203 results on '"WHO"'
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2. Emergence of mpox in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Data assessment and implications for a public health response
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Joumana Hermez, Remie El Helou, Tania Sawaya, Georgeio Sader, Muhammad Shahid Jamil, Ahmed Sabry Alaama, and Nesrine A Rizk
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WHO ,Mpox ,Monkeypox ,Eastern Mediterranean ,Middle East ,North Africa ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Introduction: Monkeypox (mpox) is an illness caused by the MPX virus and endemic to certain African countries. Historically, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in some non-endemic areas. In 2022, a new variant emerged, clade IIb, causing a global outbreak sustained within sexual networks among men who have sex with men (MSM). To our knowledge, this is the first multi-country study examining mpox epidemiology and clinical features of the 2022–2023 outbreak caused by clade IIb across the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Methods: We analyzed datasets of anonymous mpox case-based reports submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) from May 2022 to December 2023 in the EMR to describe the cumulative incidence, demographics, transmission routes, and clinical outcomes. Results: By the end of 2022, 95 case reports were submitted to the WHO. The first case of mpox was reported in the United Arab Emirates on May 24, 2022. The highest number of cases were reported from Lebanon (27 confirmed cases). Most cases in the EMR were adult males (92 %), 60 % identifying as MSM, and 10 % living with HIV. Most reported symptoms were rash (95.4 %) and fever (69.6 %). No intensive care unit admissions or deaths were reported. Conclusion: In this study we investigated the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of the mpox outbreak related to clade IIb in the EMR. We raise concerns about the accuracy and completeness of the data, given that the number of cases reported to the WHO from EMR countries appears to be significantly lower than the number of cases documented within the region. This discrepancy could impact the reliability of the reported figures and the region's response strategies. Despite these challenges, collaborative efforts across EMR countries have laid the groundwork for effective outbreak response, underscoring the importance of ongoing regional cooperation to enhance future preparedness strategies.
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- 2024
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3. Estimating the prevalence of intrinsic capacity decline: A systematic review and meta-analysis using WHO's integrated care of older people (ICOPE) screening tool
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Vinothini Jayaraj, Sridevi Gnanasekaran, Yazhini VB, Mohanraj Palani Selvam, Navin Rajendran, Gitashree Dutta, Tarun Kumar, Chandrashekar Babu, and Vinoth Rajendran
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Meta-analysis ,Intrinsic capacity ,Integrated care ,WHO ,ICOPE ,Elderly ,Geriatrics ,RC952-954.6 - Abstract
Background: Intrinsic capacity, the combination of physical and mental abilities, is vital for healthy aging. As the elderly population is projected to double by 2050, preserving the well-being of older adults necessitates a comprehensive understanding of and intervention in intrinsic capacity decline. This study aims to assess the pooled prevalence of intrinsic capacity impairment using WHO's ICOPE screening tool. Methods: The systematic review used PRISMA guidelines, conducting an extensive search across multiple databases such as PUBMED, SCOPUS, CINHAL and Google Scholar. The articles that have assessed the intrinsic capacity with various domains like locomotion, cognition, psychology, vitality, vision, and hearing using WHO ICOPE tool were included in this review. We evaluated the risk of bias in cross-sectional studies using the modified Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. Results: A total of nine studies were included for this review, involving participants from various regions all over the world. The pooled prevalence of intrinsic capacity impairment was 55.0 % in the Random Effects Model. While assessing for various domains, the pooled prevalence of locomotion, cognition, psychology, vitality, vision, and hearing was found to be 17.5 %, 18.2 %, 12.1 %, 8.5 %, 17.9 % and 14.4 % respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis contributes a comprehensive overview of intrinsic capacity decline prevalence, offering valuable evidence for policymakers and healthcare stakeholders. The findings underscore the urgency of implementing targeted interventions to promote healthy aging and intrinsic capacity preservation worldwide.
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- 2024
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4. Successful hepatitis B and C screening in the health check-up in the German primary care setting
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Olaf Bätz, David Petroff, Katrin Jedrysiak, Ingmar Wolffram, Thomas Berg, Jan Kramer, and Johannes Wiegand
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WHO ,HBsAg ,anti-HCV ,HCV RNA ,HBV DNA ,elimination ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background & Aims: A goal of the World Health Organization’s global hepatitis strategy is the elimination of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030. As part of its strategy, the Federal Joint Committee (Germany) decided to include hepatitis B and C screening in a preventive medical examination, which is performed at the primary care level in Germany. We investigated the results 1 year after implementation of screening between October 2021 and September 2022. Methods: HBsAg/HBV DNA and anti-HCV/HCV RNA screenings were identified by billing categories in 286,192 individuals of 11 ambulatory healthcare centers. Results: Compared to 30,106 HBsAg and 31,266 anti-HCV laboratory requisitions in the year 2018, the number of tests increased to 286,192 during the screening period. Compared to routine care, additional anti-HCV positive tests age dependently increased the tally by 98% (177 plus 170 positive cases in males) and 123% (96 plus 118 positive cases in females) in those aged 35-44 years up to 518% (17 plus 88 positive cases in males) and 514% (29 plus 149 positive cases in females) in those aged 75-84 years. Similar results were observed for HBsAg. Prevalences of HBsAg, anti-HCV and HCV RNA were 0.54%, 0.79% and 0.13%, respectively. Conclusions: A structured hepatitis screening program at the primary care level has been successfully established and leads to age- and-sex-dependent large additional effects compared to routine care. Impact and implications: Strategies to eliminate chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection are country specific and vary between clinical scenarios. Our analysis proves the efficacy of a screening program by primary care physicians compared to routine care in a low-prevalence country. This program should be accompanied by additional efforts in risk populations like people who inject drugs who are under-represented in the current screening approach.
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- 2024
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5. The analysis of the essential metal contents in khat (Catha edulis Forsk) from Meru County, Kenya
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Albert Morang'a Oyugi and Joshua Kiprotich Kibet
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Essential metals in khat ,Principal component analysis ,Daily metal intake ,WHO ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Background: Chemical composition of plants has attracted considerable interest in recent years with considerable research tailored into determining metal contents in food substances. Particularly, essential elements which are necessary for normal human body functioning and are strongly recommended in optimal proportions for better health. This study determined the levels of essential elements; calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) in eleven khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples collected from Meru County. Methodology: 1.0 g of dry ground khat samples were wet-digested in a solvent mixture of 10 mL of HCl, HNO3 and 20 vol of H2O2 for 3 h at variable temperature of 50–90 °C and later reconstituted in 25 mL 0.05 molL−1 HCl before analysis. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) after acid digestion whereas Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate elemental characteristics and determine the sources of essential metals in khat. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to evaluate the relationships between the essential metals. Results: Spinach leaves certified reference material (CRM 1750a) was analyzed and the percentage recoveries (%) of 98.4 and 101.7 determined showing that the digestion method employed in this work had adequate accuracy. The validated method was employed for the analysis of all the khat samples. The analyzed metal concentration ranges (mg100g−1) in fresh-weight basis per day of five metals were 160.9–267.3, 44.6–81.7, 2.0–3.0, 237.6–393.6, and 220.3 -349.0 for Ca, Mg, Mn, K, and Na, respectively. Both HCA and PCA results showed that these elements could be linked to natural soils and anthropogenic sources. PCC reported significant correlations between Na and K indicating they may have been derived from the same source. The daily metal intakes were below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits implying no associated health risks for khat users. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the consumption of khat from regions of Meru County may be a potential source for essential elements required for human biological processes.
