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Natural polysaccharides exhibit numerous beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. Moringa oleifera seeds are of high dietary and therapeutic value which drew a lot of attention. However, the regulation effect on anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides remains to be studied. Herein, novel bioactive polysaccharides (MOSP-1) were extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds, and the anti-inflammatory properties of MOSP-1 were uncovered. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to prepare the polysaccharides with optimized conditions (70 °C, 43 min, and liquid-solid-ratio 15 mL/g). Then, DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow columns were applied to isolate and purify MOSP-1. Rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose were identified as the monosaccharide constituents of MOSP-1, with a molecular weight of 5.697 kDa. Their proportion in molarity was 1:0.183:0.108:0.860 and 8 types of glycosidic linkages were discovered. Bioactive assays showed that MOSP-1 possessed scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, confirming its potential antioxidation efficacy. In vitro experiments revealed that MOSP-1 could reduce the expression of inflammation-related cytokines, inhibit the activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 (the MAPK signaling pathway), and enhance phagocytic functions. This study indicates that polysaccharides (MOSP-1) from Moringa oleifera seeds with anti-inflammatory properties may be used for functional food and pharmaceutical product development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study explored the mechanism underlying the interactions between polysaccharides and ovalbumin-ferulic acid (OVA-FA) and the effect of polysaccharides on OVA-FA-stabilized emulsions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the polysaccharide OVA-FA interactions mechanism and to resolve the changes in the protein secondary structure and crystal structure. OVA-FA-polysaccharide-stabilized emulsions were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and their rheological properties and stability were determined. The results showed that the non-covalent interactions between polysaccharides and OVA-FA led to an increase in the β-sheet content of OVA and a decrease in the α-helix and random coil contents. The stability of the OVA-FA-polysaccharide-stabilized emulsions was better compared with that of the OVA-FA-stabilized emulsions. By comparing the different OVA-FA-polysaccharide-stabilized emulsions, we observed that OVA-FA-agar did not stabilize the emulsion well, while the OVA-FA-SA- and OVA-FA-KC-stabilized emulsions had good elasticity, and the microstructure and storage stability of the OVA-FA-KC-stabilized emulsion were better. Our findings provide a new perspective for the application of OVA-FA-KC in complex food emulsions., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In order to exploit an abundant and cheap carbon source for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production, the rice husk was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid and steam flash-explosion to enhance the enzymatic saccharification. The yield of reducing sugars of pretreated rice husk hydrolysate came up to 266.5 mg/g rice husk, much higher than that of untreated rice husk hydrolysate (72.67 mg/g rice husk). This result indicated that the pretreatment can significantly enhance the yield of reducing sugars. Then the hydrolysate was used as a sole carbon source for PHB production by using Cupriavidus necator. Response surface method was used to optimize the fermentation conditions. Under optimum fermentation conditions (carbon source, 31.81 gL -1 ; nitrogen source, 1.8 gL -1 ; pH-value, 7.0; temperature, 27.1 °C), the PHB yield was 5.0 gL -1 , which was in good agreement with the predicted value., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fungal polysaccharides are mainly taken orally, so it is very important to study the absorption mechanism of which in vivo for understanding its biological activities. In this work, a polysaccharide fraction (GLP) was purified from G. lucidum by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Physicochemical characterization indicated that GLP had a molecular weight of 108 kDa and consisted of glucose (35.56%), xylose (40.11%), rhamnose (16.45%) and l-arabinose (7.88%) in a molar radio of 4.51: 5.09: 2.88: 1.0. GLP was taken by Caco-2 cells through the pathway of macropinocytosis and it was a well-absorbed biological macromolecule testified by Papp value. Sugar transporters (SGLT1 and GLUT2) played different roles at different absorption stages of GLP, and the absorption of GLP during digestion in mice model was a time-dependent process. All these results could contribute to explore the absorption mechanism of