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Contaminants are repeatedly being released into the land, water and air about the world as a consequence of the high levels of human movement and development, which causes a fast an increase in the growing of pollution. In this assessment, activated charcoals supported on Ag–In2O3 nanomaterials were blended by hydrothermal system. The morphology constitution, surface assets and optical description of synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, UV-DRS, PL, HR-SEM and EDAX, HR-TEM, SAED pattern, FT-IR, XPS, BET, CV and VSM techniques. The optimized heterogeneous catalyst AC/Ag–In2O3 depicts high electro catalytic activity, fast-charge transport development, weak ferromagnetism, brilliant accessibility and stability for Rh6G dye degradation, which is endowed for application in the alkaline medium. The prepared photocatalytic activity towards AC/Ag–In2O3 have been revealed as the degradation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye in the presence of aqueous solution directed to solar light irradiation. AC/Ag–In2O3 is initiated to maintain some more efficient than synthesized Ag–In2O3 and In2O3 by pH9 positively mineralizing of Rh6G dye under sun light irradiation. The mineralization of Rh6G dye has been confirmed by measuring COD analysis. It is suggested that Rh6G degrades in the presence of solar light via a particular mechanism, which was discovered that the catalyst remained more stable and reusable. It has been effectively determined that the AC/Ag–In2O3 nanomaterial achieves photocatalytic effects.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a micro vasculardisorder that affects the eyes and is a long term effectofDiabetesmellitus. The likelihood to develop diabetic retinopathy is directly proportional to the age and duration of the diabetes, as well as increase in the level of blood glucose level and fluctuation in blood pressure levels. A person who has diabetes has more probability to develop diabetic retinopathy. The ration of people with diabetes started to increase from 285 million in 2010 and will reach up to 439 million in the year of 2030.Out of the total number of people with Diabetic Retinopathy, approximately one-fourth of the people have vision-threatening disease. Earlier detection and classificationof Diabetic Retinopathy has to be taken much care in order to sustain a patient’s vision. The diabetic Retinopathy may be classified into various stages like Mild non-proliferative retinopathy, Moderate nonproliferative retinopathy, severe nonproliferative Retinopathy and Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Theproblem associated with the manual detection of diabetic retinopathy is that the processing time is high, effortconsumingandrequiresanophthalmologist to examine the eye retinal fund us images. The manual analysis includes Visual Acuity testing, Tonometry and Pupil dilation. The vision lost due to Diabetic retinopathy is sometimes irreparable. Hence there is a need for earlier detection and treatment to reduce the risk of blindness.Hence there are various automated methods of diabetic retinopathy screening that have made good progress using image classification, pattern recognition, and machine learning. The input to the automated image classification model can be the color fundus photography or optical Coherence tomography images.

Seasonal variations in hydrography, trophic status, and plankton community structure were studied along the Tuticorin coastal waters (TCWs) in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM). Samples were collected in 2015 and 2016 to analyze physico-chemical (temperature, pH, salinity, suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients, etc.) and biological parameters (chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton, and zooplankton). The trophic index (TRIX) and eutrophication index (EI) were calculated to describe the eutrophication status of TCWs. Temperature, pH, salinity, DO, and SPM showed seasonality due to the impact of the northeast monsoon. A massive bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum was observed, with a visible impact on water quality and the plankton community. The cluster and principal component analysis indicated the bloom event as a distinct phenomenon. ANOVA results showed significant seasonal variations rather than spatial variations. According to the trophic indices, the area had a low trophic level in 2015 and a high trophic level in 2016. The Tuticorin inshore waters had the highest TRIX and EI values during the dominance of cyanobacteria bloom in the post-monsoon 2016. The trophic indices had a positive relationship with phytoplankton abundance but showed an inverse relation with zooplankton abundance. The overall range of the TRIX index (3.18–5.96) indicated that the environment was oligotrophic to eutrophic, and EI values (0.72–21.61) indicated that the state of coastal waters was moderate to poor. This study states that periodic monsoonal flow and frequent algal bloom events have a significant impact on the GoM coastal waters.

Clotting is a physiological process that prevents blood loss after injury. An imbalance in clotting factors can lead to lethal consequences such as exsanguination or inappropriate thrombosis. Clinical methods to monitor clotting and fibrinolysis typically measure the viscoelasticity of whole blood or optical density of plasma over time. Though these methods provide insights into clotting and fibrinolysis, they require milliliters of blood which can worsen anemia or only provide partial information. To overcome these limitations, a high-frequency photoacoustic (HFPA) imaging system was developed to detect clotting and lysis in blood. Clotting was initiated in vitro in reconstituted blood using thrombin and lysed with urokinase plasminogen activator. Frequency spectra measured using HFPA signals (10–40 MHz) between non-clotted blood and clotted blood differed markedly, allowing tracking of clot initiation and lysis in volumes of blood as low as 25 µL/test. HFPA imaging shows potential as a point-of-care examination of coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Microstructures, i.e., architected materials, are designed today, typically, by maximizing an objective, such as bulk modulus, subject to a volume constraint. However, in many applications, it is often more appropriate to impose constraints on other physical quantities of interest.In this paper, we consider such generalized microstructural optimization problems where any of the microstructural quantities, namely, bulk, shear, Poisson ratio, or volume, can serve as the objective, while the remaining can serve as constraints. In particular, we propose here a neural-network (NN) framework to solve such problems. The framework relies on the classic density formulation of microstructural optimization, but the density field is represented through the NN’s weights and biases.The main characteristics of the proposed NN framework are: (1) it supports automatic differentiation, eliminating the need for manual sensitivity derivations, (2) smoothing filters are not required due to implicit filtering, (3) the framework can be easily extended to multiple-materials, and (4) a high-resolution microstructural topology can be recovered through a simple post-processing step. The framework is illustrated through a variety of microstructural optimization problems.