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- 2024
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6. Improving primary health care for children and adolescents in Europe
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Martin W. Weber, Sophie Jullien, Cassie Redlich, Jennifer Hall, and Susanne Carai
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Adolescent health ,Child health ,Primary health care ,Pocket book ,WHO ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Primary health care for children in Europe is often not optimal. Primary care providers might not have been trained adequately in dealing with common conditions affecting children and adolescents, and outdated practices often persist. To address these problems, WHO developed the Pocket Book of Primary Health Care for Children and Adolescents. It is for use by doctors, nurses and other health workers who are responsible for the care of children and adolescents at the primary health care level. It summarizes guidance on how to manage – and when to refer – children and adolescents presenting with common complaints and conditions. It includes information to enable primary health care providers to coordinate the continued care of children and adolescents with long-term conditions and diseases managed by specialists. Preventive and promotive measures from the newborn period to adolescence include advice on the timing and content of well-child visits, the promotion of early childhood development and health messages for adolescents.The recommendations of the Pocket Book apply across the WHO European Region and may be adapted by countries to suit their specific circumstances. A mobile APP for Android and IOS phones is available to facilitate uptake and dissemination. The Pocket Book and APP aim to improve quality of care for children and adolescents at the primary health care level. Quality of care is at the core of the comprehensive European Child and Adolescent Health Strategy that is being developed by Member States supported by WHO and partners to refocus attention on child and adolescent health after the COVID-19 pandemic had scooped attention and resources away from this age group. Countries are encouraged to adapt Pocket Book and Strategy to improve the situation of child and adolescent health and well-being in their settings and monitor progress.
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- 2024
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7. Navigating the horizon: The world health organization reporting system for liver cytopathology
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Yan Gao and Y. Helen Zhang
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Liver, Cytology ,Fine needle aspiration biopsy ,Rapid on-site evaluation ,Reporting system ,WHO ,Pathology ,RB1-214 - Abstract
The upcoming World Health Organization (WHO) Reporting System in Liver Cytopathology marks the first internationally applicable system for diverse medical infrastructure settings. This system categorizes cases into five groups: Insufficient/Inadequate/Nondiagnostic, Benign, Atypical, Suspicious for Malignancy, and Malignant. Each category is associated with a risk of malignancy (ROM), guiding recommendations for further diagnostic testing to achieve specific diagnoses or refine differential diagnoses and follow-up management. The primary goal is to enhance and standardize cytopathology reporting, improve communication between cytopathologists and clinicians, and ultimately elevate patient care. The online WHO System provides direct access to the WHO Classification for Tumours 5th Edition. This review delves into the latest classification guidelines, addresses terminology standardization, navigates diagnostic complexities, and aligns patient management options with cytopathological interpretations, contributing to an overall enhancement of patient care.
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- 2024
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8. Impact of financial incentives for infection prevention and management on antibiotic use: A Korea National Health Insurance cohort study
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Yu Shin Park, Soo Young Kim, Hyunkyu Kim, Suk-Yong Jang, and Eun-Cheol Park
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Infection ,Antibiotics ,Days of therapy ,Patient days ,WHO ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: The Korean government implemented financial incentives to enhance infection prevention and management within general hospital settings. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of infection control compensation on antibiotic usage using a controlled interrupted time series analysis. Methods: The main unit of analysis was 270,901 inpatient episodes extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort Database from 2013 to 2019. The 96-month period was examined before and after the intervention, which was set to September 1, 2017, by applying a 1-year lag time after the incentive was introduced. Segmented regression was used to estimate the effects of interventions in a controlled interrupted time series. Hospitals that received nationwide financial incentives for infection prevention and management were included in the analysis. The study’s primary outcome was the use of antibiotics based on the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics, and the secondary outcome was the number of days of antibiotic use as days of therapy (DOTs) per patient day (PD). Results: The probability of overall antibiotic use decreased between incentivized and unincentivized hospitals (odds ratio [OR], 0.922; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.859–1.000). The difference in level change in the use of third-generation cephalosporins (OR,0.894; 95% CI, 0.817–0.977) and carbapenem (OR,0.790; 95% CI, 0.630–0.992) was significantly reduced between incentivized and unincentivized hospitals. The difference in slope change on DOTs/PD of glycopeptides was − 0.005 DOT/PDs, and that of carbapenem was − 0.003 between incentivized and unincentivized hospitals. Conclusion: We observed that incentives for infection prevention and management have had a positive impact on some aspects of antibiotic usage. A partial decrease was observed in antibiotic use, accompanied by a modest reduction in DOTs/PD, particularly for antibiotics aimed at addressing multidrug-resistant pathogens. Further investigation is necessary to establish evidence for extending these incentives.
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- 2024
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9. Noma (Cancrum oris) in Africa: A newly added neglected tropical disease
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Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Favour Akinfemi Ajibade, and Mahmud Ibrahim Agaie
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Noma ,Neglected tropical disease ,WHO ,Africa ,Medicine ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Noma is an overwhelming orofacial necrotizing disease and most cases occur in malnourished people, especially children. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Its high death rate, serious physical and psychological morbidity, stigmatization, and social discrimination are all contributing factors. Common public health interventions could prevent, control, and even eradicate noma. However, it is often disregarded when it comes to public health awareness, in-depth scientific research, and funding for prevention, treatment, and research. Noma was added to the list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) on December 15, 2023, as it satisfies all WHO criteria for this classification. This paper aims to provide an updated global health review on noma in Africa to reduce its burden on the continent. Healthcare professionals need to be more knowledgeable about noma, and systematic worldwide data collection and documentation regarding noma need to be encouraged to keep track of and eradicate the disease in Africa.
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- 2024
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10. Unraveling gestational diabetes in Ethiopia: Insights from a cross-sectional study on prevalence and risk factors among Sidama’s pregnant population
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Girma Tenkolu Bune
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Women ,WHO ,Pregnancy ,Diabetes ,DM ,Burden ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,Nursing ,RT1-120 - Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a chronic condition characterized by glucose intolerance during pregnancy and is particularly common in low- and middle-income countries, where it poses significant health risks to both mothers and their fetuses. Research on this topic in Ethiopia has been limited, especially regarding the World Health Organization’s 2013 guidelines for universal screening. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GDM and identify its influencing factors among women attending antenatal clinics in the Sidama regional state. Methods: A cross-sectional study in the Sidama Region included 685 pregnant women who underwent a two-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for universal screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The prevalence of GDM was evaluated using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis with the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 0.05. Results: The study, comprising 685 participants, attained a 92.4 % response rate, indicating a 16.1 % prevalence of GDM overall and an average post-glucose load level of 0.99 mmole/L. Factors such as living in urban areas (AOR = 1.69, 95 % CI (1.011, 2.82)), being widowed (AOR = 2.23,95 % CI (1.00,5.08)), history of previous abortions (AOR = 2.59,95 %CI(1.50,4.50)), prior caesarean section(AOR = 0.14,95 % CI (0.07,0.27)), gravidity (AOR = 0.77,95 % CI (0.64,0.94)), parity (AOR = 1.93, 95 % CI (1.54, 2.42)), and HIV/AIDS status (AOR = 4.06, 95 % CI (2.18, 7.58)) were independently associated with GDM. Conclusion: The study revealed a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence of 16.1% in the Sidama region of Ethiopia, consistent with findings from other recent studies across the country. It also identified several key independent risk factors for GDM, including urban residency, widowhood, prior abortions or cesarean deliveries, HIV status, gravidity, and parity. The results emphasize the critical need for targeted interventions and continuous monitoring of GDM among pregnant women, particularly in regions with high prevalence. To enhance maternal health outcomes in Ethiopia and beyond, it is crucial to incorporate these findings into comprehensive healthcare strategies.