polysaccharides in body., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (CTS-SeNPs) were prepared through the reduction of selenite acid with ascorbic acid. The optimal synthesis conditions of CTS-SeNPs were obtained by orthogonal experiments. Besides, the size, morphology and stability of CTS-SeNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results showed that, the CTS-SeNPs with diameter of about 54 nm could be obtained under the optimal conditions (temperature of 25 °C, reaction time of 2 h, Vc concentration of 0.04 M and the CTS concentration of 1.0 mg/mL). CTS-SeNPs were uniform spherical and could be stable for approximately 60 days at 4 °C. Further, the antidiabetic activities of CTS-SeNPs in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were investigated as well. The results revealed that CTS-SeNPs at a dose of 2.0 mg Se/kg bw exhibited higher antidiabetic activity than other doses of CTS-SeNPs and other selenium compounds with the same selenium content., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared by adding Catathelasma ventricosum polysaccharides (CVPs) to the redox system of selenite and ascorbic acid. Taking particle size as an investigation index, the optimal synthesis conditions of CVPs-SeNPs were obtained by orthogonal test. Herein, the diameter, morphology, and stability of the CVPs-SeNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the antidiabetic activities of CVPs-SeNPs were evaluated by STZ (streptozocin)-induced diabetic mice. The obtained results showed that, optimum synthesis conditions of CVPs-SeNPs were: ultrasonic time 60min, concentration of Vc 0.04M, reaction time 2h, pH7.0. Under these conditions, mean diameter of the synthesized CVPs-SeNPs was around 49.73nm. TEM of CVPs-SeNPs prepared in optimal conditions showed individual and spherical nanostructure. CVPs-SeNPs (particle size of about 50nm) could be stable for approximately 3months at 4°C, but only 1month at 25°C. The results on serum profiles and antioxidant enzymes levels revealed that CVPs-SeNPs had a potential antidiabetic effect. In addition, CVPs-SeNPs showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity (p<0.05) than other selenium preparations such as SeNPs, selenocysteine, sodium selenite., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from the caps and stipes of thirteen boletus mushrooms representing five different species collected in Southwest China. Investigations of their structures and antioxidant activities allowed an evaluation of structure-function relationships. The polysaccharides were composed mainly of the monosaccharides arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose. Most samples displayed a broad molecular weight range, with significant differences observed between the molecular weight ranges of the polysaccharides from the caps and the stipes. FT-IR spectral analysis of the polysaccharides revealed that most of polysaccharides from boletus mushrooms (except Boletus edulis) contained a pyranose ring. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides in stipes showed a significant correlation with their monosaccharide composition, and were also related to their molecular weight and anomeric configuration. Suillellus luridus collected in Pingwu, Mianyang, Sichuan, China had remarkably superior antioxidant activity and might be developed as a natural antioxidant., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Six polysaccharides were extracted from different parts (whole plants, roots and leaves) of Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus (ARPs, ARPs-1, ARPs-2, AFPs, AFPs-1 and AFPs-2). Their primary characteristics were identified and their antidiabetic activities were evaluated in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Root polysaccharides (ARPs-1and AFPs-1) and leaf polysaccharides (ARPs-2 and AFPs-2) were distinct from each other in terms of the Mws, monosaccharide compositions and functional groups. Notably, the primary structures of ARPs and AFPs were similar to those of ARPs-1and AFPs-1, respectively. In animal experiment, after feeding with polysaccharides samples, the body weight, blood glucose, glycogen, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), malondiadehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and kidney of mice were tested to investigate the antidiabetic activities. All polysaccharides exhibited varying antidiabetic activities (antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities), which were closely related to their primary characteristics. Furthermore, root polysaccharides with higher Mws and glucose content in both A. roxburghii and A. formosanus, exhibited better antidiabetic activities than leaf polysaccharides, and ARPs which showed the best antidiabetic activities had the potential to be used as functional food or medicine for diabetes treatment., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)