Summary: Background: Liver disease is the only major chronic disease and mortality is increasing. Earlier detection of liver fibrosis can reduce progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many studies have reported an increased prevalence in liver fibrosis among adults in urban regions but there are few data in physically active rural populations without attributable metabolic risk factors. This aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of abnormal liver functions tests (LFTs) and liver fibrosis among adults in a rural population. Methods: This cross-sectional study included observations from KMCH-NNCD-II (2017) study (n = 907) from a farming village, Nallampatti, located in South India. We assessed lifestyle (occupation, tobacco use and alcohol consumption using AUDIT-C questionnaire), markers for metabolic diseases (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia), LFTs and markers for hepatitis viruses B and C. 901 participants had transient elastography to assess fibrosis. Participants with abnormal LFTs and significant liver fibrosis (F2-F4) underwent additional liver screening (caeruloplasmin, iron studies and autoimmune hepatitis panel). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to understand the association of liver fibrosis with lifestyle and metabolic risk factors after adjustment for co-variates. Findings: Significant liver fibrosis (F2-F4) was observed in 14.4%, and cirrhosis in 0.8%. There was an association of liver fibrosis with abnormal LFTs but no association between alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, hepatic liver screening and liver fibrosis. Among metabolic risk factors, no association was observed for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia but diabetes [OR – 3.206 (95% CI: 1.792 – 5.736)], obesity [1.987 (1.341 – 2.944)] and metabolic syndrome [2.539 (1.680 – 3.836)] showed association with significant liver fibrosis (F2-F4) after adjustment for confounding factors. Interpretation: Our results suggest that the prevalence of liver fibrosis in rural population is similar to urban counterparts. The association of metabolic risk factors with liver fibrosis in physically active rural population warrants further investigations in future studies. Funding: This study is funded by KMCH Research Foundation, India.

Background: Workers laboring in steel industries in tropical settings with high ambient temperatures are subjected to thermally stressful environments that can create well-known risks of heat-related illnesses and limit workers’ productivity. Methods: A cross-sectional study undertaken in a steel industry in a city nicknamed “Steel City” in Southern India assessed thermal stress by wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and level of dehydration from urine color and urine specific gravity. A structured questionnaire captured self-reported heat-related health symptoms of workers. Results: Some 90% WBGT measurements were higher than recommended threshold limit values (27.2–41.7°C) for heavy and moderate workloads and radiational heat from processes were very high in blooming-mill/coke-oven (67.6°C globe temperature). Widespread heat-related health concerns were prevalent among workers, including excessive sweating, fatigue, and tiredness reported by 50% workers. Productivity loss was significantly reported high in workers with direct heat exposures compared to those with indirect heat exposures (χ2 = 26.1258, degrees of freedom = 1, p

In this study, we report a buckler crab, Cryptopodia angulata, for the first time from Kasimedu fishing harbor, Chennai, Southeast coast of India. This crab occurs only, rarely, in Indian coastal waters. This is the first report from Chennai coastal waters . External characteristics were examined and are illustrated.

The objective of this prospective observational study was to assess the door-to-balloon time (D2B), in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and the time factors influencing it. The following timeframes were measured during the study: ED to ECG time, ED to coronary care unit time (ED2CCU), consent time, post-consent to balloon time (POSTCONSENT2B) and D2B. Effective D2B was 54 ± 12.2 min. Of the dependent variables, D2B had a strong positive correlation (ρ = 0.903) with consent time. This study sheds light on consent time a previously unrecognized entity as a significantly influencing factor for the D2B time.

The importance of nutrition in the development of disease, and in the recovery from illness, is among the most fundamental tenets in human biology and optimal health. Nutrition was fundamental in many traditional forms of medicine until its role in medical care experienced a rapid decline over the last century. We believe a key cause of the decline in nutrition's essential role in healthcare and preventative medicine is the escalating crisis of inadequate nutrition education in medical training. Recent data show 75% of United States medical schools have no required clinical nutrition classes and only 14% of residency programs have a required nutrition curriculum. More troubling, only 14% of current healthcare providers feel comfortable discussing nutrition with their patients. The purpose of this paper is to present the evidence illustrating the distinct lack of nutrition education in medical training. Further, we present key examples of existing formal nutrition curricula to incorporate nutritional science into all healthcare providers' education and practices. We discuss existing nutrition fellowships and training programs, including the new Duke Online Clinical Nutrition Fellowship. We also cover a physician nutrition certification allowing physicians to pursue clinical nutrition as a career path. Finally, recent financial incentives and quality measures incentivizing healthcare provider nutrition education is discussed. Thus, in conclusion, we advocate the inclusion of nutrition education curricula as a priority in medical schools, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education. Formal clinical nutrition training should be a requirement for hospital leadership and administrators for all Parenteral Nutrition and Nutrition Team Physician Directors in hospitals worldwide, and this key clinical role must become an essential position in all hospitals. In addition, we immediately need to address the critical shortage of physician nutrition specialists who will serve as the next generation of leaders in clinical nutrition care and research., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses through self-reflection are important for life-long learning and development. The aim of this study was to assess the alignment in third-year undergraduate pharmacy students' self-reflections of their objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) performance to their actual OSCE scores and explore the most common aspects students reflected on as markers of perceived performance., Methods: Students completed a three-station OSCE and a written self-reflection about their performance. These reflections were coded using a latent pattern content analysis, with categories defined as "doing well (≥ 50% on exam)" and "not doing well (< 50% on exam)" and compared to their actual OSCE exam scores, to determine the degree of alignment., Results: Two hundred sixty-nine students completed the OSCE and reflection. Students had a low degree of alignment