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Purpose: The American Heart Association recently issued a substantial update to the definition and scoring of cardiovascular health (CVH), now called "Life's Essential 8" (LE8). We aimed to assess the trends in overall and individual LE8 CVH metrics among adolescents in the United States., Methods: A total of 6,999 United States adolescents aged 12-19 years from six cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-2008 to 2017-2018 were included in this study. The individual LE8 metrics included diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index (BMI), blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP). A higher CVH score indicates better CVH health., Results: The mean score of overall CVH significantly increased from 72.8 (95% confidence interval: 71.2-74.3) in 2007-2008 to 77.3 (76.1-78.5) in 2017-2018 in US adolescents (p-trend < .001). From 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, the mean scores increased from 75.5 (72.0-79.1) to 90.0 (88.0-91.9) for nicotine exposure, from 65.2 (61.6-68.8) to 73.3 (69.9-76.8) for sleep health, from 69.9 (67.1-72.8) to 73.0 (69.1-76.9) for blood lipids, and from 94.4 (93.0-95.9) to 96.2 (95.2-97.3) for BP (all p-trend < .05). However, the mean scores for diet, physical activity, and blood glucose did not significantly change (all p-trend > .05), whereas the mean score decreased from 81.4 (78.9-84.0) to 78.6 (76.4-80.8) for BMI (p-trend = .023)., Discussion: In United States adolescents, the overall CVH and four components (nicotine exposure, sleep health, blood lipids, and BP) significantly improved over time, diet, physical activity, and blood glucose remained unchanged, whereas BMI worsened., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cholestasis is a disorder of bile secretion and excretion caused by a variety of etiologies. At present, there is a lack of functional foods or drugs that can be used for intervention. Forsythiaside A (FTA) is a natural phytochemical component isolated from the medicinal plant Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, which has a significant hepatoprotective effect. In this study, we investigated whether FTA could alleviate liver injury induced by cholestasis. In vitro, FTA reversed the decrease in viability of human intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells, the decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, CAT and GSH-Px), and cell apoptosis induced by lithocholic acid. In vivo, FTA protected mice from 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced liver injury, abnormal serum biochemical indexes, abnormal bile duct hyperplasia, and inflammatory infiltration. Furthermore, FTA treatment alleviated liver fibrosis by inhibiting collagen deposition and HSC activation. The metabonomic results showed that DDC-induced bile acid disorders in the liver and serum were reversed after FTA treatment, which may benefit from the activation of the FXR/BSEP axis. In addition, FTA treatment increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the serum and liver. Meanwhile, FTA treatment inhibited ROS and MDA levels and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression, thereby reducing DDC-induced hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis. Further studies showed that the antioxidant effects of FTA were dependent on the activation of the BRG1/NRF2/HO-1 axis. In a word, FTA has a significant hepatoprotective effect on cholestatic liver injury, and can be further developed as a functional food or drug to prevent and treat cholestatic liver injury., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Some older adults with loneliness might have transient loneliness, followed by full remission, while others might have persistent loneliness. Such different courses might differ in predicting the risk of dementia, but most previous studies assessed short-term loneliness at a single time point, ignoring the long-term changes of loneliness. This study aimed to explore the association between 8-year trajectories of late-life loneliness and incident dementia., Methods: Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (waves 2-9). This study included 6,722 older adults measured for loneliness greater than or equal to three times from wave 2 (2004-2005) to wave 6 (2012-2013) and free from dementia in wave 6. Loneliness was assessed using the short 1980 version of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to explore loneliness trajectories during waves 2-6. