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Perfluorooctanoic acid "Forever Chemical" presents substantial ecological challenges owing to its persistence and resistance to degradation. The study introduces a novel approach by integrating ternary metal oxides-Gd 2 O 3 , Co 3 O 4 , and Bi 2 O 3 with carbon nanotubes to develop a versatile electrode material, CNT@GdCoBi NCs, which demonstrates dual functionality as both an electrochemical sensor for PFOA and a component for energy storage devices. The electrode exhibits outstanding electrochemical sensing performance, with a detection limit for PFOA of 4.9 ppb. Interference tests reveal the electrode's high selectivity for PFOA, with a tolerance limit of ≤ 5 %. Practical application on various fruits, vegetables, and water samples shows an average relative standard deviation (%RSD) between 4.8 % and 5.6 %, underscoring the practical effectiveness of the CNT@GdCoBi NCs electrode. Furthermore, the CNT@GdCoBi NCs exhibit remarkable supercapacitor performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 1197 F/g at 2 A/g, which is 1.5 times higher than that of GdCoBi NCs. At a current density of 2 A/g, the symmetric supercapacitor device demonstrates a specific capacitance of 269 F/g, along with a high energy density of 52 Wh/kg at a power density of 500 W/kg. Additionally, the CNT@GdCoBi NCs electrode maintains good durability, retaining 94 % of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The modern eco-friendly materials used in research and innovation today consist of nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposite polymers. Their unique composite properties make them suitable for various industrial, medicinal, and energy applications. Bio-nanocomposite polymers are made of biopolymer matrices that have nanofillers dispersed throughout them. There are several types of fillers that can be added to polymers to enhance their quality, such as cellulose-based fillers, clay nanomaterials, carbon black, talc, carbon quantum dots, and many others. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites are considered a superior alternative to traditional materials as they reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote the use of renewable resources. This review covers the current state-of-the-art in nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials, focusing on ways to improve their features and the various applications they can be used for. The review article also investigates the utilization of diverse nanocomposites as a viable approach for developing bio-nanocomposites. It delves into the underlying principles that govern the synthesis of these materials and explores their prospective applications in the biomedical field, food packaging, sensing (Immunosensors), and energy storage devices. Lastly, the review discusses the future outlook and current challenges of these materials, with a focus on sustainability., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was treated with surfactants and immobilized onto the novel formulated magnetic graphene anchored silica nanocomposite (Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /Gr NC). For this purpose, the surface of lipase was initially coated with Triton-X 100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants, to stabilize enzyme in its open form and was then adsorbed onto aminated Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /Gr NC. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was then utilized to cross-link the adsorbed lipase onto the NC. The fabricated NC and conjugated lipase was characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, CLSM, CD and Fluorescence spectroscopy. The magnetic character of the as-synthesized NC was verified by AGM investigation. CD and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis demonstrated slight structural rearrangements in lipase upon conjugation. The surfactant stabilized immobilized lipase demonstrated significantly enhanced thermostability, tolerance to various metal ions and inhibitors. The immobilization yield obtained owing to lipase interfacial activation by Triton X 100 and CTAB was remarkably enhanced by 6-folds and 3-folds, respectively which were remarkably higher in comparison to free immobilized lipase. The fabricated nanobiocatalysts were employed to synthesise green apple flavour ester, ethyl valerate via esterification reaction. Triton X 100 stabilized immobilized lipase was a better performer in yielding green apple flavour ester, demonstrating about 90% ester yield as compared to 78% yield obtained by CTAB stabilized immobilized lipase preparation. The obtained outcomes suggested that enzyme structure was stabilized by the GA treatment if executed in the absence or in the presence of detergent, and that, in the company of detergent, a conformation of the lipase with the exposed active center to the medium provided an aggrandized catalytic performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest amongst authors and with any funding agency., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study