between their self-reflections and actual OSCE performance. Low alignment was overwhelmingly prevalent and significant in high-achieving students with OSCE scores of ≥90%. Most common aspects students reflected on as indicators of performance were finishing on time and communicating effectively. High-achieving students reflected on aspects such as empathy, systematic questioning, and patient teach-back as aspects of their performance., Conclusions: Student reflections on exam performance do not align with their actual performance, particularly amongst the high-achieving students. High-achieving students were more aware of the different aspects that affected their performance. To ensure that high-achieving students are aware of their strengths, educators should provide more targeted feedback mechanisms and positive reassurances to help these students become more confident in their decision-making skills., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The process of embryonic development involves remarkable cellular plasticity, which governs the coordination between cells necessary to build an organism. One role of this plasticity is to ensure that when aberrant cells are eliminated, growth adjustment occurs so that the size of the tissue is maintained. An important regulator of cellular plasticity that ensures cellular cooperation is a fitness-sensing mechanism termed cell competition. During cell competition, cells with defects that lower fitness but do not affect viability, such as those that cause impaired signal transduction, slower cellular growth, mitochondrial dysregulation or impaired protein homeostasis, are killed when surrounded by fitter cells. This is accompanied by the compensatory proliferation of the surviving cells. The underlying factors and mechanisms that demarcate certain cells as less fit than their neighbouring cells and losers of cell competition are still relatively unknown. Recent evidence has pointed to mitochondrial defects and proteotoxic stress as important hallmarks of these loser cells. Here, we review recent advances in this area, focussing on the role of mitochondrial activity and protein homeostasis as major mechanisms determining competitive cell fitness during development and the importance of cell proteostasis in determining cell fitness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Topic Importance: Long COVID may occur in at least 10% of patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection and often is associated with debilitating symptoms. Among the organ systems that might be involved in its pathogenesis, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems may be central to common symptoms seen in survivors of COVID-19, including fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, cough, and exercise intolerance. Understand the exact symptomatology, causes, and effects of long COVID on the heart and lungs may help us to discover new therapies. To that end, the National Institutes of Health is sponsoring a national study population of diverse volunteers to support large-scale studies on the long-term effects of COVID-19., Review Findings: The National Institutes of Health Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) initiative currently is recruiting participants in the United States to answer critical questions about long COVID. The study comprises adult and pediatric cohorts as well as an electronic health record cohort. Based on symptoms, individuals undergo prespecified medical testing to understand whether abnormalities can be detected and are followed up longitudinally. Herein, we outline current understanding of the clinical symptoms and pathophysiologic features of long COVID with respect to the cardiopulmonary system in adults and children and then determine how the clinical, electronic health record, and autopsy cohorts of the RECOVER initiative will attempt to answer the most pressing questions surrounding the long-term effects of COVID-19., Summary: Data generated from the RECOVER initiative will provide guidance about missing gaps in our knowledge about long COVID and how they might be filled by data gathered through the RECOVER initiative., Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The kidney contains distinct glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments with diverse cell types and extracellular matrix components. The role of immune cells in glomerular environment is crucial for dampening inflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Macrophages are innate immune cells that are influenced by their tissue microenvironment. However, the multifunctional role of kidney macrophages remains unclear., Methods: Flow and imaging cytometry were used to determine the relative expression of CD81 and CX 3 CR1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1) in kidney macrophages. Monocyte replenishment was assessed in Cx3cr1 CreER X R26-yfp-reporter and shielded chimeric mice. Bulk RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry-based proteomics were performed on isolated kidney macrophages from wild type and Col4a5 -/- (Alport) mice. RNAscope was used to visualize transcripts and macrophage purity in bulk RNA assessed by CIBERSORTx analyses., Results: In wild type mice we identified three distinct kidney macrophage subsets using CD81 and CX 3 CR1 and these subsets showed dependence on monocyte replenishment. In addition to their immune function, bulk RNA-sequencing of macrophages showed enrichment of biological processes associated with extracellular matrix. Proteomics identified collagen IV and laminins in kidney macrophages from wild type mice whilst other extracellular matrix proteins including cathepsins, ANXA2 and LAMP2 were enriched in Col4a5 -/- (Alport) mice. A subset of kidney macrophages co-expressed matrix and macrophage transcripts., Conclusions: We identified CD81 and CX 3 CR1 positive kidney macrophage subsets with distinct dependence for monocyte replenishment. Multiomic analysis demonstrated that these cells have diverse functions that underscore the importance of macrophages in kidney health and disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial disclosures., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Employing biomass for environmental conservation is regarded as a successful and environmentally friendly technique since they are cost-effective, renewable, and abundant. Biochar (BC), a thermochemically converted biomass, has a considerably lower production cost than the other conventional activated carbons. This material's distinctive properties, including a high carbon content, good electrical conductivity (EC), high stability, and a large surface area, can be utilized in various research fields. BC is feasible as a renewable source for potential applications that may achieve a comprehensive economic niche. Despite being an inexpensive and environmentally sustainable product, research has indicated that pristine BC possesses restricted properties that prevent it from fulfilling the intended remediation objectives. Consequently, modifications must be made to BC to strengthen its physicochemical properties and, thereby, its efficacy in decontaminating the environment. Modified BC, an enhanced iteration of BC, has garnered considerable interest within academia. Many modification techniques have been suggested to augment BC's functionality, including its adsorption