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1. Mixing has limited impacts on the foliar nutrition of European beech and Scots pine trees across Europe

Author

Miroslav Svoboda, Peter Annighöfer, Włodzimierz Buraczyk, Václav Hurt, Kris Verheyen, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Géraud de Streel, Maciej Pach, Catherine Collet, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Jolanta Stankevičiūtė, Kamil Bielak, Jan den Ouden, Christian Ammer, Quentin Ponette, Katarina Strelcova, Gediminas Brazaitis, Vít Šrámek, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Viktor Kurylyak, Hans Pretzsch, Ignacio Barbeito, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Andres Bravo-Oviedo, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Maciej Pach, Miroslav Svoboda, Peter Annighöfer, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Vit Sramek, Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Agriculture, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), University of Agriculture in Krakow, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER), and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multivariate statistics, Monitoring, Fagus sylvatica L, Complementarity, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, fagus sylvatica, Pinus sylvestris L, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, pinus sylvestris, Nutrient, Fagus sylvatica, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Species mixture, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Beech, Nature and Landscape Conservation, biology, Policy and Law, fungi, Scots pine, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Management, Foliar nutrition, Agronomy, Soil water, Composition (visual arts), Monoculture, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Tree species-mixing has been suggested as one option to counteract the adverse effects of global change on tree mineral nutrition, yet the effect of mixing on nutrient availability remains poorly documented. We therefore analyzed the current foliar nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) quantities and ilr balances (isometric log transformed ratios between elements or groups of elements) for 261 European beech and 248 Scots pine trees from 15 sites, each consisting of one beech-pine mixed stand and the respective monocultures, across a gradient of environmental conditions in Europe. We hypothesized an overall positive effect of mixing on tree foliar nutrient content, and that this mixing effect would be stronger on nutrient-poor sites. Using linear mixed models and multivariate linear regression models, we first tested for the effects of species (beech/pine) and composition (pure/mixed) across all sites; we then investigated whether the species-mixing effect was related to site fertility. The nutrient composition of beech leaves and pine needles differed significantly for all ilr balances. For both species, significant mixing effects were detected for some nutrients and ilr balances; those effects, however, could not be consistently related to contrasted nutrient composition between species. For most nutrients and ilr balances, the mixing effect was influenced by the site nutritional status, but the pattern differed from expectation: absence or minor differences between monocultures and mixtures at the lower end of the chemical fertility gradient, and maximum differences in rich soils. The contrasting foliar nutrient composition of pine and beech trees and the site nutrient status only partly explained the mixing effects on tree mineral nutrition. Our results claim for a better understanding of nutrient-related mechanisms associated with complementarity and points towards the need to further expand the existing frameworks to account for the multivariate nature of tree nutrition., The main autor obtained a PhD grant from the ‘Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique’ (FNRS-FRIA) and additional funding support from the Walloon forest service (Service Public de Wallonie—Département de la Nature et des Forêts) through the 5 year research programme “Accord cadre de recherches et de vulgarisation forestières”.

Published
2021
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2. Cereal yield gaps across Europe

Author

Lilia Levy, Joost Wolf, Jerzy Kozyra, Hélène Marrou, M. Ines Minguez, Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio, Marloes P. van Loon, Anne Kjersti Uhlen, A Nierobca, Vanya Manolova, Bert Rijk, Lenny G.J. van Bussel, V. Ion, Katarzyna Żyłowska, Nikos Danalatos, Mink Zijlstra, Till Seehusen, Oleksii Kryvobok, H. Kirchev, Taru Palosuo, Antonio Pulina, Anne Gobin, Pier Paolo Roggero, Martin K. van Ittersum, Roger Sylvester-Bradley, Jan Peter Lesschen, Hugo de Groot, Ivan Manolov, Maksim Khitrykau, Cairistiona F.E. Topp, D. R. Kindred, José Coutinho, Sotirios V. Archontoulis, Hendrik Boogaard, Michael Oberforster, Mirek Trnka, Jørgen E. Olesen, P. Hlavinka, Juan Manuel Herrera, Simona Bassu, Henrik Eckersten, Josiane Lorgeou, Oleksandr Kryvoshein, René Schils, Jürg Hiltbrunner, Valery Kalyada, Benvindo Martins Maçãs, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, João Vasco Silva, Nándor Fodor, Lauri Jauhiainen, John Spink, Jozef Takáč, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, TempAg, Wageningen University & Research, MACSUR, Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Leibniz Association, Partenaires INRAE, Institute for sustainable Plant Production, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Agricultural University [Plovdiv], Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of Thessaly, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG), Plant Breeding Station, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Technical University of Madrid, Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Agroscope, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), strategic investment funds (IPOP) of Wageningen University Research, and MACSUR under EU FACCE-JPI

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, AGRICULTURE, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, céréale, Crop modelling, Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica, Yield potential, EMISSIONS, Annual percentage yield, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable Soil Use, Wheat, Barley, Grain maize, Nitrogen, Food security, CLIMATE-CHANGE, VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900, 1. No poverty, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Agroécologie, PE&RC, SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION, Agricultural sciences, Plant Production Systems, Milieusysteemanalyse, europe, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, IMPACTS, Irrigation, Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics, Yield (finance), VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900::Landbruksfag: 910::Planteforedling, hagebruk, plantevern, plantepatologi: 911, WHEAT, Soil Science, Crop, NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY, Production (economics), FERTILITY, Duurzaam Bodemgebruik, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, production céréaliere, WIMEK, Science & Technology, LAND-USE, Crop yield, Yield gap, Agronomy, SOIL, Environmental Systems Analysis, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science, Sciences agricoles
Abstract

peer-reviewed Europe accounts for around 20% of the global cereal production and is a net exporter of ca. 15% of that production. Increasing global demand for cereals justifies questions as to where and by how much Europe’s production can be increased to meet future global market demands, and how much additional nitrogen (N) crops would require. The latter is important as environmental concern and legislation are equally important as production aims in Europe. Here, we used a country-by-country, bottom-up approach to establish statistical estimates of actual grain yield, and compare these to modelled estimates of potential yields for either irrigated or rainfed conditions. In this way, we identified the yield gaps and the opportunities for increased cereal production for wheat, barley and maize, which represent 90% of the cereals grown in Europe. The combined mean annual yield gap of wheat, barley, maize was 239 Mt, or 42% of the yield potential. The national yield gaps ranged between 10 and 70%, with small gaps in many north-western European countries, and large gaps in eastern and south-western Europe. Yield gaps for rainfed and irrigated maize were consistently lower than those of wheat and barley. If the yield gaps of maize, wheat and barley would be reduced from 42% to 20% of potential yields, this would increase annual cereal production by 128 Mt (39%). Potential for higher cereal production exists predominantly in Eastern Europe, and half of Europe’s potential increase is located in Ukraine, Romania and Poland. Unlocking the identified potential for production growth requires a substantial increase of the crop N uptake of 4.8 Mt. Across Europe, the average N uptake gaps, to achieve 80% of the yield potential, were 87, 77 and 43 kg N ha−1 for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. Emphasis on increasing the N use efficiency is necessary to minimize the need for additional N inputs. Whether yield gap reduction is desirable and feasible is a matter of balancing Europe’s role in global food security, farm economic objectives and environmental targets. We received financial contributions from the strategic investment funds (IPOP) of Wageningen University & Research, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, MACSUR under EU FACCE-JPI which was funded through several national contributions, and TempAg (http://tempag.net/).

Published
2018
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