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Background: Dystonia is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, affecting about 30% of them. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) can sometimes lead to dystonia, but this relationship is not well understood., Objective: To provide a better understanding of dystonia's causes and its connection to deep brain stimulation., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 80 PD patients who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation, focusing on dystonia before and after surgery and its relation to medication state (on/off-dystonia)., Results: After deep brain stimulation, off-dystonia had a higher recovery rate than on-dystonia (43.5% versus 9.1%). Among patients suffering for on-dystonia, 74.4% had it for the first time after-surgery; these patients assumed higher doses of levodopa before DBS., Conclusions: Patients with off-dystonia before surgery tend to improve after DBS. Otherwise, deep brain stimulation could have the role of "additive boost" in the process of sensitization of striato-pallidal pathways and lead to on-dystonia in particular patients., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: Despite the large amount of literature examining the potential influence of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on psychiatric symptoms and cognitive disorders, only a few studies have focused on its effect on personality. We investigated the correlation between total electrical energy delivered (TEED) and the occurrence of depressive traits in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) after one year of DBS., Materials and Methods: Our study involved 20 patients with PD (12 women, mean [±SD] age 57.60 ± 7.63 years) who underwent bilateral STN-DBS, whose personality characteristics were assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), according to the core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson's disease (CAPSIT-PD) procedure., Results: We found that despite a marked improvement in motor functions and quality of life after 12 months, patients showed a significant increase in MMPI-2 subscales for depression (D scale and Depression scale) and in other content component scales (low self-esteem, work interference, and negative treatment indicators). Interestingly, only the TEED on the right side was inversely correlated with the changes in scale D (r s  = -0.681, p = 0.007), whereas depressive traits did not correlate with disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) reduction, patient's age, or severity of motor symptoms., Conclusions: Our preliminary observations indicate that despite the excellent motor outcome and general improvement in quality of life, DBS treatment can result in patients poorly adjusting to their personal, familiar, and socio-professional life. Different influences and multiple factors (such as TEED, intra/postsurgical procedure, coping mechanisms, and outcome expectations) may affect depressive traits. Further advances are expected to improve stimulation methods., (Copyright © 2022 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cervical disc diseases have been treated by cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA). Nevertheless, some patients will experience a mobility failure in their cervical prostheses over time because of heterotopic ossification. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gender in long-term outcomes after CDA., Methods: A retrospective, single-center study of patients who underwent single-level CDA with a BRYAN Cervical Disc prosthesis was performed, including a narrative review about gender differences in both structural and biomechanical features of the cervical spine., Results: Study patients (14 men, 30 women) had an average follow-up of 9.8 ± 3.2 years. Significant differences emerged between genders for specific items in Neck Disability Index preoperative evaluation, with women reporting worse pain scores (P = 0.05). After stratification by age, we found a higher preoperative overall Neck Disability Index score for female patients <36 years of age (P = 0.03). In an intergender, body mass index-specific comparison, we also found a significant difference in Neck Disability Index preoperative score with normal-weight male patients faring worse than overweight male patients (P = 0.05). At a radiological level, we found a tendency toward a higher heterotopic ossification incidence in male patients (62% in men, 17% in women, P = 0.06). The female cervical spine has distinctive features, including bone structure, muscular action, soft tissue response, and genetic and epigenetic response to osteoarthritis., Conclusions: The incidence of mobility failure in our series of single-level CDA was lower in female patients. Several gender-specific factors both in static and in dynamic features may play a significant role in spinal pathology and CDA long-term radiological outcome., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic reliability of posterior percutaneous cement-augmented