and immobilization reliability. Modified BC is overviewed in its production, functionality, applications, and regeneration. This work provides a holistic review of the recent advances in synthesizing modified BC through physical, chemical, or biological methods to achieve enhanced performance in a specific application, which has generated considerable research interest. Surface chemistry modifications require the initiation of surface functional groups, which can be accomplished through various techniques. Therefore, the fundamental objective of these modification techniques is to improve the efficacy of BC contaminant removal, typically through adjustments in its physical or chemical characteristics, including surface area or functionality. In addition, this article summarized and discussed the applications and related mechanisms of modified BC in environmental decontamination, focusing on applying it as an ideal adsorbent, soil amendment, catalyst, electrochemical device, and anaerobic digestion (AD) promoter. Current research trends, future directions, and academic demands were available in this study., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Teamwork with a focus on incorporating interprofessional education (IPE) is a core skill taught in pharmacy curriculum. Including the patient in shared decision making has become a more empathetic and holistic approach to care. Teamwork skills and approaches are usually assessed by peers via group work., Educational Activity and Setting: A teamwork Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) station was implemented in 2022 in two countries, conducted in final year pharmacy students where students had to solve a clinical scenario with a doctor and patient in the room and manage any resistances to therapy recommendations. Students were marked on their collaborative skills and how they articulated clinical evidence to justify their therapy recommendations to reach an optimal goal to suit the team. Perception data from students simulated patients and doctors were also collected., Findings: Across both countries (n = 414), the overall mean score was 79.1% (24.0%SD) across six different OSCE cases. Students generally struggled with the concept of engaging in a two-way conversation, and often presented their full recommendations without any breaks to confirm understanding or agreement. Simulated patients appreciated the OSCE showing a patient role in decision making. Simulated doctors valued the OSCE for its assessment of clinical justification in times of disagreement. Overall, 86.2% of students (n = 354) agreed or strongly agreed the station assessed their teamwork skills adequately., Summary: A teamwork OSCE station is a valuable assessment for assessing shared decision making skills and more work around prepare students to engage in two-way conversations is needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Because of the heterogeneity among seedlings of outbreeding species, the use of seedling tissues as a source of DNA is unsuitable for the genomic characterization of elite germplasms. High-quality DNA, free of RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, and shearing, is mandatory for downstream molecular biology applications, especially for next-generation genome sequencing and pangenome analysis aiming to capture the complete genetic diversity within a species. The study aimed to accomplish an efficient protocol for the extraction of high-quality DNA suitable for diverse plant species/tissues. We describe a reliable, and consistent protocol suitable for the extraction of DNA from 42 difficult-to-extract plant species belonging to 33 angiosperm (monocot and dicot) families, including tissues such as seeds, roots, endosperm, and flower/fruit tissues. The protocol was first optimized for the outbreeding recalcitrant trees viz., Prosopis cineraria, Conocarpus erectus, and Phoenix dactylifera, which are rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites, and the quality of the extracted DNA was confirmed by downstream applications. Nine procedures were attempted to extract high-quality, impurities-free DNA from these three plant species. Extraction of the ethanol-precipitated DNA from cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer, i.e., the extraction using a cationic (CTAB) detergent followed by an anionic (SDS) detergent was the key for high yield and high purity (1.75-1.85 against A 260/280 and an A 260/230 ratio of >2) DNA. A vice versa extraction procedure, i.e., SDS buffer followed by CTAB buffer, and also CTAB buffer followed by CTAB, did not yield good-quality DNA. PCR (using different primers) and restriction endonuclease digestion of the DNA extracted from these three plants validated the protocol. The accomplishment of the genome of P. cineraria using the DNA extracted using the modified protocol confirmed its applicability to genomic studies. The optimized protocol successful in extracting high-quality DNA from diverse plant species/tissues extends its applicability and is useful for accomplishing genome sequences of elite germplasm of recalcitrant plant species with quality reads., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study describes the epidemiology, clinical extent of disease at diagnosis and treatment modalities of cancer among older adults (aged 60 years and older) in India., Study Design: Secondary data analysis of the National Cancer Registry Programme, which includes 28 Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) and 96 Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (HBCRs)., Methods: PBCR data were used to estimate the incidence in terms of crude rate (CR), age-adjusted incidence rate (AAR), age-specific rate (ASpR) and cumulative risk. Trends in the AAR were calculated with the Annual Percentage Change (APC) using join-point regression. HBCR data were used to describe the clinical extent of the disease at diagnosis and the treatment modalities., Results: There is a wide heterogeneity across the country for the incidence of cancer and for the leading cancer sites among older adults. Males had a higher incidence rate compared to females in the majority of the registries. Aizawl had the highest AARs among both genders (males: 1388.8; females: 1033.0). Females had the highest ASpR at 65-69 years (482.8), whereas for males it was above 75 years (710.4). Cervical, stomach and oesophageal cancers were on the decline. The incidence of cancer among older adults was estimated to increase by 13.5% in 2025 as compared to 2020., Conclusion: The increasing cancer incidence among older adults in India poses a huge burden on the health system. There is a need to increase their participation in clinical trials, advocating comprehensive geriatric assessment and strengthening geriatric oncology within programs addressing older adult's care to deal with the rising cancer burden on the health system borne by them., (Copyright © 2023 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Individuals with COPD and preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) findings in clinical settings have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)., Research Question: Do individuals with mild to moderate or worse COPD and PRISm findings in community settings have a higher prevalence and incidence of CVD compared with individuals with normal spirometry findings? Can CVD risk scores be improved