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As the global population grows, the demand for safe food security aligned with sustainable development objectives becomes increasingly critical. This review delves into the innovative design techniques of stimuli-responsive smart alginate nanomaterials. It focuses on smart alginate hybrid nanomaterials and their nanocomposites that react to external stimuli. pH-responsive smart alginate hybrid nanomaterials are effectively utilized for the targeted delivery of bioactive components. Conversely, pH, temperature, specific analytes, and ionic strength-responsive smart alginate nanocomposites have food preservation, packaging, safety, and waste upcycling applications. This paper provides an in-depth examination of recent advancements in pH-responsive smart alginate hybrid nanomaterials, emphasizing targeted distribution systems, including nanoparticles, nanoliposome complexes, high internal phase Pickering emulsions, emulgels, nanogels, nanobioaerogels, and electrospun nanofibers. Moreover, the review highlights how smart alginate nanocomposites contribute to sustainable food preservation and upcycling of food waste, enhancing food safety. Detailed discussions on commercialization regulations underscore the importance of regulatory compliance and safety in deploying these advanced materials.

This review article embarks on an enlightening journey through the multifaceted realm of electronic devices and their applications in biosensing, emphasizing the role of Field effect transistor (FET) based biosensors and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) processes in biosensing device development. It begins by elucidating the foundational principles of biosensing and underscoring the crucial contribution of transducers, establishing a robust understanding of the field. The article unravels the intricate interplay between electronic biosensors and CMOS processes, offering a concise yet insightful exploration of their operational intricacies, diverse practical applications, and recent advancements. Additionally, it spotlights the pivotal role of FET-based biosensors integrated with CMOS processes in miniaturizing biosensors and thus amplifying their real-world efficacy. Moreover, the role of modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), in recent biosensor development has been discussed. By addressing inherent challenges like sensitivity, integration, cost, and accessibility, the article underscores the vital role of biosensing technologies driven by electronic devices in wearable technology development. In addition, integrating these devices to fit with the ongoing trend of VLSI technology faces significant challenges. To overcome this aspect, sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can be the best alternative, as they will avoid utilizing bioreceptors, as it simplifies integration by reducing complexity, enhancing stability, and improving compatibility with CMOS processes. Hence, this review's distinct contribution lies in its comprehensive approach, shedding light on how biosensing technologies, underpinned by electronic devices such as FETs and CMOS processes, offer solutions for realizing modern-day devices.

The focus of the present review is to provide a detailed discussion about the outstanding properties, namely physical, optical (majorly quantum confinement phenomenon), and electrical of cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs). CdSe QDs have extensive utility in the biomedical domain owing to their unique properties. Thus, this review illustrates the wide range of applications of CdSe QDs in optical features, such as targeted drug delivery, drug resistance, drug analysis, photo-thermal therapy, antimicrobial activity, and tissue staining. Moreover, this review also highlights by discussing about the optical and optoelectronic application, which includes a good display, lasing, light emitting diode, and bioimaging that requires elevated photoluminescence spectra, quantum yield, and photostability.

Core@shell nanomaterials are a class of materials containing a core and a shell, both at the nanometer scale, as they have become a consequential research interest owing to their optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Moreover, various core@shell nanomaterials have also emerged in many other fields, such as catalysis, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical due to their less toxicity, surface area, good biocompatibility, adequate penetration power for biological tissue, and selectivity for target molecules. Hence, this review covers the optical properties of core@shell nanomaterials and biosensors based on various core@shell nanomaterials, for example, inorganic@inorganic (Au@Ag), organic@inorganic (polyurethane@Au), inorganic@organic (CeO2@polyaniline), and organic@organic (poly(vinylidene difluoride)@dopamine) for biomedical applications; along with this, it also discusses the advantage and disadvantage of core@shell nanomaterials.

An individual's health is one of the essential aspects of life, but due to the limited technology at health care centers, many people face various restrictions during their treatment. These days, Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the most fascinating topic that provides solutions to these limitations in various ways. The IoT is utilized in various healthcare conducts that include detection, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. Wearable devices are a part of IoT that is proposed for helping patients to get the correct treatment. The conventional communication networks developed for humans-based applications face many issues like stringent latency, restricted computing capability, and short battery life. On the other hand, the onset of 5G has developed a new set of technologies that offer the vital ''backbone” for connecting to the billions of devices for the upcoming IoT that would completely modify our professional and private lives. Due to the data capabilities, intelligent management, and superfast connectivity of 5G, this network has enabled new health care opportunities that include treatment, data analytics, diagnostics, and imaging. In the current review, a systematic literature survey of IoT, IoT-based wearable devices, and the role of 5G in IoT for healthcare is described in detail. Furthermore, we have explained the usage of wearable devices in detecting the issue in terms of healthcare, such as curing, monitoring, and detection of disease. Nevertheless, this review article also emphasizes the employment of IoT architecture and its wearable devices in addition to the upcoming research challenges related to this area.

