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Objective: Ureteroarterial fistula (UAF) is lethal condition. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the diagnosis and treatment of UAF owing to its rarity. The aim of our report was to present an actual case of UAF and systematically review the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition., Methods: The case study was of a 52-year-old woman who had experienced a massive hemorrhage during urinary stent replacement. For the systematic review of studies of UAF, those written in English and reported from 1939 to 2020 were searched for on PubMed using the keywords "uretero-arterial fistula," "arterio-ureteral fistula," and "hematuria.", Results: We included 121 studies with 235 patients (mean age, 66.0 years; 139 women [59.1%]) in our review. UAF had occurred most frequently in the common iliac artery (n = 112; 47.7%). Almost all patients (n = 232; 98.7%) had complained of hematuria. The risk factors for UAF were pelvic surgery (n = 205; 87.2%), the long-term use of urinary stents (n = 170; 72.3%), oncologic radiotherapy (n = 107; 45.5%), and malignancy (n = 159; 67.7%). Although computed tomography can detect various useful findings such as extravasation, pseudoaneurysm, hydronephrosis, and opacification of ureters, it was diagnostically useful for only one third of the cases. Angiography was useful for the diagnoses of UAF for 124 (66.3%) of the 187 patients (79.6%) who had undergone angiography. With regard to treatment, endovascular approaches have been widely used in recent years because their invasiveness is lesser than that of open surgical repair. In the era of endovascular therapy, the indications for open surgical repair include ureteral-intestinal fistula, abscess formation, and graft infection after endovascular therapy., Conclusions: Computed tomography can be recommended as the first examination for patients with risk factors for UAF because of its usefulness. Subsequently, angiography should be considered because UAF can be treated using an endovascular approach after diagnostic angiography. The diagnosis and treatment of UAF can often be difficult; therefore, the important first step of diagnosis is suspecting the occurrence of UAF and using a multidisciplinary approach., (Copyright © 2022 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report a case of a 66-year-old man with an excessive wound fluid discharge during negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the retroperitoneal space. Creatinine concentration of the unclear fluid and a subsequent late-phase computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of a urinary fistula. NPWT was terminated, and the patient was successfully treated with a nephrostomy combined with a retrograde double J stent and a Foley catheter., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ureteroarterial fistulas are rare. We describe a case of ureteral-arterial fistulas (UAF) repaired with an endovascular stent graft and examine late complications associated with the procedure., Case Report: A 37-year-old woman with a history of complicated locally invasive cervical cancer treated with chemoradiation presented initially with right leg rest pain and chronic intermittent gross hematuria. She was found to have an ureteroarterial fistula and underwent successful endovascular exclusion with a covered stent with resolution of her symptoms. She returned 1 year later with stent-graft thrombosis manifesting as lower extremity rest pain, requiring a femoral-femoral bypass. She then returned 6 months later with imaging evidence of extravascular migration of the stent graft into the bladder. Because of a poor prognosis of recurrent gynecologic cancer, extraction was not attempted, and she underwent complete urinary diversion., Conclusions: UAFs are a rare occurrence but may be treated successfully with endovascular stent grafting. Despite technical success, late complications such as stent thrombosis may occur even with anticoagulation. Extravascular stent migration may occur in the presence of a chronically dilated ureter., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To present the results of temporary urethral re-catheterization in order to aid spontaneous closure of early fistulas after hypospadias repair., Methods and Technique: Children presenting with early fistulas (within 2 weeks of initial catheter removal) after hypospadias repair underwent urethral calibration and re-insertion of a urethral catheter under intravenous anesthesia. The catheter was removed after 2 weeks., Results: Nine children (age 1-9 years) with early fistulas had re-catheterization: six (66%) had spontaneous healing of the fistula by 2 weeks, which remained closed at subsequent follow-up., Conclusion: The simple technique of urethral re-catheterization may allow spontaneous healing of some early fistulas after hypospadias repair., (Copyright © 2016 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Urinary fistulas are a well-recognised complication of radical gynaecological oncology surgery for cervical cancer. Reported incidence varies between 0.6 and 5.1%., Methods: A retrospective case-note review of vesical and ureteric fistulas diagnosed in cases that underwent radical surgery for the new diagnosis of early stage cervical cancer between January 2000 and June 2010., Results: A total of 323 radical procedures for cervical cancer were performed during the study period. There were nine urinary tract fistulas found in eight women undergoing radical surgery for stage 1b1 cervical cancer, giving an incidence of 2.7%. Haemorrhage was the commonest associated factor and the commonest presenting symptom for fistula was leaking of urine per vagina. The fistulas were managed conservatively or surgically depending on their nature and severity. The longer the delay in confirming the diagnosis and initiating treatment the more severe were the long-term symptoms and morbidity., Conclusion: Identification of predisposing factors, high index of suspicion, early investigations and multidisciplinary team management of urinary tract fistula are necessary to reduce post-operative morbidity and minimise renal loss., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To review the indications and results of open surgical and endovascular treatment for ureteral-iliac artery fistula (UIAF)., Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of 20 consecutive patients treated for 21 UIAFs between 1996 and 2010. Since 2004, iliac artery stent grafts were the primary treatment except for complex fistulas with enteric contamination or abscess. Endpoints were early morbidity and mortality, patient survival, vessel or graft patency, freedom from vascular or stent graft/graft infection, and freedom from recurrent bleeding., Results: There were 20 patients, 15 females, and five males, with mean age of 63 ±13 years. Predisposing factors for UIAF were prior tumor resection in 18 patients, radiation in 15, ureteral stents in 15, ileal conduits in four, and ileofemoral grafts in three. All patients presented with hematuria, which was massive in 10. Treatment included iliac stent grafts in 11 patients/12 fistulas (55%), with internal iliac artery (IAA) exclusion in nine, femoral crossover graft with IAA exclusion in five, direct arterial repair in three, and ureteral exclusion with percutaneous nephrostomy and no arterial repair in one. There were no early deaths. Five of eight patients treated by open surgical repair developed complications, which included enterocutaneous fistula in three and superficial wound infection in two. Four patients (36%) treated by iliac stent grafts had complications, including pneumonia, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, buttock claudication, and early stent occlusion in one each. After a median follow-up of 26 months, no one had recurrent massive hematuria, but minor bleeding was reported in three. Patient survival at 5 years was 42% compared with 93% for the general population (P < .001). Freedom from any recurrent bleeding at 3 years was 76%. In the stent graft group, primary and secondary patency rates and freedom from stent graft infection at 3 years were 81%, 92%, and 100%., Conclusions: UIAF is a rare complication associated with prior tumor resection, radiation, and indwelling ureteral stents. In select patients without enteric communication or abscess, iliac artery stent grafts are safe and effective treatment, and carry a low risk of recurrent massive hematuria or stent graft infection on early follow-up. Direct surgical repair carries a high risk of enterocutaneous fistula., (Published by Mosby, Inc.)