when impaired spirometry is added?, Study Design and Methods: The analysis was embedded in the Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease (CanCOLD). Prevalence of CVD (ischemic heart disease [IHD] and heart failure [HF]) and their incidence over 6.3 years were compared between groups with impaired and normal spirometry findings using logistic regression and Cox models, respectively, adjusting for covariables. Discrimination of the pooled cohort equations (PCE) and Framingham risk score (FRS) in predicting CVD were assessed with and without impaired spirometry., Results: Participants (n = 1,561) included 726 people with normal spirometry findings and 835 people with impaired spirometry findings (COPD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stage 1 disease, n = 408; GOLD stage ≥ 2, n = 331; PRISm findings, n = 96). Rates of undiagnosed COPD were 84% in GOLD stage 1 and 58% in GOLD stage ≥ 2 groups. Prevalence of CVD (IHD or HF) was significantly higher among individuals with impaired spirometry findings and COPD compared with those with normal spirometry findings, with ORs of 1.66 (95% CI, 1.13-2.43; P = .01∗) (∗ indicates statistical significane with P < .05) and 1.55 (95% CI, 1.04-2.31; P = .033∗), respectively. Prevalence of CVD was significantly higher in participants having PRISm findings and COPD GOLD stage ≥ 2, but not GOLD stage 1. CVD incidence was significantly higher, with hazard ratios of 2.07 (95% CI, 1.10-3.91; P = .024∗) for the impaired spirometry group and 2.09 (95% CI, 1.10-3.98; P = .024∗) for the COPD group compared to individuals with normal spirometry findings. The difference was significantly higher among individuals with COPD GOLD stage ≥ 2, but not GOLD stage 1. The discrimination for predicting CVD was low and limited when impaired spirometry findings were added to either risk score., Interpretation: Individuals with impaired spirometry findings, especially those with moderate or worse COPD and PRISm findings, have increased comorbid CVD compared with their peers with normal spirometry findings, and having COPD increases the risk of CVD developing., (Copyright © 2023 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Regular physical exercise and appropriate nutrition affect metabolic and hormonal responses and may reduce the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases such as high blood pressure, ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, some types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Computational models describing the metabolic and hormonal changes due to the synergistic action of exercise and meal intake are, to date, scarce and mostly focussed on glucose absorption, ignoring the contribution of the other macronutrients. We here describe a model of nutrient intake, stomach emptying, and absorption of macronutrients in the gastrointestinal tract during and after the ingestion of a mixed meal, including the contribution of proteins and fats. We integrated this effort to our previous work in which we modeled the effects of a bout of physical exercise on metabolic homeostasis. We validated the computational model with reliable data from the literature. The simulations are overall physiologically consistent and helpful in describing the metabolic changes due to everyday life stimuli such as multiple mixed meals and variable periods of physical exercise over prolonged periods of time. This computational model may be used to design virtual cohorts of subjects differing in sex, age, height, weight, and fitness status, for specialized in silico challenge studies aimed at designing exercise and nutrition schemes to support health., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are involved in a multitude of crucial cellular functions by acting as a central conduit for information transfer. Due to their essential and versatile functional roles in the cell, RNAs have also been implicated in multiple disease conditions of therapeutic relevance including cancers, bacterial and viral infections and neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, several approaches have emerged to tap into the potentially unexplored regions of the druggable genome, which refers to the genes and gene products that are focused during drug development. For example, considering RNAs as viable alternative therapeutic targets for drug development can potentially expand the range of therapeutic targets. Consequently, the availability of adequate binding affinity measurements for RNA-small molecule interactions is essential to understand target selectivity and design more potent RNA-targeting drug-like molecules. To facilitate this growing need, we have curated a database of experimentally validated RNA-small molecule interactions, called RNA-Small molecule Interaction Miner (R-SIM). Each entry in R-SIM provides comprehensive information on sequence, structure and classification of the RNA target, various physicochemical properties of the small molecule, binding affinity value and corresponding experimental conditions, three-dimensional structure (experimental or modelled) of the RNA-small molecule complex, and the literature source for the data. It also provides a user-friendly web interface with several options for search, display, sorting, visualization, download and upload of the data. R-SIM is freely available at: https://web.iitm.ac.in/bioinfo2/R&#95;SIM/index.html. We envisage that R-SIM has several potential applications in understanding and accelerating the development of novel RNA-targeted small molecule therapeutics., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) are important in marine ecosystems because they organise the food chain and trophic pathways, which determine the overall biological environment. Based on three FORV Sagar Sampada cruises, the current study provides changes in PSCs in the Northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS; north of 18 N) during different phases of the Northeast Monsoon [NEM (November-February)]. During all three phases of NEM such as early (November), peak (December), and late (February), in-situ chlorophyll-a fractionation data revealed that nanoplankton (2-20 μm) predominated, followed by microplankton (>20 μm) and picoplankton (0.2-2.0 μm). This was primarily because winter convective mixing in the NEAS maintains only a moderate level of nutrients in the surface mixed layer, which is more conducive to the dominance of nanoplankton. Brewin et al. (2012) and Sahay et al. (2017) have satellite-based PSC estimation algorithms; the former was developed for the entire Indian Ocean, while the latter is a modification of the former for the Noctiluca bloom-infested NEAS, with a claim that such blooms are typical of the NEM. When current in-situ PSCs data were compared to algorithm-based NEM data, Brewin et al. (2012) revealed a more realistic PSCs contribution pattern, especially in oceanic waters, with nanoplankton predominating except during early NEM. But the PSCs data from Sahay et al. (2017) showed a high degree of variation from the in-situ data, demonstrating the dominance of pico- and microplankton and a notably small contribution from the nano phytoplankton. The current study showed that Sahay et al. (2017) is inferior to Brewin et al. (2012) at quantifying PSCs in the NEAS without Noctiluca blooms, and provided evidence to show that Noctiluca blooms are not a typical feature of the region