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The application of multilayered monolithic scaffolds to repair osteochondral defects has become a hot research topic due to the advantage of simulating native osteochondral physiological structure. However, it was difficult to promote proliferation and migration of different kinds of cells in the corresponding layers under the same culture condition. Besides, the methods utilized in previous researches to construct tissue-engineered osteochondral construct were time-consuming, laborious, complicated, costly and difficult to ensure the quality and integration of multilayered construction. Inspired by the application of titanium mesh cage (TMC) for bone graft in spinal fusion surgery, we attempt to 3D print an integrated tri-layered scaffold with Titanium-Mesh-Cage base which could be filled with autogenous cancellous bone for bone graft to the osteochondral defect. Finally, the results of repairing cartilage defects of knee with this scaffold in goat model were evaluated. The results of in-vivo experiments suggested that utilizing the integrated tri-layered scaffold with Titanium-Mesh-Cage base to repair osteochondral defect was a convenient, cost-effective and time-saving procedures, which could achieve a satisfactory repair result as good as that of Mosaicplasty.

Tracheal circumferential defects involving more than half of the tracheal wall still represent an unsolved problem. Several studies have developed different methods to help repair cartilage and improve healing but a suitable tracheal reconstruction or replacement has not been achieved yet. Novel bioengineering technologies seem to be the new answer to this serious problem. This chapter briefly describes the fundamentals of the anatomical and physiological tracheal functions and provides a review of trachea tissue engineering. Then it describes the project and development by means of electrospinning of a biodegradable tubular tracheal scaffold with an in vitro and in vivo preliminary experimental approach.