screws short fixation (PASF) in patients with severe osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures (OVBFs)., Methods: Single-level OVBFs with an anterior vertebral body height reduction ≥60% were included. A Frailty Index was used for preoperative frailty assessment. Back pain and related disability were assessed through the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index (ODI), administered at injury time, preoperatively, postoperatively, at 12 months and at last patient follow-up evaluation. The main radiologic outcomes were represented by Cobb angle (CA) and anterior vertebral body compression percentage, measured at injury time, preoperative, postoperatively and at 12-month examination. In addition, the incidence of cement leakages and hardware failures was assessed., Results: Thirty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. All patients were frail (76%) or semi-frail (24%). Significant vertebral body height restoration and segmental kyphosis improvement after PASF were documented (anterior vertebral body compression percentage, -40 [-43 to -37] vs. -67 [-70 to -65], P = 0.0001; CA, 10 [8-12] vs. 24 [23-26], P = 0.0001). The mean VAS and ODI scores documented optimal and long-enduring pain relief and related disability reduction after PASF (VAS score, 2 [2-3] vs. 8 [7-8], P = 0.0001; ODI, 22 [17-26] vs. 64 [60-69], P = 0.0001). Only 1 cement leakage (3%), asymptomatic, occurred. After a mean follow-up of 33 months, no early/late hardware failures were reported., Conclusions: The clinical and radiologic results of this study suggest that PASF could be a safe and effective treatment option for severe OVBFs when conservative treatments have failed., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate spectra and their correlations with clinical symptoms of local field potentials (LFP) acquired from wide- and close-spaced contacts (i.e. between contacts 0-3 or LFP03, and contacts 1-2 or LFP12 respectively) on the same DBS electrode within the subthalamus (STN) in Parkinson's disease (PD), before and after levodopa administration., Methods: LFP12 and LFP03 were recorded from 20 PD patients. We evaluated oscillatory power, local and switched phase-amplitude coupling (l- and Sw-PAC) and correlation with motor symptoms (UPDRSIII)., Results: Before levodopa, both LFP03 and LFP12 power in the α band inversely correlated with UPDRSIII. Differences between contacts were found in the low-frequency bands power. After levodopa, differences in UPDRSIII were associated to changes in LFP03 low-β and LFP12 HFO (high frequency oscillations, 250-350 Hz) power, while a modulation of the low-β power and an increased β-LFO (low frequency oscillations, 15-45 Hz) PAC was found only for LFP12., Conclusion: This study reveals differences in spectral pattern between LFP12 and LFP03 before and after levodopa administration, as well as different correlations with PD motor symptoms., Significance: Differences between LFP12 and LFP03 may offer an opportunity for optimizing adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) protocols for PD. LFP12 can be used to detect β-HFO coupling and β power (i.e. bradykinesia), while LFP03 are optimal for low frequency oscillations (dyskinesias)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess organizational and technical difficulties of neurosurgical procedures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and their possible impact on survival and functional outcome and to evaluate virological exposure risk of medical personnel., Methods: Data for all urgent surgical procedures performed in the COVID-19 operating room were prospectively collected. Preoperative and postoperative variables included demographics, pathology, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and neurological status at admission, type and duration of surgical procedures, length of stay, postoperative KPS and functional outcome comparison, and destination at discharge. We defined 5 classes of pathologies (traumatic, oncological, vascular, infection, hydrocephalus) and 4 surgical categories (burr hole, craniotomy, cerebrospinal fluid shunting, spine surgery). Postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection was checked in all the operators., Results: We identified 11 traumatic cases (44%), 4 infections (16%), 6 vascular events (24%), 2 hydrocephalus conditions (8%), and 2 oncological cases (8%). Surgical procedures included 11 burr holes (44%), 7 craniotomies (28%), 6 cerebrospinal fluid shunts (24%), and 1 spine surgery (4%). Mean patient age was 57.8 years. The most frequent clinical presentation was coma (44 cases). Mean KPS score at admission was 20 ± 10, mean surgery duration was 85 ± 63 minutes, and mean length of stay was 27 ± 12 days. Mean KPS score at discharge was 35 ± 25. Outcome comparison showed improvement in 16 patients. Four patients died. Mean follow-up was 6 ± 3 months. None of the operators developed postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection., Conclusions: Standardized protocols are mandatory to guarantee a high standard