during the NEM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: General anesthesia (GA) is the standard anesthetic approach for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation. Nonetheless, GA is expensive and can be associated with adverse events. Tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) has been shown to reduce in-room and procedural times and to decrease post-procedural pain, all of which could result in a reduction in procedure-related costs., Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the cost-effectiveness of GA and TLA in patients undergoing S-ICD implantation., Methods: The present study is a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study of patients who underwent S-ICD implantation between 2019 and 2022. Patients were allocated to either the TLA or the GA group. We performed a cost analysis for each intervention. As an effectiveness measure, the 0-10 point Numeric Pain Rating Scale at 1, 12, and 24 hours post-implantation was analyzed and compared between the groups. A score of 0 was considered no pain; 1-5, mild pain; 6-7, moderate pain; and 8-10, severe pain. Cost-effectiveness was calculated using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios., Results: Seventy patients underwent successful S-ICD implantation. The total cost of the electrophysiology laboratory was higher in the GA group than in the TLA group (median ± interquartile range US$55,824 ± US$29,411 vs US$37,222 ± US$24,293; P < .001), with a net saving of $20,821 when compared with GA for each S-ICD implantation. There was a significant decrease in post-procedural pain scores in the TLA group when compared with the GA group (repeated measures analysis of variance, P = .009; median ± interquartile range 0 ± 3 vs 0 ± 5 at 1 hour, P = .058; 3 ± 4 vs 6 ± 8 at 12 hours, P = .030; 0 ± 4 vs 2 ± 6 at 24 hours, P = .040)., Conclusion: TLA is a more cost-effective alternative to GA for S-ICD implantation, with both direct and indirect cost reductions. Importantly, these reduced costs are associated with reduced postprocedural pain., (Copyright © 2022 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Dysfunction of mesangial cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the leading cause of kidney failure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. By unbiased gene expression analysis of glucose-exposed mesangial cells, we identified the transmembrane receptor CD248 as the most upregulated gene, and the maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) as one of the most stimulated pathways. Upregulation of CD248 was further confirmed in glucose-stressed mesangial cells in vitro, in kidney glomeruli isolated from diabetic mice (streptozotocin; STZ and db/db models, representing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively) in vivo, and in glomerular kidney sections from patients with DKD. Time course analysis revealed that glomerular CD248 induction precedes the onset of albuminuria, mesangial matrix expansion and maladaptive UPR activation (hallmarked by transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) induction) but is paralleled by loss of the adaptive UPR regulator spliced X box binding protein (XBP1). Mechanistically, CD248 promoted maladaptive UPR signaling via inhibition of the inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-mediated transcription factor XBP1 splicing in vivo and in vitro. CD248 induced a multiprotein complex comprising heat shock protein 90, BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) and IRE1α, in which BID impedes IRE1α-mediated XBP1 splicing and induced CHOP mediated maladaptive UPR signaling. While CD248 knockout ameliorated DKD-associated glomerular dysfunction and reverses maladaptive unfolded protein response signaling, concomitant XBP1 deficiency abolished the protective effect in diabetic CD248 knockout mice, supporting a functional interaction of CD248 and XBP1 in vivo. Hence, CD248 is a novel mesangial cell receptor inducing maladaptive UPR signaling in DKD., (Copyright © 2022 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Developing efficient and stable visible light active photocatalyst has significant environmental applications. Though dye sensitization of TiO 2 nanoparticles with natural chlorophyll pigments can potentially impart visible light activity, their long-term stability is a major concern. We investigated the functionalization of TiO 2 with salicylic acid, and subsequent sensitization with chlorophylls to improve the catalyst stability for the photocatalytic degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CPX) under visible light. A significant improvement in the degradation efficiency and catalyst stability was observed for five reuse cycles. Further, an optimum CPX degradation of ∼75% was achieved with 0.75 g L -1 catalyst dosage of 0.1 chl/0.1 SA-TiO 2 , initial pH of 6, and 10 ppm of initial CPX for a visible light exposure of 2 h. The degradation followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, the ciprofloxacin degradation was reduced in the wastewater matrix system due to the presence of other scavenging species such as chlorides, sulphates, and alkalinity. Significant reduction in the toxicity of degradation compounds after the photocatalytic degradation was observed in comparison to parent CPX. Further, the degradation pathway and plausible mechanism of degradation of CPX were also proposed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Follow-up after residential treatment is considered best practice in supporting patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in their recovery. Yet, little is known about rates of follow-up after discharge. The objective of this analysis was to measure rates of follow-up and use of medications for OUD (MOUD) after residential treatment among Medicaid enrollees in 10 states, and to understand the enrollee and episode characteristics that are associated with both outcomes., Methods: Using a distributed research network to analyze Medicaid claims data, we estimated the likelihood of 4 outcomes occurring within 7 and 30 days post-discharge from residential treatment for OUD using multinomial logit regression: no follow-up or MOUD, follow-up visit only, MOUD only, or both follow-up and MOUD. We used meta-analysis techniques to pool state-specific estimates into global estimates., Results: We identified 90,639 episodes of residential treatment for OUD for 69,017 enrollees from 2018 to 2019. We found that 62.5% and 46.9% of episodes did not receive any follow-up or MOUD at 7 days and 30 days, respectively. In adjusted analyses, co-occurring mental health conditions, longer lengths of stay, prior receipt of MOUD or behavioral health counseling, and a recent ED visit for OUD were associated with a greater likelihood of receiving follow-up treatment including MOUD after discharge., Conclusions: Forty-seven percent of residential treatment episodes for Medicaid enrollees are not followed by an outpatient visit or MOUD, and thus are not following best practices., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the field of lateral flow assay (LFA), the application of aptamer as a bioreceptor has been implemented to overcome the limitations of antibodies, such as tedious in vivo processes, short shelf-life, and functionalization issues. To address these limitations aptamer-based LFA (ALFA) is preferred to antibody-based