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- 2024
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11. Blueprint to hepatitis B elimination in China: A modelling analysis of clinical strategies
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Rui Li, Mingwang Shen, Jason J. Ong, Fuqiang Cui, Wenyi Hu, Polin Chan, Zhuoru Zou, Shu Su, Hangting Liu, Lei Zhang, Wai-Kay Seto, and William C.W. Wong
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HBV ,WHO ,HCC ,Cirrhosis ,Viral hepatitis ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background & Aims: Globally, one-third of individuals infected with HBV live in China. Eliminating HBV in China would therefore be paramount in achieving the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) targets of viral hepatitis elimination as a worldwide public health threat. Methods: We constructed a dynamic HBV transmission model in China, structured by age and sex. We calibrated the model by HBsAg prevalence, acute HBV incidence, and nationally reported HBV-related cancer mortality. We investigated seven intervention scenarios (A–G) based on assumptions in diagnostic, linkage-to-care, and treatment coverages in achieving the WHO’s HBV elimination goals. Results: With the status quo, HBsAg prevalence among children 1–4 years would reduce to 0.09% (95% CI 0.09–0.10%) by 2025; acute HBV incidence would drop to
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- 2023
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12. Produce solid oxide fuel cell anodes as (BaTiO3)100−x−(MgO)x for clean energy
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Abeer Farouk Al-Attar, Hussein Alaa Jaber, and Rana A. Anaee
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MgO-BaTiO3 ,Climate change ,SOFC ,Fossil fuels ,WHO ,ANOVA ,Technology - Abstract
From the 20th century to the 21st century, many changes in climate conditions were occurred such as water disputes and high levels of industrial pollution. Besides, the generation of electricity depends on fossil fuels and oil. Therefore, this work attempted for a new challenge to transition away from fossil fuels, restrictions, and issues of both sustainable, renewable energy sources and move towards clean energy generation with fuel cells to alleviate air pollution problems which is an important environmental issue due to its effects on the quality of the atmosphere and public health of humans and other living organisms. So, the current experimental work made a new Cermet solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode by changing the molar concentration of magnesium oxide-doped barium titanate with the formula of (BaTiO3)100−x−(MgO)x. The evaluation of these anodes was achieved physically, morphologically by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), mechanically by measure microhardness indentation, electrically by LCR meter, and statically by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated the significant effect of MgO as dopant by its impact effect on grain size, Vickers hardness (HV), and potentially other properties. The statistical analysis helped to determine the significance of these findings and provides insights into the optimal anode composition for the desired characteristics.
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- 2023
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13. Fabrication of biosensor for the assessment of radon and lead levels in the blood
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Basim A. Almayahi and Amjad H. Ali
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Blood ,Aptamer ,Malachite green ,TRIS-HAC ,Fluorescence spectrophotometer ,WHO ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This study aimed to develop and test a biosensor for detecting radioactive radon gas and lead ions in blood samples collected from donors in Iraq. The biosensor was made up of aptamer, acetic acid, malachite green, and TRIS-HAC, and results were measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. This study found that 222Rn in the blood varied between individuals, with higher levels in males and smokers, and the highest concentration found in a male patient with cancer. The biosensor used to detect 222Rn in the blood was effective, sensitive, and low-cost, and the levels detected were within the limits set by the WHO. The study also looked at pb+2, a toxic metal, and found that levels were within permissible limits. The biosensor was also effective in detecting pb+2. The correlations between the variables are generally weak to moderate, and there are some negative relationships between humidity and other variables. There are also some strong positive relationships between temperature (Tin) and temperature (Tout). The results suggest that these variables are not strongly correlated with each other, which is an important finding for understanding their potential effects on health outcomes. However, further validation and testing may be necessary before its widespread use in clinical settings. This study highlights the importance of monitoring these substances in the blood, especially for individuals with occupational exposure to radiation. The biosensor was found to be sensitive, cost-effective, fast to manufacture, and efficient compared to other detection devices. Therefore, the study recommends the use of this biosensor for measuring radon and lead ions in blood samples. The biosensor used in this study could be a useful tool for such monitoring.
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- 2023
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14. Impacts of Ebola disease outbreak in West Africa: Implications for government and public health preparedness and lessons from COVID-19
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N.A. Onyekuru, E.J. Ihemezie, C.P. Ezea, C.C. Apeh, and B.O. Onyekuru
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Public health ,Ebola ,COVID-19 ,WHO ,Government ,Preparedness ,Science - Abstract
There has been an increase in the outbreak of communicable diseases in recent times; the most recent ones are Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and COVID-19. These diseases have had different impacts on society and the ecosystem. However, underlying these impacts are the levels of preparedness of governments and public health institutions to mitigate and control these diseases. Therefore, this paper aims to explore these impacts, government and institutional interventions and their nexus towards the effective management of such crises. A critical review of empirical literature was adopted for the methodological approach and narrative synthesis used for analysis. Results show that EVD had diverse impacts on West Africa; economically through the loss of income from economic activities due to widespread sickness among workers and movement restrictions. EVD also had significant social impacts, such as reduced community cohesion, school and business closures, job losses, food insecurity, and high morbidity and mortality. Though some good efforts have been made by different countries in collaboration with international organisations like the World Health Organization to control disease outbreaks more effectively, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has however exposed major weaknesses in the capacity of most African countries to cope. Poor capacity for testing and treatment, inadequate health facilities, poor incentives for health care workers, poor governance systems, poor border control, and awareness and research capacities impacted negatively on the capacity to control disease outbreaks. There is, therefore, a need to strengthen health systems across Africa through improved resource mobilisation, staff training, and coordination of investment strategies to sustain health system preparedness to manage future emerging or re-emerging outbreaks.
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- 2023
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15. Spatial repellents: The current roadmap to global recommendation of spatial repellents for public health use
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Nicole L. Achee, T. Alex Perkins, Sean M. Moore, Fang Liu, Issaka Sagara, Suzanne Van Hulle, Eric O. Ochomo, John E. Gimnig, Hasitha A. Tissera, Steven A. Harvey, April Monroe, Amy C. Morrison, Thomas W. Scott, Robert C. Reiner, Jr., and John P. Grieco
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Spatial repellents ,WHO ,Malaria ,Dengue ,Cost-effectiveness ,Clinical trials ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Spatial repellent (SR) products are envisioned to complement existing vector control methods through the continual release of volatile active ingredients (AI) providing: (i) protection against day-time and early-evening biting; (ii) protection in enclosed/semi-enclosed and peri-domestic spaces; (iii) various formulations to fit context-specific applications; and (iv) increased coverage over traditional control methods. SR product AIs also have demonstrated effect against insecticide-resistant vectors linked to malaria and Aedes-borne virus (ABV) transmission. Over the past two decades, key stakeholders, including World Health Organization (WHO) representatives, have met to discuss the role of SRs in reducing arthropod-borne diseases based on existing evidence. A key focus has been to establish a critical development path for SRs, including scientific, regulatory and social parameters that would constitute an outline for a SR target product profile, i.e. optimum product characteristics. The principal gap is the lack of epidemiological data demonstrating SR public health impact across a range of different ecological and epidemiological settings, to inform a WHO policy recommendation. Here we describe in brief trials that are designed to fulfill evidence needs for WHO assessment and initial projections of SR cost-effectiveness against malaria and dengue.
