1. Determinants of carbon load in airway macrophages in pregnant women
- Author
-
Lucia Alonso, Zahra Razavi, Nasim Sadat Pajohanfar, Hosein Rezai, Jordi Sunyer, Cathryn Tonne, Mina Abroudi, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Malihe Sadat Bazghandi, Tim S. Nawrot, Payam Dadvand, Xavier Basagaña, Seyed Mojtaba Momtaz, Mohammad Miri, Abolfazl Adli, Moslem Lari Najafi, Miri, Mohammad, Rezaei, Hossein, Momtaz, Seyed Mojtaba, Najafi, Moslem Lari, Adli, Abolfazl, Pajohanfar, Nasim Sadat, Abroudi, Mina, Bazghandi, Malihe Sadat, Razavi, Zahra, Alonso, Lucia, Tonne, Cathryn, Basagana, Xavier, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Sunyer, Jordi, NAWROT, Tim, and Dadvand, Payam
- Subjects
History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Air pollution ,INDOOR ,Environmental Sciences & Ecology ,CHILDREN ,PM2.5 ,Toxicology ,FINE-PARTICLE DEPOSITION ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Phagocytosis ,Pregnancy ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,Humans ,EXPOSURE ,Business and International Management ,ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES ,Lung ,EMISSIONS ,ULTRAFINE PARTICLES ,Air Pollutants ,Science & Technology ,Competing interests ,business.industry ,Vaginal delivery ,Macrophages ,General Medicine ,Environmental Exposure ,Biomarker ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,Carbon ,Clinical research ,POLLUTION LEVELS ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,BLACK CARBON ,Female ,Particulate Matter ,Pregnant Women ,business ,Airway ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Background: The available evidence on determinants of personal exposure to air pollution in low and middle-income countries is very scarce. Moreover, although airway macrophages carbon loading (AMCL) has been suggested to be a biomarker of the long-term exposure to air pollution, to date no study has characterized AMCL for the pregnancy period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of AMCL during pregnancy in Iran, a middle-income country. Methods: This study was based on a sample of 234 pregnant women with term and normal vaginal delivery who were residing in Sabzevar, Iran (2019). Image analysis was applied to calculate the carbon area (µm 2 ) in airway macrophages as an indicator of AMCL. For each participant, we characterized 35 potential determinants of personal exposure to air pollution including six personal, nine indoor, and 20 home-outdoor factors. We applied Deletion/Substitution/Addition algorithm to identify the most relevant determinants that could predict AMCL levels. Findings: The median (IQR) of AMCL level was 0·12 (0·30) µm 2 with a successful sputum induction in 82·9% (194) of participants. Ambient residential PM 2·5 levels was positively associated with higher AMCL levels. On the other hand, increased residential distance to the traffic lights, squares and ring-roads, the duration of opening window per day, and opening window during cooking were inversely associated with AMCL levels. Interpretation: Our findings provide novel insights on the different personal, indoor, and outdoor determinants of personal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy in a middle-income country. Funding: This study was supported by a research grant awarded by the Sabzevar University 55 of Medical Sciences [Grant number: 95075]. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The Clinical Research Ethical Committee of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences approved our study (IR.MEDSAB.REC.1395.82)
- Published
- 2022