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Background: Trachea, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer has demonstrated a discernible feminization and a tendency towards younger onset in recent decades. Therefore, our objective is to examine the most recent patterns in the worldwide prevalence of TBL among women of reproductive age on a global, regional, and national scale., Methods: To assess the prevalence trends of TBL in women of reproductive age, we calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These calculations were based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database., Results: From 1990 to 2019, there was a global increase in the absolute number of incidence cases, deaths, and DALYs of TBL in women of reproductive age. However, the ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rates were decreasing over this period, with EAPC of -0.77 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: -1.03 to -0.51), -1.08 (95 % CI: -1.34 to -0.82), and -1.10 (95 % CI: -1.36 to -0.84), respectively. This trend was observed even in regions with higher Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). East Asia consistently had the highest ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate, but there was a decreasing trend. Conversely, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa displayed an increasing burden pattern. When examining countries individually, Monaco, Greenland, and Palau had the highest ASIR. Moreover, in most countries, the ASIR for TBL increased with age, particularly among women aged 35-49 years., Conclusions: Despite a global decline in ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rates for TBL in women of reproductive age over the past three decades, there is still a troubling increase observed in low- and low-middle SDI regions. It is crucial to implement effective preventive and curative measures in these regions in order to address this concerning trend., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Tracheal cancer (TC) is a rare disease, and surgical treatment requires a high level of expertise. We sought to determine the treatment patterns and surgical outcomes of TC in the United States., Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for all cases of primary invasive TC without distant metastatic disease between 2004 and 2015. Primary surgical treatment and outcomes were analyzed. Factors associated with utilization of surgery and overall survival were tested using regression analysis., Results: Of 1379 identified TC patients, 338 patients (25%) were treated surgically. Among resected patients, most had adenoid cystic (48%) or squamous cell (28%) carcinoma. Median length of hospital stay after resection was 7 days (interquartile range, 3-8), and 30-day mortality was 1.4%. Most nonsurgically managed patients underwent radiation (63%). Factors associated with surgical resection were younger age, higher education level, tumor size, and adenoid cystic histology. On multivariate analysis patients were also more likely to undergo surgery if they traveled a farther distance for treatment (>45 km; odds ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.13) or were treated at academic centers (odds ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.26). Five-year overall survival was 71% after resection, 39% after surgical debulking, and 31% without surgery (P < .001)., Conclusions: National surgical outcomes for resection of TC demonstrate low perioperative mortality and excellent long-term prognosis. However, few nonmetastatic TC patients underwent surgery, indicating disparities in access to optimal surgical care and variability in practice patterns at a national level., (Copyright © 2020 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although tracheal invasion from thyroid cancer is life-threatening, the epidemiology of its development remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology (prevalence, incidence, and risk factors) and functional outcomes of tracheal invasion from thyroid cancer among Japanese patients who were eligible for full-layer tracheal resection., Methods: Patients with thyroid cancer and with or without tracheal invasion were identified based on procedure codes using a large inpatient database that is maintained by a data vendor. The prevalence and incidence were estimated for each age and sex using Japanese volume of thyroidectomies and Japanese population data. We also explored whether a tumor-related tracheal defect was successfully reconstructed after full-layer tracheal resection., Results: Among the 8482 patients with thyroid cancer, the overall prevalence of tracheal invasion was 0.4-0.7%. The overall incidence of thyroid cancer was 12.0/100,000 persons, and the incidence of tracheal invasion was estimated to be 0.05-0.09/100,000 persons. The age distributions were noticeably different between thyroid cancer cases with and without tracheal invasion. The highest incidence was observed at ages of 70-79 years for thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion and 60-69 years for thyroid cancer without invasion. Approximately one-half of patients experienced long-term use of a tracheal tube and/or multiple operations for tracheal reconstruction., Conclusion: The peak incidence of tracheal invasion from thyroid cancer was observed at ages of >70years. In addition, conventional surgical management appears to be limited in its ability to reconstruct tracheal defects., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Malignant involvement of the trachea predominantly results from direct spread of neighboring tumors to the tracheal wall. Primary tracheal malignancies show a low incidence of approximately 0.1 in every 100,000 persons per year, squamous cell carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas accounting for about two-thirds of adult primary tracheal tumors. The etiology of squamous cell carcinoma and its premalignant lesions is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Patients with tracheal malignancies show an unfavorable prognosis, with reported 5- and 10-year survival rates of 5% to 15% and 6% to 7%, respectively, for all types of tracheal carcinoma., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Primary tracheal tumors are rare, and composed of various benign and malignant pathologies. Although nationwide epidemiologic studies were reported in western population, study about the oriental population is lacking. The aims of this study were to establish the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of primary tracheal tumors and explore the prognostic variables for malignant tracheal tumors., Methods: From January 1989 through December 2006, 37 patients (14 with benign tumors, 23 with malignant tumors) were treated in a tertiary referral center. Retrospective review of medical records was performed., Results: Benign tumors comprised of various pathologies. Except the papilloma cases (n = 3), all of them were managed successfully without recurrence. Squamous cell carcinomas (n = 11) and adenoid cystic carcinomas (n = 9) comprised most of the malignant tumors. Clinical stage was a statistically significant prognostic variable (p = 0.016). Five-year overall survival rate was 41.1% for squamous cell carcinoma and 45.7% for adenoid cystic carcinoma and no statistically significant difference (p = 0.673) was observed., Conclusion: Papillomas were difficult to manage, however, other benign tumors were successfully treated. Among malignant tumors, surgery should be considered as the first choice of treatment, regardless of the histologic type, if the tumors are resectable.

Background: Primary tracheal tumors other than adenoid cystic or squamous cell carcinoma are uncommon and have a heterogeneous histologic appearance. The experience regarding their treatment and long-term outcome is limited, and alternatives to segmental tracheal resection, including endoscopic treatment or radiation, continue to be explored., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of uncommon tracheal tumors among 360 primary tracheal tumors seen over 40 years, excluding adenoid cystic and squamous cell carcinoma., Results: Of 90 patients, 34 (38%) had benign tumors and 56 malignant: 11 carcinoid tumors, 14 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 13 sarcomas, 15 nonsquamous bronchogenic carcinomas, 2 lymphomas, and 1 melanoma. Three patients had a second tracheal malignancy. Dyspnea was the most common symptom in benign tumors and hemoptysis in malignant tumors. Twelve patients did not undergo tracheal resection (13.3%) and 1 died before resection. Surgical therapy in 77 patients (85%) consisted of laryngectomy in 3, laryngotracheal resection in 9, tracheal resection in 46, and carinal resection in 19. Hospital mortality was 2.6% (2 of 77 patients) and major complications occurred in 16% (12 of 77 patients). Mean follow-up was 9.7 years. After resection, survival at 10 years was 94% for benign and 83% for carcinoid tumors, and at 5 years survival was 60% for bronchogenic carcinoma, 100% for mucoepidermoid tumors, and 78% for sarcomas. Patients with lymphomas and melanoma are alive more than 8 years after resection. Ten patients experienced recurrence (14%)., Conclusions: Surgical resection of uncommon primary tracheal tumors alleviates airway obstruction, is curative in patients with benign or slow-growing malignant lesions, and prolongs survival in highly malignant lesions.