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association of loneliness trajectories with incident dementia during waves 6-9., Results: Five distinct loneliness trajectories were identified: long-term low, persistently decreasing, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high. Compared with long-term low loneliness, the HRs (95% confidence intervals) for persistently decreasing, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high loneliness were 1.29 (0.83-2.00), 1.55 (1.04-2.31), 1.56 (1.03-2.38), and 3.35 (1.89-5.91), respectively., Conclusion: The elderly show distinct patterns of loneliness over time, which cannot be captured by a single assessment of loneliness. The elderly with long-term loneliness and persistently increasing loneliness might be the high-risk group for dementia. Further studies are needed to determine whether reducing loneliness can prevent dementia., (Copyright © 2022 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Previous studies have shown a relationship between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure and an increased risk of neonatal disorders. Considering the huge burden of neonatal disorders, we assessed spatiotemporal trends of neonatal disorders burden caused by ambient and household PM 2.5 at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019. The number, rate, and population attributable fraction (PAF) of ambient and household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to measure the related neonatal disorders burden by age, sex, subtype, and region. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated to quantify temporal trends. In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global neonatal disorders burden was attributable to PM 2.5 exposure, with 7.54% for ambient PM 2.5 and 13.23% for household PM 2.5 . Although the global neonatal disorders burden attributable to household PM 2.5 has decreased substantially in the past 30 years, that attributable to ambient PM 2.5 has increased, especially in lower sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. The highest rate and PAF of ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were in South Asia and East Asia, respectively, and the fastest increases were in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (for rate: EAPC = 2.55, 95% CI: 2.37-2.73) and South Asia (for PAF: EAPC = 3.88, 95% CI: 3.68-4.08). In addition, we found an inverted V-shaped between rates and PAFs of ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019, as well as corresponding EAPCs, and SDI, while rates and PAFs of household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were highly negatively correlated with SDI. In the past three decades, the global ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden largely increased, especially in lower SDI regions. Comparatively, the household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden decreased but still accounted for about two-thirds of the PM 2.5 -related neonatal disease burden., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anthocyanins as natural pH-sensitive material can be used to determine the freshness of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fillets. However, it is easily degraded. Using zein as the protective layer to improve the light blocking ability of the film, gellan gum (GG) and black rice extracts (BRE) as the sensing layer, a bilayer colorimetric indicator film for monitoring fish spoilage was developed. The functionality and stability of bilayer film and GG single film were compared. As compared to GG single film, Zein/GG bilayer film had stronger intermolecular interactions, higher mechanical properties, and higher optical barrier properties. Notably, Zein/GG-8 % BRE bilayer film exhibited higher stability than GG-8 % BRE film when the films were exposed to room temperature for 30 days. Zein/GG-8 % BRE bilayer film were further used to monitor freshness of largemouth bass fillets during storage. Zein/GG-8 % BRE bilayer film demonstrated a noticeable color change from red to brown when largemouth bass fillets spoiled. Moreover, the ∆E of films showed a good correlation with TVB-N of largemouth bass fillets (R 2  = 0.985). Our research results show that the Zein/GG-BRE bilayer indicator film has great potential application prospects in monitoring fish freshness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The Cephalotaxus genus is well-known owing to the numerous complex, biologically relevant natural products that can be obtained from its constituent species. The successful identification of various Cephalotaxus alkaloids and natural, structurally diverse cephalotane diterpenoids that exhibit antitumor activities and excellent pharmacological properties has encouraged the discovery of previously undescribed compounds from this genus. The present review summarizes the different strategies for the total synthesis of cephalotane diterpenoids as well as their diverse chemical structures, antitumor activities, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and biosynthetic pathways., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cephafortunoids A-D (1-4), four new compounds, together with ten known ones (5-14), were isolated from the branches and leaves of Cephalotaxus fortunei var. alpina. 1 and 2 represent the first examples of Cephalotaxus troponoid diterpenoids featured an intact C 20 skeleton with CH 3 -17 migrating to C-15 and C-13 respectively. 3 and 4 are novel cephalotane-type diterpenoids with an epoxy ring between C-12 and C-13. The structures of isolated compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and comparison with reported data. In in vitro bioassays, all isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1), human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and human prostate cancer cells (PC-3). 