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- 2023
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16. Water quality index of springs in mid-hill of Nepal
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Sandeepa Pantha, Sachin Timilsina, Sandip Pantha, Shiv Kumar Manjan, and Menuka Maharjan
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Discharge ,Water Quality Index (WQI) ,Pre-monsoon and monsoon ,Spring ,WHO ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Global population growth, rapid urbanization, and developmental activities have inflicted significant pressures on drinking water supplies, thus leading to severe water scarcity. Spring is the major source of water within the mid-hill and mountain region. However, studies carried out on water quality of spring in Nepal are quite limited. The objective of the study was to access the water quality index (WQI) of spring in April, and May (pre-monsoon months) and June (monsoon month) in Tanahun district of Nepal. Discharge of water from three springs was measured at 10 am and 4 pm in two months by bucket method. Water samples from the three springs were collected with plastic bottles (a bottle of sample for each month for each spring) and sent to the laboratory for analysis of various water quality parameters. The discharge of all the springs increased during the monsoon month than the pre-monsoon month. Water quality parameters i.e. turbidity, pH, ammonia, nitrate, total hardness calcium hardness, and alkalinity were approximately under the range of standard limits by World Health Organization (WHO), National Drinking Water Quality Standard of Nepal (NDWQS) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). However, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and fecal coliform (E. coli) exceeded the WHO, and NDWQS permissible limit of drinking water. The presence of fecal coliform made the water unsuitable for drinking purposes without treatment. The WQI was good in Spring II (15.76) followed by Spring III (38.65) and Spring I (61.08). Spring II has the lowest WQI among the three springs due to the application of conservation measures like plastering the spring. The variation in WQI in three springs depends on both natural factor and management of springs. Overall, application of modern technology i.e. GIS and Remote Sensing will provide accurate information on the source of springs which can be beneficial for conservation of springs globally and contribute to reducing water scarcity especially in the mountain regions.
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- 2022
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17. Cambio en la calidad de vida de médicos que ingresan a especialidad médico-quirúrgica en una universidad de Colombia: un estudio de cohorte
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Paula Hernández Rodríguez, Rafael Peña Amaya, Alirio Bastidas Goyes, and Fernando Ríos Barbosa
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Physicians ,Residency ,Specialists ,Quality of life ,WHO ,WHOQOL-BREF ,Education (General) ,L7-991 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Resumen: Introducción: No se conoce el cambio en la calidad de vida (CV) de médicos generales que ingresan a especialidad médico-quirúrgica en Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en médicos generales que iniciaron el primer año de residencia médico-quirúrgica durante 2016-2020. Se aplicó el instrumento WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire) a seis, 12, 24 y 36 meses de seguimiento. Resultados: Se incluyó 239 residentes. A seis meses, el dominio con mayor cambio negativo es relaciones sociales. Salud física a los 12 y 24 meses y a 36 meses es el único que se acerca a su valor basal. El dominio menos afectado es salud psicológica a lo largo del estudio. Los cambios negativos son estadísticamente significativos (p
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- 2021
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18. Erythemal UV radiation across Nigeria: where do we stand?
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Timothy C. Egbuim, Nnaemeka D. Onyeuwaoma, Bonaventure I. Okere, Mercy H. Ezenwugo, Augustina O. Chukwudi, Godspower O. Uhiene, Ngozi D. Ugwuozor, Baba I. Shaibu, Emeka A. Ugboma, and Daniel R.E. Ewim
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Erythemal ,WHO ,Latitude ,Ultraviolet ,Radiation ,Public health ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
The deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans are of public health concern which demands constant global monitoring and intervention. This study analysed the latitudinal variations in mean daily and multi-year erythemal ultraviolet radiation (EUVR) across 7 states in Nigeria using satellite data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrophotometer (TOMS) and Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI). The latitudes studied were 13° N, 8° N, 6° N and 4° N respectively, using 37 years of data obtained from phases: 1979–1988, 1989–1998, 1999–2008 and 2009–2020. The data obtained were statistically analysed using Ms Excel and MATLAB. The results of this study show that the mean daily EUVR at the selected latitudes ranges from 32.97 to 390 (mW/m2). The results show that Borno State located at latitude 13° N had the highest EUVR, while Rivers State recorded the least EUVR at latitude 4° N. Comparative analysis of all the locations studied indicates latitudinal and longitudinal variations because the eastern axis recorded higher values than its western counterpart on the same latitude. Box and whisker plots in this study summarized the latitudinal variance in the mean multi-year EUVR in each phase. Box and whisker plots from 2009–2020 showed that there was a drastic reduction in mean multi-year EUVR in this phase unlike in the other phases. The findings of this study when compared to the UV index show that the 37 years mean EUVR obtained across Nigeria ranged from 8–10 which is on the “very high” category. This study recommends the implementation of WHO suggestions in preventing the biological effects of solar UV radiation. Furthermore, the Nigerian government should curb ignorance among its citizens by heightening public awareness of the effects of EUVR.
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- 2022
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19. Household water access and COVID-19 in Karoi town, Zimbabwe
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Reniko Gondo and Oluwatoyin D. Kolawole
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COVID-19 ,Household ,Pandemic ,Water ,WHO ,Zimbabwe ,Science - Abstract
Water is a crucial resource in the fight against coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first discovered in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and which has since become a pandemic. Thus, clean water unavailability constitutes a risk to people's wellbeing as the chances of contracting the disease is high without it. The World Health Organisation (WHO) prescribed hygiene as a critical measure to control the spread of this highly transmissible disease. As frequent washing of hands and observing general rules of hygiene could mitigate the spread of the disease, access to clean and adequate water supply is one of the fundamental ways of stopping the pandemic. There has, therefore, been a high demand for water across the world in a bid to address the problem. Specifically, the general lockdown and the need to frequently wash hands coupled with the obsolete water infrastructure in Zimbabwe have worsened water access problems for the citizenry. This study, therefore, assessed water access in Karoi town in Zimbabwe. Adopting a household water access conceptual framework, the study investigated six residential areas where a sample of 150 household heads were randomly selected and interviewed. Data on water access were obtained from the respondents using interview schedules. In-depth information on the subject was also obtained from four key informants working at Karoi Town Council (KTC) and Zimbabwe Water Authority (ZINWA). The results showed that households had knowledge on the importance of water availability and hygiene in relation to COVID-19 prevention, leading to an intensified high demand for water and consequently water shortage in the area. The study recommends that KTC and ZINWA need to improve on its water infrastructure and enhance the subsidization of improved water access during the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2022
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20. WHO Global Initiative for childhood cancer – India responds
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Advocacy ,Childhood cancer ,India ,WHO ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Launched in 2018, the WHO Global Initiative on Childhood Cancer aims to reach at least 60% survival rate for children with cancers by 2030, while reducing suffering, altogether saving an additional one million lives. There is an opportunity for India to align with this Global Initiative and make progress. Over the last year several meetings at diverse platforms in India and abroad have engaged multiple stakeholders. This has led to an increased awareness of the Global Initiative, an agreement within the Indian community to be part of it, identification of key players, and initial discussions on the areas of focus and relevant organisations. In the next year, we aim to chalk out the details of the scope of the work, the structure of the activities, the timelines, the interim and final endpoints and the resources needed.