LFA that produces higher sensitivity and specificity. In principle, aptamers have a strong affinity towards their targets like small, large, and non-immunogenic molecules because of their high affinity, sensitivity, low dissociation constant, cost-effectiveness, and flexible nature. Thus, ALFA can be considered an efficient biosensor model for its superior portability, rapid detection with quick turnaround time, and usability by a non-technical person at any location with simple visual output. This review concisely overviews ALFA, its principles, formats, aptamer selection process, and biomedical applications. In addition, the critical components to design, develop, test, and amplify signals to create ALFA are discussed in brief. In addition, the aspects of conceptualization of ALFA product transforming from bench-side laboratory design and fabrication to commercial market are addressed in detail., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Economic evaluations of nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions are scarce, limiting assessment of their potential affordability and scalability., Objectives: We conducted cost-consequence analyses of 3 participatory video-based interventions of fortnightly women's group meetings using the following platforms: 1) NSA videos; 2) NSA and nutrition-specific videos; or 3) NSA videos with a nutrition-specific participatory learning and action (PLA) cycle., Methods: Interventions were tested in a 32-mo, 4-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial, Upscaling Participatory Action and Videos for Agriculture and Nutrition (UPAVAN) in the Keonjhar district, Odisha, India. Impacts were evaluated in children aged 0-23 mo and their mothers. We estimated program costs using data collected prospectively from expenditure records of implementing and technical partners and societal costs using expenditure assessment data collected from households with a child aged 0-23 mo and key informant interviews. Costs were adjusted for inflation, discounted, and converted to 2019 US$., Results: Total program costs of each intervention ranged from US$272,121 to US$386,907. Program costs per pregnant woman or mother of a child aged 0-23 mo were US$62 for NSA videos, US$84 for NSA and nutrition-specific videos, and US$78 for NSA videos with PLA (societal costs: US$125, US$143, and US$122, respectively). Substantial shares of total costs were attributable to development and delivery of the videos and PLA (52-69%) and quality assurance (25-41%). Relative to control, minimum dietary diversity was higher in the children who underwent the interventions incorporating nutrition-specific videos and PLA (adjusted RRs: 1.19 and 1.27; 95% CIs: 1.03-1.37 and 1.11, 1.46, respectively). Relative to control, minimum dietary diversity in mothers was higher in those who underwent NSA video (1.21 [1.01, 1.45]) and NSA with PLA (1.30 [1.10, 1.53]) interventions., Conclusion: NSA videos with PLA can increase both maternal and child dietary diversity and have the lowest cost per unit increase in diet diversity. Building on investments made in developing UPAVAN, cost-efficiency at scale could be increased with less intensive monitoring, reduced startup costs, and integration within existing government programs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN65922679., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.)

Objective: To describe pressure injury (PrI) prevalence, comorbidities, and rehabilitation utilization among older adults with stroke at skilled nursing facilities' (SNFs') admission assessment., Design: Retrospective cohort., Setting and Participants: Older Medicare beneficiaries (>65 years old) with stroke admitted to SNFs., Methods: We extracted data between 2013 and 2014 using the Master Beneficiary Summary, Medicare Provider Analysis and Review, and Minimum Data Set 3.0. PI data were assessed during admission assessment., Results: Of the 65,330 older adults poststroke admitted to SNFs, 11% had at least 1 PrI present on admission assessment. Individuals who were non-Hispanic Black, with a longer hospital stay, from lower socioeconomic status, with higher proportions of comorbidities (eg, underweight, urinary and bowel incontinence, diabetes, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and infections), and higher functional impairments were likely to present with a PrI at SNF admission assessment. Compared with individuals with superficial PrI, individuals with deep PrI were more likely to be young-old (<75 years), non-Hispanic Black, from lower socioeconomic status, present with a shorter hospital stay, an intensive care unit stay, with higher functional impairments, skin integrity issues, system failure, and infections. Compared to those without PrI or superficial PrI, individuals with any-stage PrI or deep PrI were more likely to be cotreated by physical and occupational therapist and less likely to receive individual therapy. Those with PrI poststroke had low documented turning and repositioning rates than those without PrI., Conclusions and Implications: Identifying modifiable risk factors to prevent PrIs poststroke in SNFs will facilitate targeted preventative interventions and improve wound care efficacy and rehabilitation utilization for optimized patient outcomes. Identifying residents with a higher risk of PrI during acute care discharge and providing early preventive care during post-acute care would possibly decrease costs and improve outcome quality., (Copyright © 2022 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) first appeared at the end of December 2019 and is still spreading in most countries. To diagnose COVID-19 using reverse transcription - Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), one has to go to a dedicated center, which requires significant cost and human resources. Hence, there is a requirement for a remote monitoring tool that can perform the preliminary screening of COVID-19. In this paper, we propose that a detailed audio texture analysis of COVID-19 sounds may help in performing the initial screening of COVID-19. The texture analysis is done on three different signal modalities of COVID-19, i.e. cough, breath, and speech signals. In this work, we have used 1141 samples of cough signals, 392 samples of breath signals, and 893 samples of speech signals. To analyze the audio textural behavior of COVID-19 sounds, the local binary patterns LBP) and Haralick's features were extracted from the spectrogram of the signals. The textural analysis on cough and breath sounds was done on the following 5 classes for the first time: COVID-19 positive with cough, COVID-19 positive without cough, healthy person with cough, healthy person without cough, and an asthmatic cough. For speech sounds there were only two classes: COVID-19 positive, and COVID-19 negative. During experiments, 71.7% of the cough samples and 72.2% of breath samples were classified into 5 classes. Also, 79.7% of speech samples are classified into 2 classes. The highest accuracy rate of 98.9% was obtained when binary classification between COVID-19 cough and non-COVID-19 cough was done., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cancers of the head and neck offers demonstrated clinical and diagnostic value, but adoption is limited by concerns about the detrimental consequence to survival of false negative results in a highly curable setting. