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A supercritical fluid extraction methodology was used to extract flavoring and bioactive compounds from truffles. Some parameters such as CO2 flow rate (1–3 mg/mL), extraction time (15–90 min) and different trapping food matrices (grape seed oil, gelatin, agar agar and water) were optimized using response surface methodology to enhance extraction and trapping yields. The optimal conditions (2.27 mg/mL CO2 flow rate, 82.5 min when using 40 °C and 30 MPa, with 1 mL grape seed oil as trapping matrix) obtained with Tuber melanosporum were applied to three different truffle species: Terfezia claveryi, Tuber aestivum and Tuber indicum. A total of 32 metabolites were profiled in the extracts using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compounds such as brassicasterol ergosta-7,22-dienol, oleic and linoleic acid were found at similar amounts in all the extracts but other molecules (e.g. fungal sterols) showed a particular distribution depending on the specie studied and whether a trapping matrix was used at the SFE outlet.

Truffles are a well-known worldwide product mainly appreciated by their unique aroma, which is composed by more than 50 volatile compounds. However, to this day, no one has accomplished to find the aromatic key that evokes the real aroma of truffles for its use as food flavoring. Among them, black truffle was selected for extraction with supercritical fluids using CO2 as solvent recovering natural truffle aroma fraction. To achieve the optimal extraction ratio, time, pressure and grapeseed oil addition to the separators were evaluated. Aroma from black truffle powder, extracts obtained, and residual cakes fractions were characterized by headspace gas chromatography-spectrometry and olfactometry techniques. The results indicated that optimal extraction conditions were 30 MPa for 3 h. Also, grapeseed oil addition enhanced trapping some key truffle aromatic compounds as 2,3-butanodione, 2-methyl-1-butanol, octanal and dimethyl disulphide. Olfactometry study showed the aromatic profile of the extracts indicating the molecules ethyl pentanoate (fruity), 1-hexen-3-one (metallic) and ethyl hexanoate (fruity) as the main compounds of extracts samples. For the first time, a natural truffle aroma has been obtained using low-value truffles. After aromatic extraction, carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic compounds were analysed within the residues, showing a potential source of bioactive compounds.

The use of acid oils and fatty acid distillates in poultry feed formulations is limited due to controversial productive results that has been partially related to a lower digestibility compared with their corresponding crude oils. In vitro digestion and bioaccessibility models mimicking fat intestinal digestion will provide valuable information to understand differences in dietary fat digestibility observed in in vivo trials. The hydrolysis processes that occur during intestinal digestion of soybean acid oil (SA: unsaturated), palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD: saturated), and their corresponding crude oils, as well as their potential bioaccessibility were studied using an in vitro digestion model. The release of lipid-class products (Triacylglycerol(s), TAG; Diacylglycerol(s), DAG; Monoacylglycerol(s), MAG; and Free fatty acid(s), FFA) was followed at 10, 30, and 60 min of digestion. In all oils studied, the largest hydrolysis rate occurred within the first 10 min. At the end, the percentages of generated lipid products were in the range of expected values according to the pancreatic lipase activity. After digestion, dietary mixed micelles (DMM) and the non-bioaccessible precipitated phase (PP) were isolated to analyze their lipid-class composition. Unsaturated oils showed higher DMM fraction than saturated ones (P = 0.001). Higher PP (P < 0.001) were generated in acid oils. Results suggested that hydrolysis did not limit oil digestion and that the oil FFA levels influenced their bioaccessibility less than the saturation degree.

[ES]: El estilo de vida es un concepto complejo que incluye los aspectos externos a nosotros mismos que pueden modular e influir en nuestra salud. Los conocimientos sobre la relación entre el estilo de vida y el riesgo cardiovascular están lejos de proporcionar los niveles de evidencia que se han conseguido con los ensayos clínicos con fármacos, debido a que los estudios son escasos, fundamentalmente de tipo observacional y en grandes cohortes, con la dificultad añadida de la no existencia de métodos seguros para conocer con precisión la ingesta diaria o lo largo de tiempo, así como la dificultad en la recogida de datos y en la medición de la adherencia debido a diferencias en la composición de los alimentos en distintas épocas y a la conducta alimentaria cambiante que posee el ser humano a lo largo del tiempo. En este documento nos hemos propuesto llevar a cabo una revisión actualizada y jerarquizada en base a las evidencias actuales, prestando atención a tres aspectos que tienen gran importancia patogénica y que podemos modificar directamente: la actividad física, el consumo de tabaco y el patrón de alimentación. Con ello pretendemos actualizar los nuevos conocimientos sobre su relación con el riesgo cardiovascular aportando evidencias útiles, constituyendo una herramienta sencilla dirigida especialmente a todos los profesionales de la salud implicados en el cuidado de personas con riesgo cardiovascular para trasladarlos a la práctica clínica, definiendo unas líneas de actuación sencillas y fáciles para ser transmitidas a las personas que reciban un consejo para la prevención primaria y secundaria de las enfermedades cardiovasculares., [EN]: Lifestyle is a complex concept that includes aspects external to ourselves that can modulate and influence our health. The knowledge of the relationship between lifestyle and cardiovascular risk does not attain the level of evidence achieved with clinical trials with drugs, because clinical studies are scarce and mainly of observational nature, albeit based on large cohorts. Nutritional epidemiology has the added difficulty of being based mostly on subjective dietary recall methods to ascertain nutrient and food intake over time, with the additional problems of incomplete data collection, variable measurements of adherence due to seasonal and geographical differences in food composition, and the changing eating behavior that human beings have over time. The purpose of this document is to carry out an updated and hierarchical review of the relationship between lifestyle and cardiovascular disease based on current evidence, paying attention to three aspects that are of great pathogenic importance and are directly modifiable: physical activity, tobacco consumption, and diet. With this, we intend to update the knowledge on this relationship, construct evidence-based recommendations, and provide a simple tool for clinical practice especially directed to health professionals involved in the care of people at cardiovascular risk, defining simple and easy strategies for individuals who receive advice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

