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A peer-to-peer network is planned around the concept of equivalent peer nodes simultaneously working one and the other clients and servers to different nodes on the system. Lately, different selfish practices of peer-to-peer (P2P) organize nodes have turned out to be progressively extreme, and the presence of free-riding, whitewashing and so forth falls apart the exhibition of the systems. This exploration tends to the free-riding issue in peer-to-peer systems.Free-riding problem in P2P networks have become increasingly challenging the various attempts to address the problem. Free-riding reduces P2P system’s effectiveness, robustness and worsened network congestion, therefore, leading to system instability (Shahriar and Jaumard, 2017). Many existing works have considered the use of game theory approaches to address the problem of free-riding in the peer-to-peer network. Some of the mechanisms of game theory used by many researchers can somehow detect and punish free-riders in P2P networks at the expense of overload of peers and the suffering of bandwidth with the slowness of the communication between peers.This paper presents a new mechanism of the stochastic model of Ayo game theoretic to restrain free riding in partially centralized P2P in second generation of unstructured of P2P network.

Introduction: Lagos state remains the epicentre of COVID-19 in Nigeria. We describe the symptoms and signs of the first 2,184 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at COVID-19 treatment centers in Lagos State. We also assessed the relationship between patients' presenting symptoms, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and COVID-19 deaths.., Methods: Medical records of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients were extracted and analyzed for their symptoms, symptom severity, presence of comorbidities and outcome., Results: The ages of the patients ranged from 4 days to 98 years with a mean of 43.0(16.0) years. Of the patients who presented with symptoms, cough (19.3%) was the most common presenting symptom. This was followed by fever (13.7%) and difficulty in breathing, (10.9%). The most significant clinical predictor of death was the severity of symptoms and signs at presentation. Difficulty in breathing was the most significant symptom predictor of COVID-19 death (OR:19.26 95% CI 10.95-33.88). The case fatality rate was 4.3%., Conclusion: Primary care physicians and COVID-19 frontline workers should maintain a high index of suspicion and prioritize the care of patients presenting with these symptoms. Community members should be educated on such predictors and ensure that patients with these symptoms seek care early to reduce the risk of deaths associated with COVID-19., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyse documented reports on odontogenic tumours (OTs) in sub-Saharan Black Africa and to create awareness of the need for more reports on this topic., Methods: There were 2,186 African cases of OTs presented at the International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologists (IAOP) Congress (Cape Town, South Africa) in 1998 that were added to 2,198 cases derived from reports published in the scientific literature from 1998 to date. The analysis undertaken included frequency distribution of available data on OTs that was listed in the 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The chi-square test was applied as appropriate., Results: A total of 4,384 cases of OTs from only 14 of 47 sub-Saharan Black African countries were analysed. Ameloblastoma was the OT most commonly reported, accounting for 74.2% of OTs (and 86.9% of category A OTs), followed by keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) (6.9%) and odontogenic myxoma (ODM) (4.9%). Malignant OTs were reported at a low frequency, of 1.4%. Nigeria contributed 38.7% of the cases of OT in this series., Conclusions: Ameloblastoma is the commonest OT in sub-Saharan Africa and has a higher occurrence in male than in female subjects. With data on OTs not available from 33 of 47 sub-Saharan African countries, additional reports are needed., (© 2017 FDI World Dental Federation.)

Objective: This study aimed to add to existing knowledge on 90 cases of desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) previously reported in the scientific literature and analyze data that could help speculate on its biologic profile., Study Design: From 330 cases of ameloblastoma (pooled from 573 histologically diagnosed odontogenic tumours) 17 cases of DA were retrieved and analyzed for estimated mean growth rate (EMGR) and histologic variants. EMGR for DA was compared with EMGR for conventional ameloblastoma (CA), as recorded over the same period of 38 years., Results: Desmoplastic ameloblastoma had predilection for mandible (81.2%), posterior mandible being the most commonly affected, contrary to scientific literature reports of anterior maxillary predilection. Simple DA (88.0%) and DA with osteoplasia (12.0%) were the histologic variants observed. EMGR for DA (0.36 ± 0.44 cm/mo) was significantly less than EMGR (0.71 ± 1.16 cm/mo) for CA (P = .000480)., Conclusion: This study speculates that DA tends to be less biologically aggressive than CA and has predilection for posterior mandible in Nigerians., (Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)