of care for emergency and urgent surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal protective equipment affects maneuverability, dexterity, and duration of interventions without affecting survival and functional outcome., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aims to assess the feasibility and reliability of our endoscopic trans-nasal technique for the repair of cribriform and sellar high-flow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks., Methods: A comparison between patients suffering from high-flow rhinorrhea and treated through a free grafting endoscopic technique or the "parachute" technique, our nasal packing proposal, was performed., Results: Thirty-three patients were included. The mean age was 52 years (range: 36-68 years). The etiology of the CSF leaks was iatrogenic in 16 cases (48.5%), traumatic in 5 cases (15.2%), spontaneous in 11 cases (33.3%), and related to anterior skull base tumors in 1 case (3%). The bone defect affected the sphenoidal sinus in 20 cases (60.6%), the cribriform plate of the ethmoid in 10 cases (30.3%), and both the sphenoid and ethmoid in 3 cases (9.1%). The mean size of bone defects was 8.5 ± 3.9 mm. The median follow-up was 28 (64) months. A CSF leak recurrence occurred in no cases treated with the parachute technique and in 3 cases that underwent conventional endoscopic treatments. The CSF leak recurrences were associated with 2 iatrogenic and 1 post-traumatic fistula. All the CSF leak recurrences underwent the parachute technique, not showing second recurrences., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the parachute technique is simple, safe, and effective. We recommend it as an alternative treatment to vascular flaps for the treatment of high-flow and recurrent fistulas., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Personalized medicine (PM) aims to optimize patient management, taking into account the individual traits of each patient. The main purpose of PM is to obtain the best response, improving health care and lowering costs. Extending traditional approaches, PM introduces novel patient-specific paradigms from diagnosis to treatment, with greater precision. In neuro-oncology, the concept of PM is well established. Indeed, every neurosurgical intervention for brain tumors has always been highly personalized. In recent years, PM has been introduced in neuro-oncology also to design and prescribe specific therapies for the patient and the patient's tumor. The huge advances in basic and translational research in the fields of genetics, molecular and cellular biology, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have led to the introduction of PM into clinical practice. The identification of a patient's individual variation map may allow to design selected therapeutic protocols that ensure successful outcomes and minimize harmful side effects. Thus, clinicians can switch from the "one-size-fits-all" approach to PM, ensuring better patient care and high safety margin. Here, we review emerging trends and the current literature about the development of PM in neuro-oncology, considering the positive impact of innovative advanced researches conducted by a neurosurgical laboratory., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Spindle cell oncocytomas are extremely rare neoplasms of the sellar, parasellar, and suprasellar regions that can frequently mimic pituitary adenomas. Fewer than 50 cases have been ever reported in the literature, and there is no consensus on best treatments to be provided., Case Description: We hereby present a challenging case of sellar and suprasellar spindle cell oncocytoma in a patient of 64 years. The patient, who presented with hydrocephalus, hypopituitarism, and visual deficit, underwent urgent transsphenoidal (TNS) resection of the mass, which was aborted for massive life-threatening bleeding. The patient received ventriculoperitoneal shunt with relief of symptoms. An endovascular embolization of tumor feeders from the distal portion of the right internal maxillary artery, in particular the sphenopalatine artery, was then performed and a second-look TNS surgery was feasible. The patient was discharged in optimal clinical condition, recovered both endocrinologic and visual deficits, and is now in follow-up., Conclusions: We found that the oncocytoma was radiologically and clinically comparable with a pituitary adenoma, except for higher representation of vasculature. According to our recent experience and review of the literature, we believe that surgery (transsphenoidal or transcranial approach) is the recommended treatment in those who are symptomatic and preoperative embolization might be a suitable option to reduce intraoperative bleeding and increase radicality., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pituitary tumors are a heterogeneous group of lesions that are usually benign. Therefore, a proper understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology is mandatory to achieve favorable outcomes. Accordingly, diagnostic tests and treatment guidelines should