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Background: Less than one third of research evidence is translated into policy or practice. Knowledge translation requires effective dissemination, adoption and finally implementation. These three stages are equally important, however, existing knowledge translation models and frameworks provide little and disparate information about the steps and activities required for effective dissemination., Objective: This study aimed to empirically develop a consolidated framework of evidence-based steps and activities for disseminating research evidence., Methods: We identified models and frameworks from a scoping review and dissemination and implementation webtool. We synthesised them into a prototype dissemination framework. Models and frameworks were eligible to inform steps in our framework if they fulfilled at least one of three elements of dissemination: intending to generate awareness of a message, incorporates targeting an audience: tailoring communication. An initial coding framework was created to organise data into dissemination steps. Drawing on 'co-approach' principles, authors of the included models and frameworks (dissemination experts) and health service researchers (end users) were invited to test and refine the prototype framework at a workshop., Results: From 48 models and frameworks reviewed, only 32 fulfilled one or more of the three dissemination elements. The initial coding framework, upon refinement, yielded the Guide to Disseminating Research (GuiDiR) comprising five steps. 1) Identify target audiences and dissemination partners. 2) Engage with dissemination partners. 3) Identify barriers and enablers to dissemination. 4) Create dissemination messages. 5) Disseminate and evaluate. Multiple activities were identified for each step and no single model or framework represents all steps and activities in GuiDiR., Conclusions: GuiDiR unifies dissemination components from knowledge translation models and frameworks and harmonises language into a format accessible to non-experts. It outlines for researchers, funders and practitioners the expected structure of dissemination and details the activities for executing an evidence-based dissemination strategy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The RadioTransNet programme launched under the auspices of French societies for radiation oncology (SFRO) and medical physics (SFPM) was approved by the French national cancer institute (INCa) in December 2018 and is dedicated to proposing a relevant national and transversal structure for preclinical research including translational research in radiation oncology with well-defined priority areas of research. Its activities, coordinated by a scientific committee that includes radiation oncologists, medical physicists, academic biologists, are structured around several main areas, i.e.: target volume definition, interaction of radiation with normal tissues, combined treatments and modern dose calculation approaches. Four work packages have been created in these areas and are associated with other objectives pertaining to fundamental radiobiology, early implementation of new drugs in a preclinical setting, contribution of imaging in this task, research in medical physics including transversal components such as medical oncology, radiology, nuclear medicine and also cost/efficiency evaluation. All these tasks will be included in a national network that uses the complementary expertise provided by partners involved in the scheme. Calls for proposals will be selected by the scientific council to be submitted to INCa and the various academic associations to obtain funding for the human and technical resources required to conduct under optimal conditions projects in preclinical and translational research in radiation-oncology., (Copyright © 2021 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are potentially life-threatening, immune-mediated adverse reactions characterized by widespread erythema, epidermal necrosis, and detachment of skin and mucosa. Efforts to grow and develop functional international collaborations and a multidisciplinary interactive network focusing on SJS/TEN as an uncommon but high burden disease will be necessary to improve efforts in prevention, early diagnosis and improved acute and long-term management. SJS/TEN 2019: From Science to Translation was a 1.5-day scientific program held April 26-27, 2019, in Vancouver, Canada. The meeting successfully engaged clinicians, researchers, and patients and conducted many productive discussions on research and patient care needs., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this article, we the present the evaluation of the first phase of a KT initiative, the codification of the tacit and explicit knowledge of community social pediatrics (CSP) practitioners. As increasing numbers of professionals began working in the CSP field, it became necessary to capture the know-how to make it better understood. This first phase of the initiative took advantage of one of the KM stages, the codifying process that is absent from KT models. The evaluation aim to answer the question: "What is the CSPs practitioners level of familiarity with the codification document, as well as their perceptions of its utility and its contribution to the understanding of the CSP model". The results, show that most respondents had consulted the codification document and were able to describe in detail parts of it. The results also show that they considered it to be a useful and necessary tool to guide practices and helpful in understanding the model. The results of this evaluation is paving the way for the next steps of the KT initiative., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All the authors declare having no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In an era of increased complexity of clinical research, a demand for personalized medicine, an increasing value of diversity, a focus on digital health, and a call for patient centricity, the discovery and development of new medicines, more than ever, is dependent on collaboration between multiple stakeholders., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

