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Aim of the Study: Facial paralysis can cause aesthetic and functional sequelae such as spasms and synkinesis. Botulinum toxin injection is one of the key treatments for these sequelae. Its use is widely reported in the literature for many muscles of the face but little for the buccinator muscle. However, its hyperactivity can be disabling, generating chewing and smile disorders in particular. The aim of this prospective study is to report the effects of botulinum toxin using a questionnaire specifically for the buccinator muscle., Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 13 patients. The facial paralysis was of various origins. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions each assessing a facial mimic involving the buccinator muscle. The rating scale ranged from -10 (major deterioration) to 10 (major improvement) for each question. The evaluation was done at 1 and 4 months after the injection. We found an improvement for all the mimics and gestures evaluated (0 to 7.38 at 1 month and 0.15 to 6.62 at 4 months). This improvement was greater at 1 month than at 4 months. Few side effects were reported., Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injections are an effective, safe therapeutic solution for the treatment of the facial paralysis sequelae of the buccinator muscle through a new specific questionnaire. Subsequently, it would be interesting to carry out an evaluation on a larger population and to compare it with other recognized scores in facial paralysis., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Improving the survival rate of fat grafts is yet a difficult problem in the field of autologous fat transplantation. Prevailing methods such as making nanofat and SVF are time-consuming. Hence, the role of additives application in the improvement of fat graft survival during fat transplantation was considered and preliminarily evaluated in a rabbit animal model., Methods: A rabbit animal model was established where rabbit ears were injected with a mixture of 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of saline (group A), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) (group B), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of prostaglandin E2 (groupC), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of PDRN (group D) respectively. Then, the extents of neovascularization and inflammation were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th and 70th day after injection by ELISA assays and H&E and immunofluorescence staining., Results: The results showed that pre-treatment with BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN improved graft volume and weight. The H&E and immunofluorescence staining revealed that BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN improved the graft angiogenesis. Simultaneously, TNF-α expression level detected by ELISA was the lowest in the PDRN group., Conclusion: Henceforth, the present preliminary study suggests that pre-transplantation treatment with BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN can improve the fat graft angiogenesis and graft integrity, whereby the effect of adding PDRN may be significant., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: In this study we have based our research on botulinium toxin injection via targeted neuromuscular end plate zones, specifically in muscles with diffuse distribution of the latter. The muscular surface anatomical variety was also taken into consideration with thorough pre-injection examination of every subject., Method: With consideration of the facial muscles anatomical variation and neuromuscular bundle distribution, we have applied the method of retrograde botulinium toxin injection on a series of 10 patients on the right side of the face with the left side as a control side, it was injected in a regular perpendicular manner in order to conclude the efficacy of targeted motor end zone injection. Using an auto-injecting syringe, we have delivered 6 Allergan units per zone (frontalis, glabellar lines of corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi crow's feet)., Results: On control day 8 we have noticed a more prominent effect mainly on the level of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the corrugator supercilii muscle on 9 out of 10 patients. Nine patients out of 10 needed the delivery of an additional 6 Allergan units per zone on the control side's glabellar lines and crow's feet rhytids. Where 1 out of 10 patients needed the reinjection of the control side on the glabellar lines zone., Conclusion: The musculature of the face varies when it comes to neuromuscular plate distribution. Muscles with scattered distribution patterns show an optimal response to botulinum toxin injections when delivered in a retrograde manner. This has allowed us to achieve of optimal results while minimizing injection sites and hence pain, the use of lower dosage and hence treatment cost, as well as lowering the unwanted product dissemination to the neighboring mimic muscles., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Facial paralysis sequelae have an intense psycho-social impact which imposes an optimal care in the long run. The surgical challenges are numerous, and the therapeutic weapons are multiple. We propose an analysis of these treatments by the prism of their pitfalls and their limits. The complications of the main surgical procedures are described as well as the details of the rework necessary to cope with them or to quickly correct the defects. Moreover, the result limits are detailed with suggestions to improve them. Finally, we develop the necessary iterative treatments or new therapeutic proposals that are essential for the long-term care of these patients whose sequelae of facial paralysis evolve with time and aging. The surgery of facial paralysis is not unequivocal. It requires humility, patience and tenacity to support the patient throughout his life., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Purpose: To report the results of Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) for radiation-induced head and neck pain., Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective study included all the patients treated at our institution with botulinum toxin A injections for radiation-induced head and neck pain between 2006 and 2017. Pain was evaluated by each patient on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (between 0 and 10) before, and 1 month after the injection., Results: Sixteen patients were included in this series. The mean value of the pain was 8.5 before and 8 after the first injection. