.992) thereby indicating physico-chemical sorption as a rate-limiting step. The co-anions (PO43-) effect was more significant for both As(III) and As (V) removal owing to similar outer electronic structure. Mechanistic insights (pH and FTIR spectra) further demonstrated the remarkable contribution of surface groups (OH–, –NH2 and –COOH), electrostatic attraction (via H- bonds), surface complexation and ion exchange followed by external mass transfer diffusion and As(III) oxidation into As(V) by (N/Fe3O4@BC) reactive oxygen species. Moreover, successful desorption was achieved at varying rates up to 7th regeneration cycle thereby showing (N/Fe3O4@BC) potential practical application. Thus, this work provides a novel insight for the fabrication of novel magnetic biochar for As removal from contaminated water in natural, engineering and environmental settings.