1. Direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the high-throughput determination of 11 illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater.
- Author
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Ren H, Yuan S, Zheng J, Luo R, Qiang H, Duan W, Zhao Y, and Xiang P
- Subjects
- Wastewater chemistry, Chromatography, Liquid methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Illicit Drugs analysis, Ketamine, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
The measurement of illicit drugs in wastewater is increasingly being adopted as a method for objective monitoring of population-level illicit drug use. This work describes the first small-volume direct-injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 11 illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater. The method required an injection volume of only 30 µL of wastewater sample, the limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.4 ng/L to 2 ng/L and the lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 1 ng/L to 5 ng/L. Application of the method to real wastewater samples collected from wastewater treatment plants revealed morphine in all samples, together with other illicit drugs (methamphetamine, codeine, ketamine, and nor-ketamine) in some samples. Small-volume direct injection showed great potential as an efficient method for the high-throughput determination of illicit drugs in wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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