When conducting translational research, the ability to share data generated by researchers and clinicians working with for-profit companies is essential, particularly in cases that involve "one health" data (i.e., data that could come from human, animal, or environmental sources). The 1DATA Project, a collaboration between Kansas State University and the University of Missouri, has examined and overcome some of the barriers to sharing this information for "big data" projects. This article discusses some of the obstacles we encountered, and the ways those obstacles can be surmounted via a novel form of Master Sharing Agreement. Developed in collaboration with industry partners, it is presented here as a template for expediting future one health work., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Systematic reviews are used by a diverse range of users to address an ever-expanding set of questions and needs. It is unlikely that a single static report will efficiently satisfy the different needs of diverse users., Methods: An open-source Web-based interactive report presentation of a systematic review was developed to allow users to generate their own "reports" from the information produced by the review. Data from a broad-scope systematic review were used with network meta-analysis conducted on nonsurgical treatments of urinary incontinence (UI) in women. Stakeholders informed and piloted the tool and assessed its usefulness., Results: The final tool allows users to obtain descriptive and analytic results for a network of treatment categories and various outcomes (cure, improvement, satisfaction, quality of life, adverse events) across several subgroups (all women, older women, or those with stress or urgency UI), along with study-level information, and overall conclusions. The stakeholders were satisfied with the functionality of the tool and proposed a number of improvements regarding presentation (for example, present information on numbers of trials in figures), analyses (for example, allow on-the-fly subgroup analyses, explore trade-offs between several outcomes), and information sharing (for example, provide ability to import/export data from/to other software)., Conclusion: A prototype tool to present customized analyses from broad-scope systematic reviews is presented. Further improvements are suggested to develop a scalable tool to make systematic reviews useful to increasingly diverse user groups., (Copyright © 2019 The Joint Commission. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this report is to assess whether the research issues priorities are perceived differently according to the Stakeholders (SH)'s individual knowledge of research topics and degree of training in biomedical research. Four groups of SH were enrolled in this study: 1. Skilled SH, specifically trained in biomedicine; 2. Unskilled untrained SH who responded to a written questionnaire in 2015; 3. SH who were trained for one year in a course delivered by professionals; 4. Untrained SH who responded to an online questionnaire in 2017. The large ranking order variability observed among groups addresses the question that the choices are markedly influenced by the SH's backgrounds. Such results emphasize the need to consider the education level and the delivery of ad hoc training activities by professionals to broaden the base of SH who may be considered qualified to transfer the Patient Centered Outcome Research principles into practice., (Copyright © 2018 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Knowledge translation (KT) not only encompasses a series of final actions in areas of dissemination, but also the identification of strategies for the implementation of this process., Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of KT strategies in audiovisual language compared with other languages to improve health outcomes in the general population., Methods: We performed a search in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycARTICLES, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, EMBASE and LILACS., Results: We included 63 studies encompassing a broad range of study populations, languages that were compared to audiovisual language and measurement scales for outcomes. These studies presented a high risk of bias and the quality of evidence was not sufficient to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the evaluated languages for knowledge translation., Conclusions: We identified different languages that could be used in knowledge translation. The knowledge and the effects produced as a result of the strategy diminish as time progresses, regardless