be determined and implemented. Thus, we decided to perform a multicenter study among Italian neurosurgical centers performing pituitary surgery to provide an actual depiction from the neurosurgical standpoint., Methods: On behalf of the SINch (Società Italiana di Neurochirurgia), a survey was undertaken with the participants to explore the activities in the field of pituitary surgery within 41 public institutions., Results: Of the 41 centers, 37 participated in the present study. The total number of neurosurgical procedures performed in 2016 was 1479. Most of the procedures were performed using the transsphenoidal approach (1320 transsphenoidal [1204 endoscopic, 53 microscopic, 53 endoscope-assisted microscopic] vs. 159 transcranial). A multidisciplinary tumor board is convened regularly in 32 of 37 centers, and a research laboratory is present in 18 centers., Conclusions: Diagnosing pituitary/hypothalamus disorders and treating them is the result of teamwork, composed of several diverse experts. Regarding neurosurgery, our findings have confirmed the central role of the transsphenoidal approach, with preference toward the endoscopic technique. Better outcomes can be expected at centers with a multidisciplinary team and a full, or part of a, residency program, with a greater surgical caseload., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Angiogenesis has been shown to be strictly related to tumor malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is highly vascularized and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) plays a potent proangiogenic role. Dynamic contrast-enhanced and dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent a widely accepted method to assess GBM microvasculature. Our aim was to investigate the correlation between plasma VWF:Ag, permeability, and perfusion MRI parameters and examine their potential in predicting GBM patient prognosis., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced, dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI, and VWF:Ag level of 26 patients with GBM. We assessed the maximum values of relative cerebral blood flow and volume, volume transfer constant K trans , plasma volume (V p ) and reflux rate constant between fractional volume of the extravascular space and blood plasma (K ep ). Nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: The median VWF:Ag value was 248 IU/dL and the median follow-up duration was about 13 months. We divided patients according to low-VWF:Ag and high-VWF:Ag and we found significant differences in the median follow-up duration (19 months vs. 10 months; P = 0.04) and in K trans (0.31/minute vs. 0.53/minute; P = 0.02), and K ep (1.79/minute vs. 3.89/minute; P = 0.005) values. The cumulative 1-year survival was significantly shorter in patients with high-VWF:Ag and high-K ep compared with patients with low-VWF:Ag and low-K ep (37.5% vs. 68%; P = 0.05)., Conclusions: These findings, in a small group of patients, suggest a role for VWF:Ag, similar to K trans , and K ep as a prognostic indicator of postoperative survival of patients with GBM., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Coagulation is an important aspect of the vascular microenvironment in which brain tumors evolve. Patients with tumor often show aberrant coagulation and fibrinolysis activation. In particular, glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, is associated with a state of hypercoagulability, and venous thromboembolism is a common complication of this cancer and its treatment. Our study aims to investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of routine laboratory tests to assess the coagulative state of patients with brain tumors, to identify potential new prognostic factors and targets for personalized therapy., Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients with GBM (n = 58) and patients with meningioma (MNG, n = 22), before any treatment. The parameters analyzed were prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), D dimer (DD), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (VWF), leukocyte count, and hemoglobin levels., Results: Plasma levels of PT and aPTT were significantly reduced in GBMs compared with MNGs (P < 0.05), whereas DD, VWF:Ag levels, and leukocyte count were significantly higher in GBMs than in MNGs (P < 0.01). Furthermore, we observed that patients with GBM with reduced PT and aPTT and high levels of DD and VWF, defined as hypercoagulable patients, showed reduced overall survival (P < 0.05) compared with nonhypercoagulable patients., Conclusions: Our data support the assumption that patients with GBM show a plasma hypercoagulable profile and that coagulation profile is related to adverse outcome in patients with GBM. If confirmed, hypercoagulability could play an important role as a prognostic factor of the disease and in the decision of an antithrombotic prophylaxis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and fatal human brain tumor, with the worst prognosis. The aberrant microenvironment, enhanced by the activation of proangiogenic mediators