Uro-enteric fistulae are difficult clinical conditions that have a significant bearing on the patient's quality of life. Surgical correction, though challenging, is the usual mode of treatment offered to these patients. We describe a case of urethro-ileal pouch fistula which could be managed successfully without surgery with the help of cynoacrylate glue instillation., (Copyright © 2011 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Transplantation into an ileal conduit is an established option for patients with end-stage renal failure and a nonfunctioning urinary tract. Urinary fistulae are more common following these complex transplants. Urinary fistula in this scenario can cause substantial morbidity and even result in graft loss. The management options depend on the viability of the transplant ureter, the level of local sepsis and the overall condition of the patient. Urinary diversion with a nephrostomy and ureteric stents has been described in aiding the healing of urinary leaks in renal transplants into a functioning urinary tract. We describe the successful use of negative wound pressure therapy to eradicate the local sepsis and help the healing of a recurrent urinary fistula following kidney transplantation into an ileal conduit. To our knowledge these are the first such cases reported in the literature., (© 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Here we present a case of successful non-operative management of an iatrogenic recto-urethral fistula in a 13-year-old boy. The fistula was created when urethroscopic repair of a urethral stricture was attempted. Due to the anatomy of the lesion and previous urinary diversion, it was deemed possible to spare this patient diverting colostomy or surgical repair of the fistula. The result was successful closure of the fistula, which was confirmed on retrograde urethrogram. While we do not support the routine use of non-operative management for recto-urethral fistulas we have demonstrated that there are circumstances where it can be safely applied.

We report an unusual case of a ureteroiliac fistula due to prolonged ureteral stenting for hydronephrosis combined with an aortic-bifemoral stent graft in an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), treated with an endovascular stent graft. In a 77-year-old man ureteral J-stents were placed for bilateral hydronephrosis due to retroperitoneal fibrosis caused by an inflammatory AAA. The aneurysm was treated with an endovascular aortic-bifemoral stent graft. Three months later, the patient suffered from severe hypovolemic shock. Emergency angiography showed a fistula between the right ureter and the right common iliac artery just distal to the right leg of the stent graft. The ureteroiliac fistula was treated with a wall graft (10F). The patient recovered well and remained asymptomatic. Ureteroiliac fistula remains a rare complication of ureteral stenting. Several risk factors have been described before. This case emphazes the increased risk of an arterial-ureteral fistula due to an indwelling ureteral stent and an inflammatory AAA, especially in combination with an additional stent graft for this inflammatory AAA.

Ureteroarterial fistulas, although rare, appear to be increasing in frequency. Because open surgical repair may be difficult and associated with significant risk for complications, endovascular intervention may provide an attractive treatment alternative. We review the diagnosis and management of a ureteroarterial fistula and iliac pseudoaneurysm that presented with massive hematuria during ureteral stent removal. The patient was treated by means of the percutaneous embolization of the right hypogastric artery and placement of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene stent-graft. Endovascular stent-graft placement may serve as a safe and practical alternative in the treatment of these patients, whose cases are challenging.