of the type of language used. This is an important point to consider when implementing this type of strategy., (Copyright © 2017 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The positive impact of diversity in increasing the effectiveness of the research workforce has been undeniably demonstrated to be an essential element for achieving health equity. Diversity is also instrumental for the research workforce to advance discovery, eliminate health disparities, improve minority health and achieve effective patient-centered outcomes in the quest for better health. One of the sustainable ways to achieve diversity in the workforce is through training, education and career development of all interested individuals including minority, underserved, underrepresented and populations with special needs. A Hispanic public, academic health center, and a historically black private medical school, have joined efforts in this article to share their experiences in addressing diversity in the clinical and translational research workforce with grant support from the National Institutes of Health. The purpose of this paper is to describe how diversity has been achieved through a concerted effort to recruit and develop underrepresented junior faculty and doctoral candidates for successful careers in clinical and translational research focused on health disparities and minority health. We describe Initiatives designed to achieve diversity in recruitment and development of research teams, together with an evaluation of outcomes to determine the success of the program and its participants., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Although i2b2, a popular platform for patient cohort discovery using electronic health record (EHR) data, can support multiple projects specific to individual disease areas or research interests, the standard approach for doing so duplicates data across projects, requiring additional disk space and processing time, which limits scalability. To address this deficiency, we developed a novel approach that stored data in a single i2b2 fact table and used structured query language (SQL) views to access data for specific projects. Compared to the standard approach, the view-based approach reduced required disk space by 59% and extract-transfer-load (ETL) time by 46%, without substantially impacting query performance. The view-based approach has enabled scalability of multiple i2b2 projects and generalized to another data model at our institution. Other institutions may benefit from this approach, code of which is available on GitHub (https://github.com/wcmc-research-informatics/super-i2b2)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The development of standards for the field of regenerative medicine has been noted as a high priority by several road-mapping activities. Additionally, the U.S. Congress recognizes the importance of standards in the 21st Century Cure Act. Standards will help to accelerate and streamline cell and gene therapy product development, ensure the quality and consistency of processes and products, and facilitate their regulatory approval. Although there is general agreement for the need of additional standards for regenerative medicine products, a shared understanding of standards is required for real progress toward the development of standards to advance regenerative medicine. Here, we describe the roles of standards in regenerative medicine as well as the process for standards development and the interactions of different entities in the standards development process. Highlighted are recent coordinated efforts between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institute of Standards and Technology to facilitate standards development and foster science that underpins standards development., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

PurposeThe Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) Consortium encompasses nine National Institutes of Health-funded U-award projects investigating translation of genomic sequencing into clinical care. Previous literature has distinguished norms and rules governing research versus clinical care. This is the first study to explore how genomics investigators describe and navigate the research-clinical interface.MethodsA CSER working group developed a 22-item survey. All nine U-award projects participated. Descriptive data were tabulated and qualitative analysis of text responses identified themes and characterizations of the research-clinical interface.ResultsSurvey responses described how studies approached the research-clinical interface, including in consent practices, recording results, and using a research versus clinical laboratory. Responses revealed four characterizations of the interface: clear separation between research and clinical care, interdigitation of the two with steps to maintain separation, a dynamic interface, and merging of the two. All survey respondents utilized at least two different characterizations. Although research has traditionally been differentiated from clinical care, respondents pointed to factors blurring the distinction and strategies to differentiate the domains.ConclusionThese results illustrate the difficulty in applying the traditional bifurcation of research versus clinical care to translational models of clinical research, including in genomics. Our results suggest new directions for ethics and oversight.