5-9 exhibited prominent cytotoxicity against HL-60 and THP-1 with GI 50 values of 0.27-5.48 and 0.48-7.54 μM, respectively. 5-8 showed evident cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 with IC 50 values of 1.96-10.66 and 2.72-13.99 μM, severally. 6 with an IC 50 value of 2.72 ± 0.35 μM displayed stronger cytotoxicity against PC-3 than the positive control etoposide. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds and plausible biogenetic pathways for 1-4 were discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been implicated in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Most human genetic studies have focused on ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and yielded conflicting results. In this work, we evaluated the relationships between cognitive function, serum ACE level, brain white matter (WM) integrity, and ACE I/D polymorphism in 48 patients with aMCI and 36 well matched control subjects from south China. In aMCI patients, D allele frequency was higher (D/I ratio=0.51:0.49) than that of the control subjects (D/I ratio=0.43:0.57); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The D carriers in aMCI subjects performed significantly poorer on auditory-verbal learning test (AVLT) -delayed recall than the I homozygous group (p=0.035). These carriers had higher serum ACE level than the I homozygous carriers of aMCI (p=0.037). In the aMCI group, D carriers showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the left middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, right gyrus parahippocampalis, right inferior parietal lobule, and bilateral anterior central gyrus than the I homozygotes carriers. However, no significant difference was observed in FA values between I homozygotes and D carriers in the control subjects. The ACE D allele in aMCI patients may increase the risk of cognitive impairment. A high serum ACE level possibly plays an important role in the incidence of aMCI., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the current study, Arabidopsis seedlings were hydroponically grown on MS media containing cadmium (Cd) of 0-2.0 mg L(-1) for 60 h of treatment. Gene expression profiles were used to relate exposure to Cd with some altered biological responses and/or specific growth effects. RT-PCR analysis was used to quantitate mRNA expression for seven genes known to be involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system and cell division. Results indicated that Cd concentrations of 0.25-2.0 mg L(-1) cause increased total soluble protein levels in shoots of Arabidopsis seedlings in an inverted U-shaped dose-response manner. Exposure to 0.25 and 0.5 mg L(-1) of Cd dramatically induced expression of four genes (i.e. proliferating cell nuclear antigen 2 (atPCNA 2), MutL1 homolog (atMLH1), MutS 2 homolog (atMSH2) and atMSH3) and five genes (i.e. atPCNA1,2, atMLH1 and atMSH2,7), respectively, in shoots of Arabidopsis seedlings; Exposure to 1.0 mg L(-1) of Cd significantly elevated expression of only two genes (atMSH6,7), but caused prominent inhibition in expression of three genes (atPCNA2, atMLH1 and atMSH3) in shoots of Arabidopsis seedlings. The expression alterations of the above genes were independent of any biological effects such as survival, fresh weight and chlorophyll level of shoots. However, shoots of Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to 2.0 mg L(-1) of Cd exhibited statistically prominent repression in expression of these seven genes, and showed incipient reduction of fresh weight and chlorophyll level. This research provides data concerning sensitivity of expression profiles of atMLH1, atMSH2,3,6,7 and atPCNA1,2 genes in Arabidopsis seedlings to Cd exposure, as well as the potential use of these gene expression patterns as representative molecular biomarkers indicative of Cd exposure and related biological effects.

The resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS), second-order scattering (SOS) and frequency-double scattering (FDS) spectra of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) (anionic surfactant (AS)) with acridine orange (AO) system were studied. Experimental results showed that when lambda(em) = lambda(ex) = 537 nm, the RRS peak of AO was greatly enhanced with the increase of SDBS concentration at a pH range of 1.8-4.0. The linear range of the calibration curve for SDBS was 0.028-8.71 mg L(-1) with a detection limit of 8.36 microg L(-1) when the AO concentration was 2.5 x 10(-5)mol L(-1). The method has been applied to the determination of trace amount of AS in environmental water samples with satisfactory results. In addition, when lambda(em) = 321 nm and lambda(ex) = 642 nm, the intensity of FDS was proportional to the SDBS concentration ranging from 0.014 to 8.71 mg L(-1) and the correlation coefficient was 0.993 with a detection limit of 4.31 microg L(-1); when lambda(em) = 642 nm and lambda(ex) = 321 nm, the intensity of SOS was proportional to the SDBS concentration ranging from 0.050 to 8.71 mg L(-1), and the correlation coefficient was 0.993 with a detection limit of 14.9 microg L(-1).