Micronutrient malnutrition (or hidden hunger) caused by vitamin B-complex deficiency is a significant concern in the growing population. Vitamin B-complex plays an essential role in many body functions. With the introduction of nanotechnology in the food industry, new and innovative techniques have started to develop, which holds a promising future to end malnutrition and help achieve United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goal-2 (UN SDG-2), named as zero hunger. This review highlights the need for nanofortification of vitamin B-complex in food matrix to address challenges faced by conventional fortification methods (bioavailability, controlled release, physicochemical stability, and shelf life). Further, different nanomaterials like organic, inorganic, carbon, and composites along with their applications, are discussed in detail. Among various nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials (lipid, polysaccharides, proteins, and biopolymers) were found best for fortifying vitamin B-complex in foods. Additionally, different regulatory aspects across the globe and prospects of this upcoming field are also highlighted in this review.

Graphene is a two-dimensional material with sp2 hybridization that has found its broad-spectrum potentialities in various domains like electronics, robotics, aeronautics, etc.; it has recently gained its utilities in the biomedical domain. The unique properties of graphene and its derivatives of graphene have helped them find their utilities in the biomedical domain. Additionally, the sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has immensely expanded the research field, which has also benefitted graphene and its derivatives. Currently, the world is facing a global pandemic due to the sudden outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, from its major onset in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. Presently, many new variants and mutants appear, which is more harmful than previous strains. However, researchers and scientists are focused on understanding the target structure of coronavirus, mechanism, causes and transmission mode, treatment, and alternatives to cure these diseases in this critical pandemic situation; many findings are achieved, but much more is unknown and pending to be explored. This review paper is dedicated to exploring the utilities of graphene and its derivatives in combating the SARS-CoV-2 by highlighting their mechanism and applications in the fabrication of biosensors, personal protection equipment (PPE) kits, 3-D printing, and antiviral coatings. Further, the paper also covers the cytotoxicity caused by graphene and its derivatives and highlights the graphene-based derivatives market aspects in biomedical domains. Thus, graphene and graphene-derived materials are our new hope in this pandemic time, and this review helps acquire broad knowledge about them.

Metabolic syndrome is a collection of abnormalities including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. The metabolic syndrome results in a dramatic five-fold elevation in the risk of developing type-2 diabetes and a two-fold heightened risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. It is fast becoming a major global health challenge, cause of mortality and morbidity. Regardless of advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, available therapies are still not effective. Nanotechnology is marked as an upcoming tool with a wide range of applications in biomedicine, especially for the management of metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders such as diabetes, obesity, etc. because the nanotechnology utilizes nanoscaled drugs and therapeutics that can reach specific target sites, which helps in improving drug delivery systems, early disease detection and diagnosis using nano-imaging techniques. Therefore, nanotechnology increases bioavailability, permeability, compatibility, the effectiveness of treatment and reduced adverse effects. In this review, we will describe the role of nanomaterial-based therapeutics in managing metabolic disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance which all increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Goat milk gels (GMGs) are popular food due to their high water content, low-calorie density, appealing taste, texture enhancers, stability, and satiety-enhancing characteristics, making them ideal for achieving food security and zero hunger. The GMGs were optimized using the central composite design matrix of response surface methodology using goat milk powder (35–55 g), whole milk powder (10–25 g), and potato powder (10–15 g) as independent variables. In contrast, complex modulus, flow stress, and forward extrudability were chosen as dependent variables. The maximum value of complex modulus 33670.9 N, good flow stress 7863.6 N, and good extrudability 65.32 N was achieved under optimal conditions. The optimized goat milk gel was fortified with ascorbic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (magnetic nature) decorated alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (AA-MNP@CANPs), making it nutritionally rich in an economically feasible way—the decorated AA-MNP@CANPs characterized for size, shape, crystallinity, surface charge, and optical characteristics. Finally, the optimized fortified smart GMGs were further characterized via Scanning electron microscopy, Rheology, Texture profile analysis, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The fortified smart GMGs carry more nutritional diversity, targeted iron delivery, and the fundamental sustainability development goal of food security.