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- 2020
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21. Reflecting on the updates to the World Health Organisation 2019 Tuberculosis Infection Control Guidelines through the lens of a low-income/high TB burden country
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M. Saiful Islam, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, and Holly Seale
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Tuberculosis ,Infection control ,WHO ,Low-income country ,Healthcare workers ,High TB burden country ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Hospital-acquired tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers is a global concern due to the increased attributable risk of tuberculosis infection among this group. To reduce healthcare workers’ exposure to airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis, various policies and guidelines have been developed and updated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) since 1999. In March 2019, the WHO published the updated tuberculosis infection control guidelines. It had previously been suggested that the existence of multiple guidelines and the changes in the contents across versions may confuse end-users and challenge the implementation. With this issue in mind, we examined the updated WHO 2019 TB infection control guidelines. The WHO 2019 updated guideline is a shorter and more focused document that includes more of the evidence from published systematic reviews for TB infection prevention and control. The guidelines focus on implementing TB infection control as an integrated infection control and prevention ‘package’. However, a few key elements have been omitted or integrated with other WHO policies that were previously included in the guidelines, many of which are also still present in other international and in many national level TB infection control guidelines. In this commentary, we highlighted the inconsistencies in the different versions of the guidelines, the challenges that the high TB burden and low-income countries may face while implementing the guidelines and some factors that may be considered in the future guidelines. The arguments we made have important implications for tuberculosis infection control strategy development and implementation in low-income and high TB burden countries.
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- 2020
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22. Evolving concepts in thyroid cytology.
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Ohori NP
- Subjects
- Humans, Biopsy, Fine-Needle methods, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques methods, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cytodiagnosis methods, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Thyroid Gland pathology
- Abstract
Concepts in thyroid diagnostics are evolving. As cytopathologists, we benefit from understanding the changes taking place in cytopathology practice as well as intersecting areas that may have implications for us. In this review, we discuss recent changes to 1. Classification systems, 2. Ancillary molecular testing modalities, and 3. Key metrics that affect thyroid cytopathology. The recent World Health Organization, Bethesda Thyroid Cytopathology, and American Joint Committee on Cancer classification systems have aspects that are designed to harmonize the clinical, cytopathologic, histomorphologic, and molecular findings for improved communication and patient management. New terminologies such as thyroid follicular nodular disease and low-risk follicular cell-derived thyroid neoplasms are introduced to reflect the subtle biologic nuances involving benign non-neoplastic and low-grade neoplastic conditions. The Bethesda Thyroid Cytopathology System has simplified its terminology, updated risk of malignancy estimates, and expanded the discussions on molecular testing, clinical and imaging assessments, and pediatric cytopathology. There is now a single term for each of the 6 diagnostic categories. The American Joint Committee on Cancer has refined the staging criteria to provide improved stratification of patient prognostication. Molecular testing using next-generation technology now offers large panels of markers that are sensitive for detecting the wide range of thyroid neoplasms. These panels were developed in North America and whether other regions of the world will choose similar tests remain to be seen. Finally, metrics such as molecular-derived risk of malignancy and molecular risk group may be viewed as surrogates of resection information and used to complement diagnostics, management, and quality assurance., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Cytopathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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23. A comprehensive review of various categories of face masks resistant to Covid-19
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Sonali Das, Sagarika Sarkar, Anusree Das, Shreyosree Das, Pallab Chakraborty, and Joy Sarkar
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COVID-19 ,WHO ,Mask ,Pandemic ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
The science about the usage of face masks by the common public to avert COVID-19 transmission is proceeding swiftly. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is probably through small respiratory droplets, and it is transmissible from asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals. According to the World Health Organization, wearing a mask in public can help reduce the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. Different categories and types of masks and their usage are reviewed in this work. In a nutshell, this review work elucidates the aspects of utilizing the various face masks along with all possibilities to fight against the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19.
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- 2021
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24. Crowdsourcing to design a marketing package to promote a WHO digital mental health intervention among Chinese young adults
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Rui Ling, Hao Fong Sit, Suvasini Balaji, Agnes I.F. Lam, Carl A. Latkin, Joseph D. Tucker, and Brian J. Hall
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Digital mental health ,Designathon ,Crowdsourcing ,WHO ,Chinese ,Community ,Information technology ,T58.5-58.64 ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Background: Digital mental health is an emerging field that can leverage technology and mobile apps to deliver mental health treatment to populations in areas with limited mental health services. Despite widespread availability of these apps, uptake remains low. Enhanced marketing is necessary to increase public engagement. There is growing recognition that mental health intervention beneficiaries should be engaged in all phases of treatment development, adaptation, and delivery. Crowdsourcing – consulting the public to solve problems and sharing the solutions – can foster community-informed ideas for public health, but has yet been applied to digital mental health marketing. Objective: With the goal of engaging potential intervention beneficiaries in digital mental health dissemination, the current project implemented a digital mental health crowdsourcing designathon for Chinese college students in Macao SAR, China and evaluated the feasibility of the contest and the products. The contest asked participants to design marketing packages for Step-by-Step, a scalable WHO digital mental health intervention focusing on depression. Methods: Designathon participants, recruited from a global health class, were sorted into teams with balanced areas of expertise. Two judging panels – one of experts in relevant fields and another of Chinese college students – evaluated the marketing packages and selected finalists. The designathon was held in-person over four days and involved debriefing, workshops, a contest, and an awards ceremony. A parallel mixed-methods approach was applied, including qualitative feedback from judges and participants alongside quantitative data on participant satisfaction and depressive symptoms to enrich our understanding of the event. Additionally, based on judges' feedback given to participants, the communication packages of the contest were ranked. Results: 49 participants (8 teams of 6–7 members each) were involved in the designathon. Using a cutoff score of 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), 11.4% of participants had moderate or higher depressive symptoms. All teams successfully produced complete digital mental health marketing packages. Four finalists' packages were selected quantitatively with judges' scores and the top finalist's package was described by judges' comments as simple, thoughtful, and appealing, although not informative enough. Participants were overall satisfied with the designathon, but some mentioned that time was insufficient and that organization/instruction clarity could have been improved. Conclusions: The designathon is a novel, feasible strategy to collect crowd input for the dissemination of a mental health intervention. Compared with traditional communication strategies, this bottom-up approach included and engaged potential intervention beneficiaries to take an active role in creating digital mental health marketing communication. Future contests should allow participants more time and reconsider aspects of event organization.
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- 2021
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25. The origins of the 4 × 4 framework for noncommunicable disease at the World Health Organization
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Leah N. Schwartz, Jonathan D. Shaffer, and Gene Bukhman
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Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) ,WHO ,4 × 4 framework ,Global health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This paper traces the history of noncommunicable disease public health research and programming at the World Health Organization. Specifically, it investigates the origins of the now pervasive 4 × 4 framework focusing on four sets of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers) caused by four behavioral risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity). We have found that the 4 × 4 framework developed as a generalization from strategies to control epidemics of cardiovascular disease and stroke in high-income countries during the second half of the twentieth century. These strategies, which were narrowly focused on interventions to address behavioral “lifestyle” risk factors as well as pharmacotherapy for physiologic risk factors, were ultimately packaged as an integrated approach initially in high-income countries and subsequently extended to low- and middle-income countries, where they have failed to address much of the burden among very poor populations.
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- 2021
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26. The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Perineal and Genital Burn Injury in Low- and Middle- Income Countries: A Global Burn Registry Study.
