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1. Controversies in thyroid disease management in pregnancy

Author

Pushpa Singh and Kristien Boelaert

Subjects
Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Pregnancy, Fertility, Thyroid autoimmunity, Medicine
Abstract

Adequate control of thyroid function is crucial for optimal pregnancy outcomes and neurodevelopment of the offspring, and testing for thyroid function is ideally performed using manufacturer- and gestation-specific reference ranges. While universal screening for thyroid dysfunction is not recommended, targeted case finding of women at risk of thyroid disease during pregnancy is advised. A number of controversies continue to fuel debate including: (i) the target range for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in women with subfertility planning pregnancy, (ii) management of mild thyroid hypofunction before and during pregnancy, (iii) the treatment of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody-positive euthyroid women with levothyroxine, (iv) the optimal choice of antithyroid treatment in women with hyperthyroidism. A significant body of evidence has accumulated in recent years, including large systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies determining effects of thyroid dysfunction on pregnancy and fetal outcomes. In addition, outcomes from important randomised trials continue to inform current guidance on how to best care for women with thyroid dysfunction before and during pregnancy.

Published
2025
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3. Contributors

Author

M.A.S.R. Abhilash, Ajith Abraham, Alpana Agarwal, B. Aiswarya, Hamda Alhameli, Anood Mohammed Alhosani, S. Aravind Raj, R. Deepa, Ameeta Fernando, Moaz Nagib Gharib, Peiman Ghasemi, Fariba Goodarzian, Chalicham Hanish, Bavly Hanna, Jahangir Hossain, Esha Jain, K. Jayakrishna, Simranjeet Kaur, Raj Kumar Reddy Kotha, Jonika Lamba, VM Manickavasagam, K. Mathiyazhagan, Divya Mishra, MP Pandikumar, Sasikumar Perumal, Sonu Rajak, G. Rajyalakshmi, G. Ramasundaram, Raga Ravali B, K.N.G.L. Reshwanth, V. Senthil, Om Ji Shukla, Rajesh Kr Singh, Pushpa Singh, Narendra Singh, Yendeti Venkata Siva Prasanth, Micheal Sony, Laxmi Pandit Vishwakarma, Xianzhi Wang, and Guandong Xu

Published
2023
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4. List of contributors

Author

Muyideen AbdulRaheem, Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Paolo Barsocchi, M.S. Bhaskar, Akash Kumar Bhoi, M. Abdullah Canbaz, Shamit Roy Chowdhury, Alfonso González-Briones, H.M.K.K.M.B. Herath, Muhammed Fazal Ijaz, Mojtaba Jafaritadi, Vijay Jeyakumar, Rasheed Gbenga Jimoh, G.M.K.B. Karunasena, Riku Klén, Elina Kontio, Palani Thanaraj Krishnan, Anh-Tu Le, B.G.D.A. Madhusanka, Ayaskanta Mishra, Munyaradzi Munochiveyi, Idowu Dauda Oladipo, Siba Smarak Panigrahi, Bhalchandra Sunil Patil, Alex Noel Joseph Raj, Arun Kumar Ray, Raed M. Shubair, Pushpa Singh, Kushika Sivaprakasam, P. Sriramalakshmi, Abdulhamit Subasi, Prema Sundaram, Samarendra Nath Sur, Anita Swain, Hiren Kumar Thakkar, and Adekola Rasheed Tomori

Published
2022
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6. Diagnosing of disease using machine learning

Author

Narendra Singh, Pushpa Singh, Akansha Singh, and Krishna Kant Singh

Subjects
Disease detection, Computer science, business.industry, education, Decision tree, Disease, Python (programming language), Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Support vector machine, Naive Bayes classifier, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, False positive paradox, Artificial intelligence, F1 score, business, computer, computer.programming_language
Abstract

The role of machine learning in the healthcare industry is inevitable due to its power to use in disease detection and management. Disease diagnosis using machine-learning techniques can enhance the quickness of decision-making, and it can reduce the rate of false positives. This chapter discusses recent developments in machine-learning algorithms that have made a substantial impact on the detection and diagnosis of several diseases. This chapter firstly introduces challenges in the conventional healthcare system and then describes various machine-learning algorithms like SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes, and Decision tree. The practical implementation of these algorithms is discussed with Python. These algorithms are used to diagnose various diseases like cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, heart attack, and other prominent diseases. The text offers a conceptual and mathematical background of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics of a machine-learning algorithm in order to diagnose disease. Finally, the chapter discusses the impact of machine learning on the healthcare industry.

