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Bone resorption and possible fracture of host tissue are some consequences resulting from the mismatch between the Young's Modulus of the constituent materials of implants and bone that compromises the reliability of implants for replacing damaged bone tissue. The use of functional graded porous materials presents an interesting approach that could help decrease the Young's modulus while simultaneously mimicking highly hierarchical porosity of the bone structure. However, these structures are more difficult to fabricate than those with homogenous porosity. The design and distribution of this porosity in the implant must ensure the biomechanical and biofunctional balance of the bone tissue it is intended to replace. In this study, Ti radially graded structures were successfully fabricated using Spark Plasma Sintering combined with Space Holder Technique. The effects of temperature on porosity and mechanical properties were thoroughly examined. The results indicated that this processing route allows to achieve good control of porosity, close to the amount of added spacer. Yield stress of 181 MPa and an elastic modulus of 56 GPa were obtained for samples sintered at 800 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 6.3 MPa. These mechanical properties make the structure a viable candidate for replacing human long bones.

Bone resorption and possible fracture of host tissue are some consequences resulting from the mismatch between the Young's Modulus of the constituent materials of implants and bone that compromises the reliability of implants for replacing damaged bone tissue. The use of functional graded porous materials presents an interesting approach that could help decrease the Young's modulus while simultaneously mimicking highly hierarchical porosity of the bone structure. However, these structures are more difficult to fabricate than those with homogenous porosity. The design and distribution of this porosity in the implant must ensure the biomechanical and biofunctional balance of the bone tissue it is intended to replace. In this study, Ti radially graded structures were successfully fabricated using Spark Plasma Sintering combined with Space Holder Technique. The effects of temperature on porosity and mechanical properties were thoroughly examined. The results indicated that this processing route allows to achieve good control of porosity, close to the amount of added spacer. Yield stress of 181 MPa and an elastic modulus of 56 GPa were obtained for samples sintered at 800 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 6.3 MPa. These mechanical properties make the structure a viable candidate for replacing human long bones.

The utilization of porous biomedical implants featuring a bimodal microstructure has garnered substantial interest within the scientific community. This study delves into the intricate interplay between processing parameters, microstructural attributes, and the tribo-mechanical performance of titanium grade 4, showcasing its potential to serve as implants to address compromised cortical bone tissue. The investigation meticulously examines the impact of milling duration (10 and 20 h), proportion of milled powder (50 and 75 wt%), and the volume fraction of space-holding agents (40–60 vol% NaCl) on the resulting characteristics of the bimodal microstructure, which plays a crucial role in achieving optimal biomechanical equilibrium. The Vickers microhardness, conventional and instrumented (P-h curves), and the wear behavior (ball-on disk) are discussed in terms of bimodal microstructure distribution, particle size and porosity level inherent to the fabrication conditions (mechanical milling + space-holder + hot-pressing). In general terms, milling time and milled powder fraction were the most influent parameters on the final properties of the materials. With the processing route used, the achieved microhardness values and wear behavior are comparable with those obtained by means of surface modifications or alloys. The Young's moduli obtained were in the range of 30–50 GPa, which could help to reduce the shielding phenomenon, while presenting a good mechanical resistance and wear behavior. In light of these findings, the fabricated specimen, composed of 75 wt% milled powder subjected to a 10-h milling duration, supplemented by a 60 vol% fraction of NaCl, emerges as a prime candidate manifesting superior biomechanical equilibrium. This judicious configuration exhibits a promising trajectory for its application in bone replacement endeavors.

The utilization of porous biomedical implants featuring a bimodal microstructure has garnered substantial interest within the scientific community. This study delves into the intricate interplay between processing parameters, microstructural attributes, and the tribo-mechanical performance of titanium grade 4, showcasing its potential to serve as implants to address compromised cortical bone tissue. The investigation meticulously examines the impact of milling duration (10 and 20 h), proportion of milled powder (50 and 75 wt%), and the volume fraction of space-holding agents (40–60 vol% NaCl) on the resulting characteristics of the bimodal microstructure, which plays a crucial role in achieving optimal biomechanical equilibrium. The Vickers microhardness, conventional and instrumented (P-h curves), and the wear behavior (ball-on disk) are discussed in terms of bimodal microstructure distribution, particle size and porosity level inherent to the fabrication conditions (mechanical milling + space-holder + hot-pressing). In general terms, milling time and milled powder fraction were the most influent parameters on the final properties of the materials. With the processing route used, the achieved microhardness values and wear behavior are comparable with those obtained by means of surface modifications or alloys. The Young's moduli obtained were in the range of 30–50 GPa, which could help to reduce the shielding phenomenon, while presenting a good mechanical resistance and wear behavior. In light of these findings, the fabricated specimen, composed of 75 wt% milled powder subjected to a 10-h milling duration, supplemented by a 60 vol% fraction of NaCl, emerges as a prime candidate manifesting superior biomechanical equilibrium. This judicious configuration exhibits a promising trajectory for its application in bone replacement endeavors.