The discovery of pathogenic mutations in inherited skin diseases represents one of the major landmarks of late 20th century molecular genetics. Mutation data can provide accurate diagnoses, improve genetic counseling, help define disease mechanisms, establish disease models, and provide a basis for translational research and testing of novel therapeutics. The process of detecting disease mutations, however, has not always been straightforward. Traditional approaches using genetic linkage or candidate gene analysis have often been limited, costly, and slow to yield new insights, but the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has altered the landscape of current gene discovery and mutation detection approaches., (Copyright © 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the effectiveness of engaging patient partners as "citizen scientists" in the research process to boost patient centered outcomes research in underrepresented populations., Methods: Translational Advisory Boards in South Texas have effectively collaborated with University researchers to develop community-based patient centered research. Here we describe innovative approaches in research to engage patients and offer practical methods to enhance partnerships between patients and researchers to facilitate patient engagement., Results: Three health issues identified by the TABs were diabetes, obesity and teen pregnancy Examples of other community inspired research topics include air and water quality, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, intimate partner violence, chronic pain, and human papilloma virus and hepatitis C vaccinations., Conclusion: Patient engagement of underrepresented populations is inverse to the vast disparities they experience. In order to adequately address our nation's deficits in providing equitable healthcare, we must fully integrate disparate partners into the research process. By engaging community champions, academic health centers can fully integrate meaningful interventions on topics of interest to the catchment area in which they serve., Practice Implications: These lessons can be used in developing local and regional collaborations across the country to boost active participation of patient stakeholder in PCOR to reduce healthcare disparities and improve our healthcare systems., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This article describes the use of Success Case Method (Brinkerhoff, 2003) to evaluate health promotion and public health training programs. The goal of the Office Community Research and Engagement (OCRE) of the Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium (PRCTRC) is to establish a stable and sustainable translational research capacity. Early efforts toward achieving this goal included sponsoring two independent research training programs. A description of the implementation of the five step Success Case Method is presented. Results reveal that SCM would deem both trainings as highly successful, based upon the overall impact of a low number of success cases. However, a traditional summative evaluation would consider this disappointing. Strengths of SCM are discussed. It was concluded that the Success Case Method is a useful and valuable evaluative method for measuring the success of health promotion and public health training initiatives and provides sufficient information for decision-making processes., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) includes heterogeneous coagulopathic syndromes with different underlying causes, and treatment is challenged by limited diagnostic tests to discriminate between these entities in the acute setting. We provide an overview of progress in understanding the mechanisms of TIC and the context for several of the hypotheses that will be tested in 'TACTIC'. Although connected to ongoing clinical trials in trauma, TACTIC itself has no intent to conduct clinical trials. We do anticipate that 'early translation' of promising results will occur. Functions anticipated at this early translational level include: (i) basic science groundwork for future therapeutic candidates; (ii) development of acute coagulopathy scoring systems; (iii) coagulation factor composition-based computational analysis; (iv) characterization of novel analytes including tissue factor, polyphosphates, histones, meizothrombin and α-thrombin-antithrombin complexes, factor XIa, platelet and endothelial markers of activation, signatures of protein C activation and fibrinolysis markers; and (v) assessment of viscoelastic tests and new point-of-care methods., (© 2015 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.)

Complex community oriented health care prevention and intervention partnerships fail or only partially succeed at alarming rates. In light of the current rapid expansion of critically needed programs targeted at health disparities in minority populations, we have designed and are testing an "logic model plus" evaluation model that combines classic logic model and query based evaluation designs (CDC, NIH, Kellogg Foundation) with advances in community engaged designs derived from industry-university partnership models. These approaches support the application of a "near real time" feedback system (diagnosis and intervention) based on organizational theory, social network theory, and logic model metrics directed at partnership dynamics, combined with logic model metrics., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of implementing an interdisciplinary, multifaceted knowledge translation intervention within long-term care (LTC) and to identify any challenges that should be considered in designing future studies., Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial., Setting: Forty LTC homes across the province of Ontario, Canada., Participants: LTC teams composed of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other staff., Measurements: Cluster-level feasibility measures, including recruitment, retention, data completion, and participation in the intervention. A process evaluation was completed by directors of care indicating which process/policy changes had been implemented., Results: Recruitment and retention rates were 22% and 63%, respectively. Good fidelity with the intervention was achieved, including attendance at educational meetings. After ViDOS, 7 process indicators were being newly implemented by more than 50% of active intervention homes., Conclusion: Despite recruitment and retention challenges, the multifaceted intervention produced a number of policy/process changes and had good intervention fidelity. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01398527., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Dramatic improvements have occurred in the overall health of our children driven by rigorous research translated into clinical practice. However, all is not well for too many, not only for their health but for other outcomes of their lives. These outcomes reflect poorly on how professional groups in child life and health have advocated effectively at the political level for the needs of children and for the services to support them. Professional staff in child health, including those involved in neonatal care, must become more effective in translating research into political advocacy for the best interests of children. A scientific approach to political advocacy is needed that is equivalent in its rigour to the best of bio-medical research. Above all, the care of the newly born infant should not be seen in isolation, but in the overall context of childhood and the services to support children today., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), a perinatal core measure, is associated with a longer duration of breastfeeding. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to increase the percent of healthy term singleton newborns who were exclusively breastfed at an academic medical center in the Midwest. Implementation of skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn immediately following birth resulted in an increase in the percent of healthy term singleton newborns who were EBF from 55% to 64%., (© 2014 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses.)