Published
2021
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7. List of contributors

Author

Gaurav Aggarwal, Ishpreet Aneja, Ashu Ashu, Pushpa Choudhary, Subhadip Chowdhury, Subhankar Das, Ritam Dutta, Lata Gadhavi, G. S. Pradeep Ghantasala, Sarada Prasad Gochhayat, Nalli Vinaya Kumari, Subhra Rani Mondal, Anand Nayyar, Rizwan Patan, Vandana Patel, Anju S. Pillai, Vijayalakshmi Saravanan, Ankit K. Shah, Shilpi Sharma, Akansha Singh, Arun Kumar Singh, Krishna Kant Singh, Latika Singh, Narendra Singh, Pushpa Singh, Ashish Tripathi, Prem Chand Vashist, Hong Yang, and Noor Zaman

Published
2021
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8. Genetically Modified Crops in India: Politics, Policies, and Political Economy

Author

Pushpa Singh

Subjects
Emerging technologies, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Genetic use restriction technology, Context (language use), Democracy, Politics, Agrarian society, Agriculture, Political science, Political economy, business, Monopoly, media_common
Abstract

The proposed chapter will explore Genetically Modified crops in India in terms of its narrative, state policies, and its political economy. The discourse analysis of the policies on agribiotechnology and GM crop regulation will illuminate its imperative in terms of agrarian, environmental, legal, and development aspects. Agribiotech has been subject of opposite and extreme reaction evoking ardent reinforcement from its jubilant supporters on one hand, to the demand of complete ban by its vehement critics on the other hand. What explains the entailing of complex cultural, ethical, political-economic question on its use in agriculture, generating adverse public reactions from different corners? Why all the debates on the topics are framed in the semantics of extremes? Agricultural policies are shaped by the constant interaction between the state institutions, techno-scientific establishments, and agribusiness industry. A closer study of the prevailing policies will allow to explore the possibilities and opportunities that agribiotech could offer to a developing country like India. Equally important will be to ensure that such agricultural interventions should be juxtaposed against the interest of marginal fragile farmers who are in majority in India. The trade-off of farmers rights, particularly in context of sinister deployment of technology such as Genetic Use Restriction Technology (GURT) are highly questionable and therefore has been rejected by India. Such application of biotech will not only smothers the democratic spaces of the vast farming communities but will aid the consolidation of monopoly over food and farming by global agribusiness. However, the real challenge lies in exploring the ways and means to creatively engage with the discourse of GM crops in order to take advantage of such emerging technologies for the benefit of the masses.

Published
2021
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9. Contributors

Author

Shackira A.M., Mohd Aamir, Aditya Vikram Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, Shashi Bhushan Agrawal, Niaz Ahmad, Shalini Anand, Ilkay Hilal Ataman, Allah Bakhsh, Subhankar Biswas, Avinash Chandra Rai, Vasiliy Chokheli, Betül Ayça Dönmez, Kadambini Das, Reena Deshmukh, Pavel Dmitriev, Charu Dogra Rawat, Esra Duru, Erdogan Güneş, Nurdan Tuna Güneş, H.V. Girish, N.K. Hemanth Kumar, Shobha Jagannath, Pooja Jaiswal, Sweta Jha, Ajoykumar K.N., Rabia Busenaz Kaya, Krishna Kumar Rai, Ajay Kumar, Smita Kumar, Rima Kumari, Tatiana Minkina, Yogesh Mishra, Anil Kumar Moola, Hormoz Movassaghi, Zahid Mukhtar, M. Murali, Shilpi Nagar, Tulika Prasad, Devendra Pratap Singh, Paulraj Rajamani, Vishnu Rajput, Manikandan Ramesh, B.D. Ranjitha Kumari, Ghulam Raza, Piotr Rzymski, Irem Aycan Sırel, Lakkakula Satish, Sangeeta Saxena, Rakesh Singh Sengar, T. Senthil Kumar, Dominika Sikora, Usha Singh Gaharwar, Abhishek Singh, Aditya Abha Singh, Alok Kumar Singh, Anand Vikram Singh, S. Brijesh Singh, Gurudatta Singh, Kshitij Kumar Singh, Manoj Kumar Singh, Pushpa Singh, Rana Pratap Singh, Richa Singh, Rupesh Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Suruchi Singh, Akanksha Srivastava, M.S. Sudarshana, Merve Tekinsoy, Nirmla Devi Thakur, Shakhnozakhan Tillaboeva, Fahri Unsal, Tatiana Varduny, Akanksha Verma, Saurabh Verma, Tahir Waheed, Sandhya Yadav, Binnur Yeşil, Ilknur Yel, and Andleeb Zehra

Published
2021
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