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential to overcome this via application of a novel mannose-labeled magnetic iron oxide tracer. In a large animal model, preoperative imaging and intraoperative magnetometer detection were used to identify magnetic lymph nodes. Iron quantification mapped the distribution of tracer within lymphatic levels. Over a 4-week test period, uptake of magnetic tracer in lymph nodes increased in a linear-like fashion, with a substantial percentage of accumulated iron (83%) being retained in the sentinel node. This result indicates a high affinity of mannose-labeled particles to the sentinel node, while providing a means for the magnetometer probe to indicate node status based on intraoperative signal., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Calorie restriction (CR) is a common approach to inducing negative energy balance. Recently, time-restricted feeding (TRF), which involves consuming food within specific time windows during a 24-h day, has become popular owing to its relative ease of practice and potential to aid in achieving and maintaining a negative energy balance. TRF can be implemented intentionally with CR, or TRF might induce CR simply because of the time restriction. This review focuses on summarizing our current knowledge on how TRF and continuous CR affect gut peptides that influence satiety. Based on peer-reviewed studies, in response to CR there is an increase in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and a reduction in fasting leptin and insulin. There is likely a reduction in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK), albeit the evidence for this is weak. After TRF, unlike CR, fasting ghrelin decreased in some TRF studies, whereas it showed no change in several others. Further, a reduction in fasting leptin, insulin, and GLP-1 has been observed. In conclusion, when other determinants of food intake are held equal, the peripheral satiety systems appear to be somewhat similarly affected by CR and TRF with regard to leptin, insulin, and GLP-1. But unlike CR, TRF did not appear to robustly increase ghrelin, suggesting different influences on appetite with a potential decrease of hunger after TRF when compared with CR. However, there are several established and novel gut peptides that have not been measured within the context of CR and TRF, and studies that have evaluated effects of TRF are often short-term, with nonuniform study designs and highly varying temporal eating patterns. More evidence and studies addressing these aspects are needed to draw definitive conclusions., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2022.)

This review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on how time-restricted feeding (TRF) and continuous caloric restriction (CR) affect central neuroendocrine systems involved in regulating satiety. Several interconnected regions of the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cortical areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of satiety. Following CR and TRF, the increase in hunger and reduction in satiety signals of the melanocortin system [neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)] appear similar between CR and TRF protocols, as do the dopaminergic responses in the mesocorticolimbic circuit. However, ghrelin and leptin signaling via the melanocortin system appears to improve energy balance signals and reduce hyperphagia following TRF, which has not been reported in CR. In addition to satiety systems, CR and TRF also influence circadian rhythms. CR influences the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or the primary circadian clock as seen by increased clock gene expression. In contrast, TRF appears to affect both the SCN and the peripheral clocks, as seen by phasic changes in the non-SCN (potentially the elusive food entrainable oscillator) and metabolic clocks. The peripheral clocks are influenced by the primary circadian clock but are also entrained by food timing, sleep timing, and other lifestyle parameters, which can supersede the metabolic processes that are regulated by the primary circadian clock. Taken together, TRF influences hunger/satiety, energy balance systems, and circadian rhythms, suggesting a role for adherence to CR in the long run if implemented using the TRF approach. However, these suggestions are based on only a few studies, and future investigations that use standardized protocols for the evaluation of the effect of these diet patterns (time, duration, meal composition, sufficiently powered) are necessary to verify these preliminary observations., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2022.)

The electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have received significant attention among the many other water and wastewater treatment technologies. However, achieving a desirable removal effect with a single technique is frequently difficult. Therefore, the integration of ultrasound technique with other processes such as electrocoagulation, electro-Fenton, and electrooxidation is a critical way to achieve effective organic pollutants decomposition from wastewater. This review paper is focused on ultrasound-assisted electrochemical (US/electrochemical) processes, so-called sonoelectrochemical processes of various organic pollutants. Emphasis was given to recently published articles for discussing the results and trends in this research area. The use of ultrasound and integration with electrochemical processes has a synergistic impact owing to the physical and chemical consequences of cavitation, resulting in enhancing the mineralization of organic pollutants. Various types of sonoelectrochemical reactors (batch and continuous) employed in the US/electrochemical processes were reviewed. In addition, the strategies to avoid passivation, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, and mixing effect are reviewed. Finally, concluding remarks and future perspectives on this research topic are also explored and recommended., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Several strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Among them, the use of various nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g. Fe, Ag, Cu, Mn, and metal oxides) is considered one of the most effective approaches to enhance the methanogenesis stage and biogas yield. Iron-based NPs (zero-valent iron with paramagnetic properties (Fe 0 ) and iron oxides with ferromagnetic properties (Fe 3 O 4 /Fe 2 O 3 ) enhance microbial activity and minimise the inhibition effect in methanogenesis. However, comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge on the function and impact of Fe-NPs on methanogens and methanogenesis stages in AD is frequently required. This review focuses on the applicative role of iron-based NPs (Fe-NPs) in the AD methanogenesis step to provide a comprehensive understanding application of Fe-NPs. In addition, insight into the interactions between methanogens and Fe-NPs (e.g. role of methanogens, microbe interaction and gene transfer with Fe-NPs) beneficial for CH 4 production rate is provided. Microbial activity, inhibition effects and direct interspecies electron transfer through Fe-NPs have been extensively discussed. Finally, further studies towards detecting effective and optimised NPs based methods in the methanogenesis stage are reported., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)