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Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a zoonotic disease with immunomodulatory properties attributed to hydatid cyst fluid (HCF). Given the immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties of HCF observed in other contexts, its potential therapeutic effects in diabetes remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of HCF on glycemic control, inflammatory cytokines, and tissue histopathology in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of type 1 diabetes. Twenty male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5): a healthy control group, a hydatid cyst group that received three intraperitoneal injections of HCF at two-week intervals, a diabetic group that received a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ to induce diabetes, and a hydatid cyst + diabetic group (HCF + STZ) that received both HCF treatment and STZ administration. Serum glucose levels, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10), and histopathological changes in pancreatic and renal tissues were analyzed. The HCF + STZ group demonstrated a significant reduction in serum glucose levels compared to the STZ-only group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in HCF-treated diabetic rats, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was partially restored. Histopathological examination revealed severe pancreatic islet atrophy and renal degeneration in the diabetic group, which were markedly alleviated in the HCF + STZ group. These findings suggest that HCF's immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties may mitigate hyperglycemia and inflammatory responses in type 1 diabetes, warranting further investigation into its mechanisms and clinical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Conflict of Interest Authors declare there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. The development of different variants has increased the prevalence, pathogenicity, and mortality of the SARS-CoV-2. Prompt diagnosis and timely initiation of therapy can undoubtedly minimize the damage caused by this virus. In this study, a wide range of emerging single layer two-dimensional materials (SL2DMs), including graphene, grapheme oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), Ti3C2Tx MXene, and MoS2that can be used to fabricate highly sensitive biosensors, are analyzed using the finite element method based on antigen-antibody interaction. Important design parameters including sensor size, sensor aspect ratio, number of viruses, and applying in-plane strain on sensor performance are analyzed using frequency shift technique. In the following, an analytical relationship that can predict the limit of detection (LOD) according to the above parameters is proposed. The results show that all the above materials have a good performance in detecting viruses in the sample range of 10-100 viruses. This range can be reduced significantly by applying strains of less than 0.1. Also, applying strain increases shift frequency index by 2 to 3 times, which is a significant result. The maximum and minimum sensor performance are obtained for GO and Ti3C2Tx, respectively. The results of this paper can be used to build a new generation of two-dimensional biosensors for rapid detection of COVID-19 and other viruses., Competing Interests: •All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version.•This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another•journal or other publishing venue.•The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.•The following authors have affiliations with organizations with direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript: Unlabelled TableAuthor's nameAffiliationJavad PayandehpeymanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, IranNeda ParviniCellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IranDepartment of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranKambiz MoradiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, IranNima HashemianFaculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, (© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Till now not many studies have been conducted to classify PAH gene variants according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG-AMP) guidelines. The aim of this study was to collect all PAH gene variants reported among Iranian population and investigate their pathogenicity based on ACMG-AMP guidelines. Systematic collection of PAH gene variants, verification of variants, in silico analysis, and application of ACMG-AMP guidelines were the main steps in performing the present study. A total of 267 unique variants were identified; according to ACMG-AMP guidelines, 90, 40, 71, 14, and 52 variants were classified as pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), variant of uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign (LB), and benign (B), respectively. The need to pay more attention to synonymous and missense variants with low or no impact on protein function as well as intronic variants, whether they are deep or are close to intron/exon boundaries, was a highlight of this study. Due to the fact that few functional studies are performed on these variants, it is suggested that they be analyzed first using bioinformatics tools, and if positive results are obtained, then functional studies can be designed., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: We aimed to assess the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan in the follow-up of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) patients and investigate the correlation of CMAP scan parameters with functional and standard electrodiagnostic tests., Methods: We evaluated four parameters of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) CMAP scan (i.e., step numbers, step percentage, S10, S90), functional measures (e.g., Medical Research Council Sum Scores), and electrodiagnostic tests, including nerve conduction study (NCS) and motor NCS of the median nerve in the baseline and after six months of treatment., Results: Twenty patients completed baseline clinical and electrodiagnostic studies. However, sixteen patients completed the follow-up study. The median of step numbers at baseline was 3.5 (2-4.2), which decreased to 2.5 (0-3) (p = 0.005). After the treatment, step percentage reduced from 28.6 (23.9-38.7) to 13.4 (0-23.6) (p = 0.001). The scores obtained from the clinical scales showed significant recovery of most of the functions, while the alterations of NCSS and NCS of the median nerve were not significant., Conclusions: We found a significant reduction in step number and step percentage after follow-up. This alteration was not reflected in standard electrodiagnostic values. The improvement of functional scales alongside the CMAP scan parameters suggests that the CMAP scan could be considered an appropriate outcome measurement in research and clinical fields., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main inhibitors for axon regeneration after damaging of Central Nervous System (CNS). Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC I) can degrade CSPGs by removing chondroitin and dermatan sulfate side chains from proteoglycans. Hence, it may be considered as an attractive candidate in biomedicine. For practical applications of this enzyme, increasing the effective circulating level and reducing the number and volume of injections for patients is one of the main concerns which is directly related to conformational stability and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Structural examination of C-terminal domain of cABC I reveals that there are a few numbers of residues in helical conformation which are positioned at the context of a cohesive structural organization of β-strands. In line with our previous studies on C-terminal domain of cABC I and regarding the residues in α-helix conformation; we designed and constructs some representative mutants including M889K, M889L, L679D/M889K and L679S/M889K. According to structural and functional characterization of protein variants and regarding the wide range of variability in determining parameters for β-sheet conformation, we proposed a model in which the structural integrity of β-strands at C-terminal domain can be manipulated and directed toward a new patterns of organization, some of them may have positive effects on the structural and functional features of the enzyme. Using this strategy it may be possible to improve functional and structural features of the enzyme by engineering the intra-molecular interactions in positions far from the active site of the enzyme., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)