investigates the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated on surface of nanophotocatalyst in wastewater treatment discharged from exponentially growing industries. A facile synthetic route is presented to produce reduced graphene oxide/CdS quantum dot (rGO/CdS QD) heterostructure by monowave-assisted solvothermal method where room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate serves as a "green" precursor. The prepared photocatalyst was tested for: (1) photodegradation performance against various cationic dyes, anionic dyes, and antibiotics as model organic water pollutants; and (2) disinfection performance against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli bacterial strains as pathogenic water pollutants. The negative surface charge of rGO/CdS QD precisely attracted the cationic dye molecules to its surface and degraded the dyes at a higher rate. Moreover, excellent antibacterial activity of rGO/CdS QD were observed against S. aureus and E. coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 μg ml -1 and 32 μg ml -1 , respectively. A plausible mechanism of the photocatalytic activity suggested that ROS with strong oxidizing ability reacts with the organic pollutants to mineralize them into CO 2 , H 2 O or some other small molecules, and reacts with pathogens to damage the macromolecules like proteins, lipids, DNA, etc in the bacterial cells. Among all the surface generated ROS, hydroxyl radicals was found to be the main contributor in the photodegradation and disinfection mechanism., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sn 1-x Co x O 2 (x=0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) nanoparticles (NPs) of average size ∼30-40nm were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The interaction of Co doped SnO 2 NPs with human serum albumin (HSA) and their photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties were studied. The structural analysis and morphology of Co doped SnO 2 NPs were analysed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Besides the structural and morphological analysis, the interaction of Co doped SnO 2 NPs with HSA were studied by UV-vis, Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching results suggest that Co doped SnO 2 NPs interact with an HSA molecule through static mechanism. CD indicates that α-helicity of HSA increases due to the interaction of Co doped SnO 2 NPs. The photocatalytic activities of the NPs with increased doping concentration were evaluated through a degradation process in the presence of methylene-blue (MB) dye under UV light irradiation, which exhibited that the surface area of NPs with increased doping concentration plays a major role in improving the photocatalytic activity. The antimicrobial effect of undoped and Co-doped SnO 2 NPs was determined using agar-well diffusion method and analyzed against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus Cereus MC 2434). In our results, we have found that as the doping concentration increases into NPs, zone of inhibition increases, which could be ascribed to the production of ROS and large surface area of the NPs., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study we have synthesized polyaniline/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites (PANI@CFs) by in situ polymerization method with different amounts of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles NPs (CF-NPs) (0.5 g and 1.0 g). The structural optical, thermal and dielectric properties of the as synthesized PANI@CFs were studied. The XRD analysis ensures that CF-NPs have a single phase spinel structure. The XRD and EDAX results confirmed that the CF-NPs were successfully incorporated in the PANI matrix. The crystalline size analysis revealed that the size increased with increasing CF-NPs amount in the PANI@CFs, because of the aggregation effect. TGA exhibited an enhanced thermal stability of the PANI@CFs as compare with PANI owing to the strong interaction between the CF-NPs and polymer matrix. The energy band gaps as calculated through the Tauc relation were found to be gradually higher with the increasing the amount of CF-NPs in PANI@CFs. The dielectric constants (ε', ε″), dielectric loss (tanδ) and AC conductivity (σac) were studied as the function of frequency and composition, which have been explained by 'Maxwell Wagner Model'. The high dielectric constant and ac conductivity were observed of PANI@CFs than PANI. Moreover, PANI@CF 1:2 exhibited the promising photocatalytic activity for the photo-decoloration of the methyl orange (MO) dye under UV light irradiation. Results also showed protection of photo-decoloration of the MO dye by the disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dehydrate (EDTA-Na2; C10H14N2Na2O8·2H2O) (hole scavenger) and tert-butyl alcohol (C4H10O) (radical scavenger) clearly suggested the implication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photocatalytic activity of PANI@CF 1:2. It is encouraging to conclude that PANI@CF bears the potential of its applications in photocatalysis., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)