such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and their downstream effectors, sustain GBM malignancy. Proangiogenic signaling represents an attractive chemotherapeutic target. Recent evidence suggests a therapeutic benefit from aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, or ASA) intake in reducing risk and cancer progression., Methods: In the present study, human primary GBM-endothelial cells (ECs) were used to ascertain whether ASA could inhibit angiogenesis and improve cell sensitivity to drugs. The impact of ASA was observed by measuring cell viability, tube-like structure formation, migration, VEGF production, and proliferative, proangiogenic, and apoptotic modulators expression, such as HIF-1α/VEGF/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/(VEGFR)-1/VEGFR-2, Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling axis, and Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) ratio. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of ASA alone or in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), bevacizumab (BEV), and sunitinib (SUN)., Results: Our data reported that ASA affected GBM-EC viability, tube-like structure formation, cell migration, and VEGF releasing in a dose-dependent manner and that combined treatments with TMZ, BEV, and SUN synergized to counteract proangiogenic cell ability. mRNA expression analysis displayed a marked effect of ASA in reducing VEGF, VEGFR-1, HIF-1α, RAS, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, AKT, and BCL-2, as well a combined anticancer effect of ASA together with TMZ, BEV, and SUN. Levels of HIF-1α, VEGFR-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and BCL-2 protein expression confirmed a positive trend., Conclusions: ASA and antiangiogenic therapies showed synergetic anticancer efficacy in human primary GBM-ECs. Thus, the combination of conventional chemotherapy with ASA may offer a new strategy to counteract tumor malignancy., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanisms underlying meningioma-related hyperostosis. In this study, we investigated the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), endothelin 1 (ET-1), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and 4., Methods: A total of 149 patients (39 males and 110 females; mean age, 62 years) who underwent surgery were included. Depending on the relationship with the bone, meningiomas were classified as hyperostotic, osteolytic, infiltrative, or unrelated. Expression of OPG, and IGF-1, ET-1, BMP-2, and BMP-4 was evaluated by tissue microarray analysis of surgical samples., Results: Our series comprised 132 cases of grade I, 14 cases of grade II, and 3 cases of grade III meningiomas, according to the World Health Organization classification. Based on preoperative computed tomography scan, the cases were classified as follows: hyperostotic, n = 11; osteolytic, n = 11; infiltrative, n = 15; unrelated to the bone, n = 108. Four cases were excluded from the statistical analysis. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified a 2% cutoff for the mean value of IGF-1 that discriminated between osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions; cases with a mean IGF-1 expression of <2% were classified as osteolytic (P = 0.0046), whereas those with a mean OPG expression of <10% were classified as osteolytic (P = 0.048). No other significant relationships were found., Conclusions: Expression of OPG and expression of IGF-1 were found to be associated with the development of hyperostosis. Preliminary findings suggest that hyperostosis can be caused by an overexpression of osteogenic molecules that influence osteoblast/osteoclast activity. Based on our results, further studies on hyperostotic bony tissue in meningiomas are needed to better understand how meningiomas influence bone overproduction., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Autoimmune hypothalamitis, which is among the causes of acquired central diabetes insipidus, has seldom been described in the literature. This condition is probably provoked by the production of anti-vasopressin-secreting cell antibodies and antihypothalamus antibodies and is often associated with pituitary or polyendocrine autoimmunity. Correct diagnosis and immediate treatment are essential to avoid the progression of the pathologic process., Case Description: A woman diagnosed with central diabetes insipidus 12 years ago, who had panhypopituitarism and mild memory deficit, came to our attention. She refused radiologic studies. Magnetic resonance imaging performed in our unit showed a contrast-enhancing hypothalamic lesion. Lumbar puncture was negative for neoplastic markers. We decided to perform a biopsy of the lesion to obtain a histopathologic examination of the tissue and chose an endoscopic transventricular approach to reach the floor of the third ventricle. Autoimmune hypothalamitis was diagnosed and treatment with steroids and azathioprine was started. The lesion size decreased and was stable after 17 months of follow-up., Conclusions: The endoscopic transventricular