The combination of supercritical fluid extraction followed by UV-irradiation resulted in an interesting strategy to obtain ergosterol- and Vitamin D2-enriched extracts from Lentinula edodes to design novel functional food. Extractions carried out following a specific experimental design pointed out that extraction yields and ergosterol concentrations were more influenced by pressure than by the extraction temperature although, high temperatures (55–75 °C) might induce transformation of ergosta-7,22-dienol and fungisterol into ergosterol. After extraction, the ergosterol-enriched extracts should be dissolved in methanol or ethanol and irradiated (25 °C, 4 cm) to partially transform ergosterol into vitamin D2. Irradiation at 365 nm was less effective than at 254 nm. The fastest transformation was obtained using a UV lamp covering the complete UV spectrum for a maximum of 1 h. However, this lamp also induced vitamin D4 formation although in lower amounts than vitamin D2 or lumisterol2 while with irradiation at 254 nm most of ergosterol was transformed into vitamin D2.

A literature and database review and several experiments were carried out because of the perturbing increase and exponential spreading of a major mistake thought scientific publications. Up to October 2015, more than 136 reports ensured that mushrooms contain flavonoids. However, 91% of the publications used an unspecific colorimetric method that was developed to quantify them in plants. However, no sequences encoding chalcone synthase or chalcone isomerase (key enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway) were found in genomic databases even in completely sequenced mushrooms indicating that they do not have the enzymes needed for their production. Fruiting bodies obtained from substrates containing onion wastes and mycelia grown on media supplemented with specific flavonoids showed no flavonoid content after HPLC DAD/MS determinations indicating that they were also unable of absorbing them.

The methanol/water and particularly the water extracts obtained from 26 mushroom species were able to inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) activity to different extent (10-76%). Cultivated mushrooms such as Pleurotus sp. and Lentinula edodes were among the strains which showed higher HMGCR inhibitory capacities. Their inhibitory properties were not largely influenced by cultivation parameters, mushroom developmental stage or flush number. The HMGCR inhibitory activity of L. edodes was concentrated in the cap excluding the gills while in Pleurotus ostreatus it was distributed through all the different tissues. A method to obtain aqueous fractions with high HMGCR inhibitory activity was optimized using an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) by selecting 10.7. MPa and 25 °C as common extraction conditions and 5 cycles of 5. min each for P. ostreatus fruiting bodies and 15 cycles of 5. min for L. edodes suggesting that the potential HMGCR inhibitors are different in the two selected mushrooms. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Ligninolytic enzymes activities (laccases, peroxidases (total, MnP and MiP) and aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO)) were measured during the cultivation of six commercial Pleurotus sp. strains on MMP media, on cereal grains (spawn) and on straw substrates (the three commonly utilized cultivation steps to obtain fruiting bodies) supplemented with several concentrations of autoclaved (OMW) or gamma-irradiated (iOMW) olive mill waste. Results indicated that all the strains were able to grow on MMP media and spawn containing up to 30% OMW and iOMW and on straw substrates mixed with 50% OMW. None of the strains showed AAO activity and there was not a single strain which showed the highest laccases and peroxidases activities, independently of the utilized substrate. Pleurotus mycelia adjusted their enzymatic mechanisms depending on their variety, type of substrate, concentration of OMW or iOMW added. OMW was a better supplement to use than iOMW because OMW induced higher exo-enzymes activities.

Seven Oyster mushroom strains were cultivated in wheat straw (WS) bags supplemented with 0 up to 90% olive mill waste (OMW), a solid residue obtained from a two-phases olive oil production system. All mushroom strains could grow but high OMW concentrations resulted in a significant yield, biological efficiency and productivity decrease, retarding of pinning and flushing and loss of fruiting bodies quality. However, most of the mushroom strains showed no significant differences on cultivation parameters and fruiting bodies quality (except for colour) between control (WS) substrates or substrates supplemented up to 50% OMW (w/w). Addition of 50% OMW to WS substrates turned mushrooms lighter and less reddish. This colour shift was not due to enzymatic oxidations or inhibition since laccase and peroxidase activities were not differing from control. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were also similar and no phenolic compounds from OMW were detected in the fruiting bodies. Some of the analysed Pleurotus strains were better suited to grow on OMW supplemented substrates than others.