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Major response occurred in 15 patients (VAS≤3 after BTA) and complete response in 11 patients (VAS=0 after BTA)., Conclusion: Botulinum toxin is an effective treatment for radiation-induced head and neck pain., (Copyright © 2019 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Botulinum toxin injections in aesthetic medicine are the most widely used products, ahead of hyaluronic acid, and aesthetic medicine is constantly increasing, including in the male population. The objective of this development was to show the specificities described in the literature concerning botulinum toxin injections in men., Material and Method: A systematic literature search was carried out using the Pubmed search engine. Data were then collected to determine the specificities of botulinum toxin injections in men according to the morphology of the male face and the wishes of these patients., Results: The studies conducted show that it is necessary to inject higher doses in men than in women to obtain a satisfactory result, due to a higher muscle mass. This adjustment gives the number of points to be performed per injection site, as well as the number of points to be performed, compared to the female population., Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injections for aesthetic purposes in men are different from those in women. Taking these particularities into account is essential to patient satisfaction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The goal of this article is to provide a systemic approach to forehead rejuvenation. Fillers, botulinic toxin injections, transpalpebral, endoscopic or bicoronal brow lift must be usual techniques for every plastic surgeon in overall facial rejuvenation. Achieving a long lasting and aesthetically pleasing forehead is possible only with surgical techniques when aging is obvious., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Facial palsy (FP) in children is congenital or acquired. When present at birth (congenital), etiologies are mostly traumatic and rarely developmental. Acquired FP needs investigation. Research on the etiology helps to determine prognostic and treatment. At most times, no specific cause is found. Treatment of idiopathic FP consists of early oral corticosteroid therapy and ocular protection. Treating the sequelae is essential and the physician has to consider the dynamic balance of both sides of the face. Dynamic rehabilitation should mainly concern the inferior facial third. We recommend the lengthening temporalis myoplasty (LTM). This relevant technique ensures replicable and reliable results with a harmonious smile. Facial dynamic rehabilitation after surgical procedure (muscle tranfer or free muscle flap) must be directed toward control of voluntary movement, to move from a mandibular smile to a spontaneous and voluntary smile, thanks to brain plasticity. Furthermore, botulinum toxin is well tolerated and remains a great tool to treat a child who can support injections., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Injection of type A botulinum toxin in the armpits is a temporary treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. This technique described in 1996 by Bushara et al., is known to be efficient and safe. The purpose of this article was to review the data concerning the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A, and discuss the other treatment modalities for this socially disabling entity., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: Botulinum toxin is a key therapeutic tool in the comprehensive treatment of peripheral facial paralysis. It fights spasms, synkinesis and overactivity of the different skin muscles responsible of facial expressions. Even though injection techniques as well as target muscles have been well identified, doses used remain quite imprecise and often not detailed muscle by muscle, further more dosage progression has not been monitored over time. Our retrospective study is the first one to refine the repartition of botulinum toxin doses on each of the relevant skin muscles and assess dosage kinetics., Patients and Methods: Thirty patients were included since 2008 with a mean follow-up of 2.3years. Each patient had at least 3 injections, with a delay of 4 to 6months between each injection., Results: Mean doses are indicated for each muscle injected on the paralyzed and healthy sides. Dose kinetics suggests an initial dosage increase after the first injection followed by a decrease over time. No treatment resistance was observed., Conclusion: Our study represents a didactic help in using botulinum toxin for sequelae of peripheral facial paralysis by providing more details on the effective mean doses for each muscle and their progression over time., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Medical treatment of facial paralysis sequel is an essential part of the overall management of this pathology. The use of botulinum toxin has revolutionized results in greatly improving facial symmetry. The toxin can be used either the healthy side of the face by treating the compensatory hyperactivity of non-paralyzed side of the face or the paralyzed side (in the spastic forms) to treat synkinesis and spasms of the face on the pathologic side. This treatment course will be complemented by the rest of the therapeutic, i.e. rehabilitation and surgical treatment., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The use of fillers for camouflage after surgical rhinoplasty or during medical rhinoplasty process represent an attractive technique which allows to avoid or to delay surgical time often dreaded by the patients. This technique apparently quite simple, must be applied carefully in order to avoid possible complications that can sometimes be very serious. Through their seven years of experience, the authors have selected absorbable type of products: hyaluronic acid or calcium hydroxylapatite, both approved by ANSM. Preference is given to microcannulas (27G) over needles and injection techniques through multiple tunnels fitted with small fragmented boluses. Due to possible Tyndall effect and skin necrosis risk, a one-shot injection with a lot of product should be avoided. Calcium hydroxyapaptite is preferred for the dorsum area while hyaluronic acid is recommended for the tip. The authors also relate the major encountered complications and describe the appropriated treatments. Nevertheless the strict application of the described technique represents the best way to prevent adverse complications., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)