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Panayi AC, Didzun O, Nnabuko R, Sjöberg F, Knoedler S, Haug V, Palackic A, Tapking C, Ewerbeck N, Bigdeli AK, Kneser U, and Hundeshagen G
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Genitalia injuries, Young Adult, Adolescent, Global Health, Child, Burns epidemiology, Burns therapy, Registries, Developing Countries, Perineum injuries, Perineum surgery, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Introduction: The epidemiology, care, and outcomes of perineal and genital burns (PG) in high-income countries have been previously described, but an analysis of this topic in LMICs has yet to be performed. We use the World Health Organization's Global Burn Registry to fill this gap., Methods: The GBR was searched from inception to November 2023 to identify all burn patients, excluding cases from high-income countries. Demographics and mechanism of injury were retrieved. Primary outcomes were length of hospital stay (LOHS), surgical intervention, discharge with physical impairment, and mortality. A multivariate regression analysis was performed controlling for burnt total body surface area (TBSA), age, sex, inhalation injury, mechanism of burn and care center characteristics., Results: Of 9041 patients identified, 1213 (13.4 %) had PG burns with 136 (1.6 %) isolated to the PG region. PG patients had higher TBSA (p < 0.001) and more inhalation injury (p < 0.001). They had better access to rehabilitation and lower access to theater space for burns (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that PG patients had longer LOHS (p = 0.001), greater mortality (p < 0.001), were less likely to undergo surgery (p = 0.01) or be discharged home with physical impairment (p = 0.03)., Conclusion: Similarities and differences exist between high- and low/middle-income countries in terms of the patterns of injury, care, and recovery in patients with PG burns. The longer LOHS and higher mortality among PG patients, previously reported in high-income countries, are verified. This highlights the importance of greater vigilance when caring for such patients., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2024
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27. Diagnostic approaches and potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019
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Z. Khan, D. Ghafoor, A. Khan, D. Ualiyeva, S.A. Khan, H. Bilal, B. Khan, and W. Sajjad
- Subjects
2019-nCoV ,Coronavirus 2019 ,drugs ,global tally ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,WHO ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and identified as a novel coronavirus. Due to its contagious nature, the virus spreads rapidly and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The global tally of COVID-19 was 28 million in early September 2020. The fears and stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 has demolished the socio-economic status worldwide. Researchers are trying to identify treatments, especially antiviral drugs and/or vaccines, that could potentially control the viral spread and manage the ongoing unprecedented global crisis. To date, more than 300 clinical trials have been conducted on various antiviral drugs, and immunomodulators are being evaluated at various stages of COVID-19. This review aims to collect and summarize a list of drugs used to treat COVID-19, including dexamethasone, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, tociluzimab, nitazoxanide and ivermectin. However, some of these drugs are not effective and their use has been suspended by WHO.
- Published
- 2020
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28. A coal elimination treaty 2030: Fast tracking climate change mitigation, global health and security
- Author
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Anthony Burke and Stefanie Fishel
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Climate change ,Coal ,Fossil fuels ,TPNW ,WHO ,UNFCCC ,Environmental law ,K3581-3598 ,Political science - Abstract
This article sets out the case for an international treaty to phase out the mining and burning of coal—a Coal Elimination Treaty, or CET—by 2030, as a way of addressing multiple weaknesses in the global climate change regime and as a medium-term success towards arresting average global heating at 1.5°C before 2050. Given the growing risk that the Paris agreement will fail to trigger rapid emissions reduction, we propose the CET as a global “supply-side” mechanism, and as a way of empowering climate-vulnerable and high-ambition states. We make an integrated environmental, public health and security case for a CET, specify its design principles, and propose three negotiation pathways, including a normative model inspired by the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons; one that would progressively stigmatize, prohibit and eliminate coal so as to prevent a dire and unmanageable climatic future.
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- 2020
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29. Dosimetric impact of indoor radon gas on the population from the commune of Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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G.R. Nonka, T.P.A. Dali, A.A. Koua, H.L.D. Gogon, G.A. Monnehan, and K. Djagouri
- Subjects
WHO ,Indoor radon concentration ,SSNTD ,Effective dose ,ECR ,Yopougon ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 ,Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,TK9001-9401 - Abstract
Radon gas is the main natural source of exposure of the population to ionizing rays. Because of its impact on the health, this radioactive gas has become a great concern worldwide. In this study, radon concentrations in the air of some dwellings in Yopougon, one of the commune with the highest population rate of the district of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), are reported using Solid State Nuclear Tracks Detectors (SSNTD) LR 115 type 2. The concentration values found vary from 26.3 to 173.3 Bq.m−3 with an average of 93.04 Bq.m−3. This mean value is inferior to the world minimum level (100 Bq.m−3). The corresponding annual effective doses obtained vary from 0.66 to 4.37 mSv.y−1. The mean value calculated which is 2.35 mSv.y−1 is higher than the action level (1 mSv.y−1) prescribed by ICRP 103, and also to the limits recommended by the WHO and the International Research on Cancer Center (IRCC). In this view, the Excess lung Cancer Risk (ECR) for the population living in the commune of Yopougon is evaluated. The values of ECR found associated to the average radon concentration are between 46 and 204 according to EPA and UNSCEAR standards.
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- 2017
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30. Guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection: an update from NICE
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David Leaper, Melissa Rochon, Thomas Pinkney, and Charles E. Edmiston
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Surgical site infection ,Guidelines for prevention ,NICE ,CDC ,WHO ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Published
- 2019
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31. Incidence of tuberculosis in Europe 2001-2021 and relationship to gross domestic product (GDP)-the continued need for levelling-up between European nations.
- Author
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Moore JE and Millar BC
- Subjects
- Humans, Gross Domestic Product, Incidence, Europe epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Tuberculosis epidemiology
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- 2024
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32. Practical considerations in clinical application of WHO 5th and ICC classification schemes for acute myeloid leukemia.
- Author
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Chandra DJ, Lachowiez CA, and Loghavi S
- Subjects
- Humans, Mutation, World Health Organization, Chromosome Aberrations, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute diagnosis, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute genetics, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute therapy
- Abstract
The updated WHO 5th edition and ICC 2022 classification systems for AML aim to refine our diagnostic criteria and definitions of AML with deeper incorporation of cytogenetic and molecular aberrations. The two classification systems diverge, however, in numerous AML defining criteria and subclassifications, including the incorporation of blast enumeration and the integration of specific genomic mutations. These differences often create challenges for clinicians in not only establishing a diagnosis of AML, but also in determining the best treatment plan for patients. In this review, we highlight the literature surrounding the contrasting areas between the WHO and ICC guidelines and offer guidance in the clinical application of these guidelines in the management of patients with AML., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Daniel Chandra: none Curtis Lachowiez: Advisory: Rigel pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, and COTA Healthcare. Sanam Loghavi: Abbvie: advisory board, stock ownership Daiichi Sankyo: Advisory board, honorarium, (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2024
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33. Quality evaluation of commercially sold table water samples in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria and surrounding environments
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D.O. Okorie, C.O Eleazu, and O.W. Akabuogu
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Water quality ,Umudike ,WHO ,NIS ,APHA ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
In Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria (MOUAU) and surrounding environments, table water of different brands is commercially hawked by vendors. To the best of our knowledge, there is no scientific documentation on the quality of these water samples. Hence this study which evaluated the quality of different brands of water samples commercially sold in MOUAU and surrounding environments. The physicochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness, dissolved oxygen, Cl, NO3, ammonium nitrogen (NH3N), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), Ca, Mg, Na and K) of the water samples as indices of their quality were carried out using standard techniques. Results obtained from this study indicated that most of the chemical constituents of these table water samples commercially sold in Umudike environment conformed to the standards given by the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), World Health Organization (WHO) and American Public Health Association (APHA), respectively, while values obtained for ammonium nitrogen in these water samples calls for serious checks on methods of their production and delivery to the end users.
