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Objective: A 15-month longitudinal study was conducted to determine the duration and infectivity of asymptomatic qPCR-detected Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in Ethiopia. Method: Total parasite and gametocyte kinetics were determined by molecular methods; infectivity to Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes by repeated membrane feeding assays. Infectivity results were contrasted with passively recruited symptomatic malaria cases. Results: For P. falciparum and P. vivax infections detected at enrolment, median durations of infection were 37 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 15-93) and 60 days (95% CI, 18-213), respectively. P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite densities declined over the course of infections. From 47 feeding assays on 22 asymptomatic P. falciparum infections, 6.4% (3/47) were infectious and these infected 1.8% (29/1579) of mosquitoes. No transmission was observed in feeding assays on asymptomatic P. vivax mono-infections (0/56); one mixed-species infection was highly infectious. Among the symptomatic cases, 4.3% (2/47) of P. falciparum and 73.3% (53/86) of P. vivax patients were infectious to mosquitoes. Conclusion: The majority of asymptomatic infections were of short duration and low parasite density. Only a minority of asymptomatic individuals were infectious to mosquitoes. This contrasts with earlier findings and is plausibly due to the low parasite densities in this population.

The presence of poor-quality veterinary drugs hampers the effectiveness of animal health care systems. It may produce danger to human safety through animal-derived food products that are consumed by the people. Thus, this study assessed the quality of veterinary albendazole, fenbendazole and ivermectin boluses/tablets marketed in Gondar Zones, North West Ethiopia. A total of 42 samples were collected from all government veterinary clinics and private veterinary pharmacies in Gondar zones by mystery shoppers from October, 2020 to January, 2021. All samples were visually and physically inspected for proper labeling and packaging. Samples were evaluated based on Pharmacopoeias and manufacturers' methods for identification, assay, dosage uniformity, dissolution, disintegration, hardness, and friability tests. All samples passed the visual inspection criteria outlined in the joint WHO/FIP/USP checklist. In general, 80.95% (34/42) of the products examined were substandard failing one or more quality test parameters, including all albendazole (30/30) and fenbendazole (4/4) samples. However, all of the ivermectin samples (8/8) passed the quality test parameters investigated in this work. The study had indicated that low quality veterinary albendazole and fenbendazole products are incredibly common in the study sites. The most crucial quality features investigated as failure were friability and disintegration. Thus, regulations and enforcements that guarantee quality of veterinary anthelminthic medications should be strictly in place in the study area and in the country.

The notion of limit is one of the fundamental concepts which underpins advanced calculus of one or more variables in the field of analysis. However, understanding the concept of limit has been an impenetrable problem for many students in Ethiopian Universities. Only very few literatures were documented focusing on overcoming the difficulty of learning the concept of limit. For this reason, the overarching aim of the present study is to enhance students' conceptual understanding of limit by empowering their visualization skills using GeoGebra integrated with multi-teaching approaches. The study employed mixed methods experimental (intervention) design within an APOS paradigm. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Qualitative data was collected using students' reflections and interviews, whereas quantitative data was collected through pretest and posttest using diagnostic tests. The results of the qualitative data analysis revealed that the learning milieu created a positive impact on students' understanding of the concept of limit. Additionally, students provided coherent and viable reasons while making mental constructions and their coordination in the learning process based on the genetic decomposition grounded in APOS theory. Furthermore, the results of the quantitative (posttest) data analysis proved that students' mean scores on conceptual understanding of limit in the experimental group was significantly better than those in the control group. Thus, it could be possible to conclude that students’ conceptual understanding of limit is improved using GeoGebra integrated with multi-teaching approaches within an APOS paradigm. The findings open a great opportunity to suggest technology integrated mathematics curriculums for the teaching and learning of mathematics.