Despite efforts of individual clinicians, pediatric practices, and institutions to remedy continuing deficiencies in pediatric safety and health care quality, multiple gaps and disparities exist. Most pediatric diseases are rare; thus, few practices or centers care for sufficient numbers of children, particularly in subspecialties, to achieve large and representative sample sizes, and substantial between-site variation in care and outcomes persists. Pediatric collaborative improvement networks are multi-site clinical networks that allow practice-based teams to learn from one another, test changes to improve quality, and use their collective experience and data to understand, implement, and spread what works in practice. The model was initially developed in 2002 by an American Board of Pediatrics Workgroup to accelerate the translation of evidence into practice, improve care and outcomes for children, and to serve as the gold standard for the performance in practice component of Maintenance of Certification requirements. Many features of an improvement network derive from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's collaborative improvement model Breakthrough Series, including focus on a high-impact condition or topic; providing support from clinical content and quality improvement experts; using the Model for Improvement to set aims, use data for feedback, and test changes iteratively; providing infrastructure support for data collection, analysis and reporting, and quality improvement coaching; activities to enhance collaboration; and participation of multidisciplinary teams from multiple sites. In addition, they typically include a population registry of the children receiving care for the improvement topic of interest. These registries provide large and representative study samples with high-quality data that can be used to generate information and evidence, as well as to inform clinical decision making. In addition to quality improvement, networks serve as large-scale health system laboratories, providing the social, scientific, and technical infrastructure and data for multiple types of research. Statewide, regional, and national pediatric collaborative networks have demonstrated improvements in primary care practice as well as care for chronic pediatric diseases (eg, asthma, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, congenital heart disease), perinatal care, and patient safety (eg, central line-associated blood stream infections, adverse medication events, surgical site infections); many have documented improved outcomes. Challenges to spreading the improvement network model exist, including the need for the identification of stable funding sources. However, these barriers can be overcome, allowing the benefits of improved care and outcomes to spread to additional clinical and safety topics and care processes for the nation's children., (Copyright © 2013 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the inaugural comparative effectiveness research (CER) cohort study of Washington State's Comparative Effectiveness Research Translation Network (CERTAIN), which compares invasive with noninvasive treatments for peripheral artery disease, and to focus on the patient centeredness of this cohort study by describing it within the context of a newly published conceptual framework for patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR)., Study Design and Setting: The peripheral artery disease study was selected because of clinician-identified uncertainty in treatment selection and differences in desired outcomes between patients and clinicians. Patient centeredness is achieved through the "Patient Voices Project," a CERTAIN initiative through which patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments are administered for research and clinical purposes, and a study-specific patient advisory group where patients are meaningfully engaged throughout the life cycle of the study. A clinician-led research advisory panel follows in parallel., Results: Primary outcomes are PRO instruments that measure function, health-related quality of life, and symptoms, the latter developed with input from the patients. Input from the patient advisory group led to revised retention procedures, which now focus on short-term (3-6 months) follow-up. The research advisory panel is piloting a point-of-care, patient assessment checklist, thereby returning study results to practice. The cohort study is aligned with the tenets of one of the new conceptual frameworks for conducting PCOR., Conclusion: The CERTAIN's inaugural cohort study may serve as a useful model for conducting PCOR and creating a learning health care network., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The translation of research evidence into practice is facilitated by clinical trials such as those sponsored by the National Cancer Institute's Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) that help disseminate cancer care innovations to community-based physicians and provider organizations. However, CCOP participation involves unsubsidized costs and organizational challenges that raise concerns about sustained provider participation in clinical trials., Objectives: This study was designed to improve our understanding of why providers participate in the CCOP in order to inform the decision-making process of administrators, clinicians, organizations, and policy-makers considering CCOP participation., Research Methods: We conducted a multi-site qualitative study of five provider organizations engaged