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- 2015
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34. Essential Occupational Safety and Health Interventions for Low- and Middle-income Countries: An Overview of the Evidence
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Jos Verbeek and Ivan Ivanov
- Subjects
evidence-based ,intervention studies ,occupational health policy ,WHO ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
There is still a considerable burden of occupational diseases and injuries in the world. It is not well known which interventions can effectively reduce the exposures at work that cause this burden. The objective of this article is to summarize evidence from systematic reviews of interventions to prevent occupational diseases and injuries. We included systematic reviews of interventions to reduce the incidence of work-related cancer, dust-related diseases, occupational asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, noiseinduced hearing loss, back pain, and occupational injuries. We searched Medline and Embase with predefined search strategies to locate systematic reviews of these interventions. We found 23 systematic reviews of which the results are also applicable to low- and middle income countries. Effective measures to reduce exposure leading to work-related cancer, dust-related diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, noise, and injuries are available. However, better implementation of these measures is needed. Regulation, enforcement of regulation, and incentives for employers are effective interventions to achieve this goal. There is evidence that feedback and rewards for workers help in reducing occupational injuries. There is no evidence in many studies that back pain can be prevented. Personal protective equipment technically has the potential to reduce exposure but this is difficult to put into effect. There is no evidence in the studies regarding the effectiveness of education and training, preventive drugs, or health examinations. There is evidence that the implementation of technical measures enforced by regulation can prevent occupational diseases and injuries. For other interventions such as education or health examinations, there is no evidence that supports their effectiveness. More systematic reviews are needed in the area of injury prevention.
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- 2013
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35. Trends in mortality from aortic dissection analyzed from the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2000 to 2017
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Nour Abdallah, Christian Mouchati, Conor Crowley, Lydia Hanna, Richard Goodall, Justin Salciccioli, Dominic Marshall, Richard Gibbs, and Joseph Shalhoub
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Male ,Norway ,Aortic dissection ,World Health Organization ,United States ,United Kingdom ,1117 Public Health and Health Services ,Europe ,WHO ,Cardiovascular System & Hematology ,Aneurysm, Dissecting ,Humans ,Female ,Mortality ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology ,Czech Republic - Abstract
Background: We assessed trends in aortic dissection (AD) death rates in 23 countries from 2000 to 2017. Methods: We extracted AD mortality data for countries with high usability data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database and from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) WONDER Database for the United States of America (USA). Age Standardized Death Rates (ASDRs) per 100,000 population were computed. Trends were assessed by locally weighted scatter plot smoother (LOWESS) regression. Results: Between 2000 and 2017, ASDRs from AD decreased in Australia, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the USA for both sexes. Increasing AD mortality was observed in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Israel, and Japan for both sexes. The largest absolute increases in ASDR were in Japan for men (+1.59) and women (+1.11). The largest percentage decreases were in Norway for men (−0.91) and in New Zealand (−0.6) for women. In 2017, the highest mortality rates were in Japan for both sexes (3.22 and 2.09, respectively). The lowest ASDR was in Kyrgyzstan for both sexes (0.16 and 0.10, respectively). ASDRs for AD in 2017 were higher for men than women in all countries included. Spain had the greatest difference between the gender's mortality rates with a 2.71-fold higher mortality average rate in men. Conclusion: We identified an overall decrease in AD mortality in most included countries, while an increase was noted in other countries including Israel and Japan.
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- 2022
36. Quality of facility-based maternal and newborn care around the time of childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic: online survey investigating maternal perspectives in 12 countries of the WHO European Region
- Author
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Lazzerini, M, Covi, B, Mariani, I, Drglin, Z, Arendt, M, Nedberg, IH, Elden, H, Costa, R, Drandić, D, Radetić, J, Otelea, MR, Miani, C, Brigidi, S, Rozée, V, Ponikvar, BM, Tasch, B, Kongslien, S, Linden, K, Barata, C, Kurbanović, M, Ružičić, J, Batram-Zantvoort, S, Castañeda, LM, Rochebrochard, E, Bohinec, A, Vik, ES, Zaigham, M, Santos, T, Wandschneider, L, Viver, AC, Ćerimagić, A, Sacks, E, Valente, EP, IMAgiNE EURO study group, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,European Region ,maternal ,newborn ,facility ,quality of care ,questionnaire ,respectful maternity care ,survey ,WHO ,EUROPE ,BIRTH ,Respectful maternity care ,Maternal ,Article ,Internal Medicine ,Survey ,POST_NATAL_CARE ,Questionnaire ,Health Policy ,Facility ,Quality of care ,Newborn ,Oncology ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,CHILDBIRTH ,SAMPLE_SURVEYS - Abstract
Background Multi-country studies assessing the quality of maternal and newborn care (QMNC) during the COVID-19 pandemic, as defined by WHO Standards, are lacking. Methods Women who gave birth in 12 countries of the WHO European Region from March 1, 2020 - March 15, 2021 answered an online questionnaire, including 40 WHO Standard-based Quality Measures. Findings 21,027 mothers were included in the analysis. Among those who experienced labour (N=18,063), 41·8% (26·1%- 63·5%) experienced difficulties in accessing antenatal care, 62% (12·6%-99·0%) were not allowed a companion of choice, 31·1% (16·5%-56·9%) received inadequate breastfeeding support, 34·4% (5·2%-64·8%) reported that health workers were not always using protective personal equipment, and 31·8% (17·8%-53·1%) rated the health workers’ number as “insufficient”. Episiotomy was performed in 20·1% (6·1%-66·0%) of spontaneous vaginal births and fundal pressure applied in 41·2% (11·5% -100%) of instrumental vaginal births. In addition, 23·9% women felt they were not treated with dignity (12·8%-59·8%), 12·5% (7·0%-23·4%) suffered abuse, and 2·4% (0·1%-26·2%) made informal payments. Most findings were significantly worse among women with prelabour caesarean birth (N=2,964). Multivariate analyses confirmed significant differences among countries, with Croatia, Romania, Serbia showing significant lower QMNC Indexes and Luxemburg showing a significantly higher QMNC Index than the total sample. Younger women and those with operative births also reported significantly lower QMNC Indexes. Interpretation Mothers reports revealed large inequities in QMNC across countries of the WHO European Region. Quality improvement initiatives to reduce these inequities and promote evidence-based, patient-centred respectful care for all mothers and newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond are urgently needed. Funding The study was financially supported by the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy. Study registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04847336 This research was funded by the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste Italy.