approach has proved to be an effective and safe way to obtain tissue samples for histopathologic examination from a region that is usually difficult to reach; it also gives direct visualization of the lesion, which makes sampling easier. The lesion size decreased after treatment but no clinical improvement was detected, either on the cognitive or on the endocrinologic side., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The transsphenoidal approach is considered the gold standard for resection of pituitary adenomas and other sellar region lesions. This approach is guided by a few fundamental anatomic landmarks that conduct the surgeon toward the sellar floor. Some anatomic structures may vary a lot (e.g., intrasphenoidal septa, intercarotid distance) and may be difficult to identify. Pneumatization and conformation of the sphenoidal sinus (SS) plays a key role in accessing the floor of the sella and other skull base structures. A poorly pneumatized SS may be a relative contraindication to the transsphenoidal approach. We analyzed outcome and complications in transsphenoidal surgery for sellar lesions with a difficult SS., Methods: We analyzed 243 consecutive patients who underwent a transsphenoidal approach for sellar lesions. Patients with poor pneumatization of the SS were included. Neurosurgical and endocrinologic outcomes were reported., Results: Successful treatment using a transsphenoidal approach with neuronavigation and Doppler ultrasound was achieved in 15 patients with a low degree of pneumatization of the SS. A pituitary adenoma was present in 13 of 15 patients. Endocrinologic and neurosurgical outcomes were similar to patients with normal pneumatization of the SS, showing a cure of disease in 6 of 9 patients with functioning adenomas and an improvement of symptoms in cases of nonfunctioning adenomas., Conclusions: Patients with a poorly pneumatized SS can be treated safely with a transsphenoidal approach using image guidance techniques to avoid major neurovascular complications., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controlled by local field potentials (LFPs) is considered a promising treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The clinical research investigating aDBS functioning is performed using external deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems that require LFP recording through the temporary externalization of DBS leads. Although research examining LFP was first undertaken more than 20 years ago, only a few studies concern lead externalization and LFP recording safety. In the present retrospective study, we assessed the risk of infection related to these procedures., Methods: A total of 105 patients with PD who underwent DBS surgery and lead externalization at our hospital from 2002 to 2014 were included in the present study. The medical records were used to collect clinical data and information concerning surgical site infections. We assessed the infection incidence in our cohort and the risk of infection related to the LFP recording procedure., Results: The incidence of infections in patients who underwent lead externalization was 2.8%, which was consistent with the postoperative infectious risk reported in the literature (Wilcoxon signed rank test; P > 0.05). Moreover, the LFP recording procedure did not significantly increase the infection risk (LFP recordings vs. no LFP recordings: 2.5% vs. 4.2%; Fisher exact test; P > 0.05)., Conclusions: DBS lead externalization and LFP recording are safe and do not increase the postoperative infection risk in patients with PD who undergo DBS surgery. Our retrospective study supported further clinical research in the field of LFP-based aDBS., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The thalamus is a deep-seated and crucial structure for the sensorimotor system. It has been long considered a surgically inaccessible area because of the morbidity associated with surgical resections. Astrocytomas of the thalamus are usually treated with bioptic procedures followed by adjuvant treatments. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) allows safe and satisfactory resections of lobar gliomas, but few data are available for thalamic lesions. The aim of this study was to review the outcome of a small series of patients with thalamic astrocytomas that were treated with surgical resection with the aid of IONM., Methods: Surgical resection with IONM was performed in 5 patients with thalamic astrocytomas (1 grade I, 1 grade II, 2 grade III, 1 grade IV). Two astrocytomas were in the dominant hemisphere. Preoperative and postoperative neuropsychological assessments were performed in 3 patients. IONM was tailored to the individual patient and consisted of transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring, cortical motor evoked potential monitoring, somatosensory evoked potential monitoring, direct electrical stimulation, electroencephalography, and electrocorticography., Results: None of the patients experienced permanent motor deficits; 2 patients had a transient hemiparesis requiring