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The present study confirms the application of phytochemicals of Lemon rind (LR) towards the synthesis of activated carbon using a low temperature carbonization method. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the prepared carbonized flakes epoxy (CFE) electrode has been analyzed using various characterization techniques. The electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC) behavior of the LR-activated carbon has been evaluated. The synthesized LR-activated carbon material exhibited flake like structure along with hydroxyl groups as confirmed by studies by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope. In addition, the band gap energy (Eg) has been estimated using diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS-UV-Vis) and found to be 2.06 eV. The electrochemical property of CFE-electrode was studied utilizing cyclic voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. The galvanostatic charge–discharge tests for this prepared carbon flake electrode demonstrated excellent capacitance performance, making it favorable for the fabrication of supercapacitors. These progressive results could be considered for the enlargement of novel assets to scale for power-storage utility using low-cost carbon materials in various energy storage applications as well.

Graphene and graphene based composite materials have gained considerable importance in the recent years due the technologically relevant properties exhibited by them. These novel properties stem from the synergistic response, of graphene and the materials which are anchored on them, to a stimulus. Several synthesis methods have therefore been devised, over the years, to produce different graphene based nanocomposite materials which typically are metal nanoparticle-graphene composites or polymer-graphene nanocomposites. This chapter lists several reported methodologies for producing graphene based nanocomposites and also provides information about some interesting and technologically relevant properties exhibited by such composites. Special emphasis is on citing the reports which illustrate the electrochemical sensing application of the composites. The chapter also provides recommendation and future directions that can be followed for comprehensive scientific investigation of the �microstructure� of nanocomposites to further engineering their design in order to harness property windows which still remain unexplored. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.