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Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder characterised by a distressing urge to move the legs. Several clinical conditions have been associated with RLS, such as iron deficiency, uraemia, pregnancy, polyneuropathy and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). However the causes remain unknown in about 70-80% of cases., Objective: To evaluate the role of glucose metabolism abnormalities in idiopathic RLS., Methods: We enrolled 132 consecutive patients with idiopathic RLS associated with normal fasting glycaemia and 128 control subjects. We evaluated glucose and insulin levels after a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (2h-OGTT) in patients and control subjects. In addition we determined Insulin Resistance (IR) by Homa-Index., Results: After 2h-OGTT, the prevalence of glucose metabolism abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with RLS than in controls (P=.002). Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) was found in 54 (41%) patients and in 23 (18%) controls, while a new-diagnosed DM (NDDM) was found in 25 (19%) patients and in 8 (6%) controls. The IR showed no significant differences between patients and controls., Conclusions: Our study suggests that IGT (prediabetes) is frequently associated with idiopathic RLS. We propose to perform a 2h-OGTT in idiopathic RLS patients with normal fasting glycaemia.

Objective: The aim of the present report is to report an unusual case of chondroid metaplasia of the dental pulp., Study Design: A white 45-year-old female patient appeared with signs and symptoms of an irreversible pulpitis on an upper left decayed third molar. After extraction, the tooth was fixed, demineralized, and processed for light microscopy., Results: Pulp tissue was replaced at one of the pulp horns by a colliquative necrosis surrounded by neutrophil leucocytes and congested blood vessels. Serial sections demonstrated a complete opening of the decayed tooth to the oral environment, and an area of chondroid metaplasia of the pulp was evident. Chondroid tissue was surrounded by a dense concentration of chronic inflammation cells., Conclusions: According to the best knowledge of the authors, this is possibly the first report of an occurrence of chondroid metaplasia in the dental pulp. This metaplasia could be the result of an attempt at tissue repair by the pulp tissue injured by the carious lesion. The pathologic changes in the dental pulp could have activated some of the mechanisms that have been described in other tissues, producing the formation of chondroid tissue. Pulp tissue may adapt to changed environmental stimuli by a deviation from normal cell differentiation.

In nonimmunocompromised patients aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses is a relatively rare disease. Root canal treated teeth with overextension of the root canal sealer or solid materials such as gutta-percha or silver cones into the sinus might be the main etiological factor for aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus in healthy patients. Root-filling materials based zinc oxide-eugenol is considered to be a growth factor for aspergillus. Aspergillus fumigatus needs heavy metals such as zinc oxide for proliferation and metabolism. Prognostic and histological studies showed that instrumentation and obturation should not extend beyond the apical foramen. When the sealer and/or gutta-percha is extruded within the sinus, this produce an inflammatory reaction and then Aspergillus growth. We report one case of healthy 60-yr-old male with overextension of root canal sealer in maxillary sinus. After surgical procedure, microscopic examination revealed aspergillosis. Overextension into the maxillary sinus with root canal cements has to be avoided.