with the CCOP. We interviewed 41 administrative and clinician key informants, asking about what motivated CCOP participation, and what benefits they associated with involvement. We deductively and inductively analyzed verbatim interview transcripts, and explored themes that emerged., Results: Interviewees expressed both "altruistic" and "self-interested" motives for CCOP participation. Altruistic reasons included a desire to increase access to clinical trials and feeling an obligation to patients. Self-interested reasons included the desire to enhance reputation, and a need to integrate disparate cancer care activities. Perceived benefits largely matched expressed motives for CCOP participation, and included internal and external benefits to the organization, and quality of care benefits for both patients and participating physicians., Conclusion: The motives and benefits providers attributed to CCOP participation are consistent with translational research goals, offering evidence that participation can contribute value to providers by expanding access to innovative medical care for patients in need., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Recognizing the need to increase the efficiency and quality of translating basic discovery into treatment and prevention strategies for patients and the public, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) in 2006. Academic health centers that competed successfully for these awards agreed to work as a consortium and in cooperation with the NIH to improve the translation process by training the next generation of investigators to work in interdisciplinary teams, developing public-private partnerships in the movement of basic discovery to preclinical and clinical studies and trials, improving clinical research management, and engaging with communities to ensure their involvement in shaping research questions and in implementing research results. The CTSAs have addressed the crucial need to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical research by (1) providing training for clinical investigators and for bench researchers to facilitate their participation in the clinical and translational research environment, (2) developing more systematic approaches to clinical research management, and (3) engaging communities as active participants in the design and conduct of clinical research studies and trials and as leaders in implementing health advances that are of high importance to them. We provide an overview of the CTSA activities with attention to these three areas, which are essential to developing efficient clinical research efforts and effective implementation of research results on a national level.

This article provides an overview of several practical strategies that can foster the successful establishment and growth of a thoracic surgery practice. Processes related to organizing outpatient clinics and referral systems, and running a well-managed operating room team and hospital ward are discussed. Valuable insights related to mentor selection, leadership opportunities, and maintaining a positive work-life balance are also shared., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Human behavior can prevent or invite disease and is a major determinant of treatment success. Consequently, many efforts have been directed toward developing interventions to promote behaviors essential to managing or preventing respiratory disease. The process of developing, testing, and disseminating health behavior interventions should closely follow the translational research paradigm. However, most behavioral investigators have failed to adequately apply the translational research paradigm to behavioral research. The final stage of translation, consisting of testing the effectiveness of interventions in broad clinical settings after efficacy has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials, is too often omitted. Additionally, the important task of understanding why any given health behavior intervention succeeds with some people but fails to change behavior in others is inconsistently pursued and seldom used to develop the robust theories of behavior change needed to improve respiratory health. Bringing health behavior research through the full translational process has the potential to significantly enhance respiratory health with specific behavioral targets, including smoking cessation, obesity prevention, TB control, and adherence to a multitude of respiratory treatments.

If breast cancer were viewed among siblings as a family of diseases, it might be easily identified as the favorite child. Policy, advocacy, and funding initiatives have supported this disease in such abundance that the "pink ribbon" has become almost synonymous in America with the terms "motherhood and apple pie". So, why have we still not found a cure after the launch of the war on cancer in the 1970s? This article delves deeply into the translational breast cancer research maze to capture thoughtful insights through interviews with noted researchers and by exploring the vision and strategies of major funders who invest in translational research. Common barriers within the United States systems are explored and compared to European models. Innovations that offer new paradigm shifts in the delivery of more timely, cost-effective, patient-centered, accountable, transparent, and collaborative research focused on responding to public health priorities and access are urgently needed to find the cure., (2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)