rehabilitation; 1 patient had a transient aphasia, and 1 patient had permanent aphasia. None of the patients had intraoperative seizures, but 1 patient experienced postoperative transient status epilepticus. The extent of resection on postoperative volumetric magnetic resonance imaging was >70% in all cases., Conclusions: Surgical resection of thalamic astrocytomas appeared to be effective and relatively safe when guided by IONM. Larger series of patients are required to confirm these preliminary data., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Osteopetroses are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders characterized by increased bone density as the result of defective osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The autosomal-dominant osteopetrosis type I (ADO-I) is defined by the presence of osteosclerosis involving mainly the skull bones, variably associated with compression of the foramina of cranial nerves and vascular structures, hypertelorism, exophthalmos, and less commonly with hydrocephalus, pseudotumor, and Chiari malformation type I., Case Description: We describe an adult patient with ADO-I presenting with an atypical association of clinical manifestations that required a tailored management. On admission, the patient complained about chronic headache, recurrent sinusitis, and postnasal drip. Findings of the examination didn't show clear signs of increased intracranial pressure, whereas imaging studies revealed thickening of the skull bones and an unexpected fistula associated with anterior ethmoidal meningoencephalocele. Some days after endoscopic transnasal closure of the fistula, a severe hypertensive hydrocephalus developed, which required a prompt ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, complicated by a diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. The 6-month follow-up showed complete recovery., Conclusions: After reviewing the literature, we can confirm that ours was the second case of an adult ADO-I patient associated with anterior ethmoidal meningoencephalocele, the first one needing a combined treatment of the encephalocele and hydrocephalus. Because ADO-I is a rare disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, our case can represent a prototype for the future management of similar cases., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Motor coordination has been investigated in seven ataxic patients who underwent surgery of the cerebellar hemisphere (4) or of the vermis-paravermis region (3). Subjects, tested ipsilaterally to the lesion, were asked to couple in-phase rhythmic oscillations of the prone hand and the ipsilateral foot for at least 10 s. The oscillation frequency, paced by a metronome, ranged 0.8-3 Hz. Hand and foot angular displacements were measured by a potentiometric technique; EMG from Extensor Carpi Radialis and Tibialis Anterior was recorded by surface electrodes. The phase-relations between the hand and foot movements, as well as between the onsets of motor commands, were calculated. For each of the limbs the frequency-response curve was estimated by plotting the mean phase values between the onset of the motor command and the onset of the related movement. The experiment was repeated with the same schedule after a strong artificial increase of the hand inertial momentum (15 g m(2)). In the unloaded condition, all patients failed to achieve a hand-foot synchrony (0 degrees ), the hand movement showing a net phase-lag. In four hemispheric and one vermian patients (group 1) this lag progressively grew with frequency up to 110 degrees , in the other two vermian patients (group 2) the hand lag kept almost constant ( approximately 45 degrees ). Group 1 subjects were unable to adequate the delay between the motor commands to the increase in frequency, as instead did group 2 subjects, although this was insufficient to produce movement synchrony. Subjects reacted to hand loading with different strategies. In group 1, due to the net increase of hand inertia, movement synchrony required a strong advance of the hand motor command. Patients succeeded in this, but because of their inability to compensate for changes in frequency, they still produced a progressive lag between movements. In group 2, loading strongly increased the hand dynamic stiffness while it slightly lowered that of the foot, resulting in a rather small difference between mechanical properties of the limbs. Thus, compensation required only a slight anticipatory activation of the hand motor command. Patients failed to do so, however they were able to adjust the command delay to the required frequency and produced a constant hand lag. Their main motor handicap was found to to be the incapability of judging the hand lag as a lack of synchrony. These results seems to indicate that the cerebellum must be involved both in measuring the time difference between hand and foot movements and in weighting this delay in function of the oscillation frequency. These two processes may be confined to the vermis-paravermis region and to the hemisphere, respectively.