- Published
- 2022
37. A brief review of the WHO reporting system for pancreaticobiliary cytopathology.
- Author
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Pitman MB, Centeno BA, Reid MD, Saeig M, Siddiqui MT, Layfield LJ, Perez-Machado M, Weynand B, Stelow EB, Lozano MD, Fukushima N, Cree IA, Mehrotra R, Schmitt FC, and Field AS
- Subjects
- Humans, Cytodiagnosis, Societies, Medical, Pancreatic Neoplasms diagnosis, Pancreatic Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Academy of Cytology, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have developed an approach to standardized reporting of pancreaticobiliary cytopathology. The WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology (WHO System) revises the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology published in 2015 and replaces the 6 PSC categories with 7 categories: "Insufficient/Inadequate/Nondiagnostic"; "Benign/Negative for malignancy"; "Atypical"; "Pancreaticobiliary neoplasm, low risk/grade (PaN-low)"; "Pancreatic neoplasm, high risk/grade (PaN-High)"; "Suspicious for malignancy"; and "Malignant". In the PSC system, there is a single category for "Neoplastic" lesions that includes 2 groups, 1 for benign neoplasms and 1 named "Neoplastic-other", dominated by premalignant intraductal neoplasms primarily intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and low-grade malignant neoplasms (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPN). In the WHO System, benign neoplasms with virtually no risk of malignancy are included in the "Benign" category and low-grade malignancies (PanNET and SPN) are included in the "Malignant" category, as per the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors, while the non-invasive pre-malignant lesions of the ducts are divided by the cytomorphological grade of the epithelium into PaN-low and PaN-high with distinctly different risks of malignancy. Within each category, key diagnostic cytopathologic features and the ancillary studies for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation, as well as the implications of diagnosis for patient care and management, are outlined. Reporting and diagnostic management options recognize the variations in the availability of diagnostic and prognostic ancillary testing modalities in low- and middle-income countries., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2023
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38. Editorial: The new WHO cytopathology reporting systems-extending the WHO classification of tumors.
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Cree IA
- Subjects
- Humans, Pancreas pathology, World Health Organization, Cytodiagnosis standards, Neoplasms diagnosis, Neoplasms pathology
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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39. Mega Hpv laboratories for cervical cancer control: Challenges and recommendations from a case study of Turkey
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Murat Turkyilmaz, Murat Gultekin, Mujdegul Zayifoglu Karaca, Bekir Keskinkılıç, Irem Kucukyildiz, and Selin Dundar
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Turkey ,National Health Programs ,Referral ,Control (management) ,Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ,Article ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,WHO ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Virology ,Humans ,Medicine ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Mega HPV lab ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Human resources ,HPV DNA ,Papillomaviridae ,Early Detection of Cancer ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cervical cancer ,Protocol (science) ,Cervical screening ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Family medicine ,Screening ,Female ,Laboratories ,business ,Local call - Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in the world. It is estimated that one woman dies every 2 min from cervical cancer. Nearly all cervical cancers are preventable by early detection and treatment through screening or HPV vaccination. In 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) made a global call for action toward the elimination of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer screening involves a complex organized program, which begins with a call/recall system based on personal invitation of eligible women, followed by participation in screening, and leading to diagnosis, treatment, and management as appropriate. An effective cervical screening program with high coverage is dependent on each country's infrastructure and human resource capacity. Efforts to develop an effective program is particularly challenging in low and middle income countries (LMIC) where resources are limited. For an effective strategy, Turkey redesigned the country's cervical screening program. The local call/recall system and centralized monitoring system of individual women were re-vamped with an automated evaluation system. The revised screening program includes the use of primary HPV testing with a well-defined protocol outlining the algorithms of management (i.e., screening intervals and referral), a single nationwide centralized diagnostic laboratory, and a sustainable agreement with the HPV diagnostics industry. This system allows for traceable, real-time monitoring of screening visits and specimens. Turkey reports on the first four years of this re-vamped organized program and shares lessons learnt from the implementation of this new program. Keywords: Turkey, Cervical cancer, HPV DNA, Screening, Mega HPV lab, WHO
- Published
- 2019
40. No Longer Well-Differentiated: Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Importance of Poorly Differentiated/High-Grade Thyroid Carcinoma.
- Author
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Cracolici V
- Subjects
- Humans, Clinical Relevance, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Adenocarcinoma
- Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma (DHGTC) are uncommon thyroid malignancies, recently (re)codified into distinct entities with overlapping clinical significance. Recognizing them may be challenging for the general practitioner and subspecialty pathologist alike. This article will describe the required features to diagnose PDTC and DHGTC, differential diagnostic considerations, molecular findings, and clinical implications. It is intended to be a general synopsis of the most critical elements of PDTC and DHGTC as well as a summary of points in approaching these challenging cases., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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41. The origins of the 4 × 4 framework for noncommunicable disease at the World Health Organization
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Gene Bukhman, Jonathan D. Shaffer, and Leah N. Schwartz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Psychological intervention ,Global health ,Disease ,Article ,World health ,03 medical and health sciences ,WHO ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmacotherapy ,Environmental health ,Generalization (learning) ,4 × 4 framework ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Noncommunicable disease ,Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) ,lcsh:H1-99 ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
This paper traces the history of noncommunicable disease public health research and programming at the World Health Organization. Specifically, it investigates the origins of the now pervasive 4 × 4 framework focusing on four sets of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers) caused by four behavioral risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity). We have found that the 4 × 4 framework developed as a generalization from strategies to control epidemics of cardiovascular disease and stroke in high-income countries during the second half of the twentieth century. These strategies, which were narrowly focused on interventions to address behavioral “lifestyle” risk factors as well as pharmacotherapy for physiologic risk factors, were ultimately packaged as an integrated approach initially in high-income countries and subsequently extended to low- and middle-income countries, where they have failed to address much of the burden among very poor populations., Highlights • The WHO has used the 4 × 4 framework as a dominant framing for NCDs and recommended interventions since at least 2011. • The framework is based upon epidemiological research on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in high-income countries. • The 4 × 4 framework has failed to effectively address the NCD burden in low- and middle-income countries.
- Published
- 2021
42. Allergy and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) international survey: Real-life data from the allergy community during the pandemic
- Author
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Liang Lu Wang, Alessandro Fiocchi, Michael Levin, James L. Sublett, José Antonio Ortega-Martell, Mario Sánchez-Borges, Motohiro Ebisawa, Yoon-Seok Chang, Luciana Kase Tanno, Manana Chikhladze, Luis Caraballo, Ignacio J. Ansotegui, Jonathan Berstein, Bryan Martin, Pascal Demoly, Giovanni Passalacqua, Sandra Nora González-Díaz, Gianenrico Senna, Marco Caminati, Jean-François Fontaine, Philip W. Rouadi, Anahí Yáñez, Mário Morais-Almeida, Gary Wong, David B. Peden, Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department [iPlesp] (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), World Health Organisation (WHO), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of Cincinnati (UC), Hospital CUF Descobertas, University of Cape Town, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù [Roma], Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad, Clínica el Avila, University of Cartagena, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Beirut Eye & ENT Specialist Hospital (BESH), Investigaciones en Alergia y Enfermedades Respiratorias (InAER), Peking Union Medical College Hospital [Beijing] (PUMCH), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Akaki Tsereteli State University, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique] (UANL), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), University of Louisville, Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Hospital Quirónsalud Bizkaia [Bilbao], Sagamihara National Hospital [Kanagawa, Japan], Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona (UNIVR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department [Paris] (EPAR), University of Genoa (UNIGE), and University of Verona (UNIVR)
- Subjects
Allergy ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Asia Pacific ,AP, Asia Pacific ,Coding (therapy) ,Disease ,WHO ,LABA, long-acting beta-agonist ,0302 clinical medicine ,prevention ,EMA ,European Medicines Agency ,Pandemic ,Immunology and Allergy ,[SDV.IMM.ALL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,World Allergy Organization ,CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,Allergen immunotherapy ,[SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,AFR/ME ,[SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,treatment ,AIT ,Food and Drug Administration ,3. Good health ,Europe ,WAO ,inhaled steroids ,LA ,ANAFORCAL, French Association for Continuing Education in Allergology ,AFR/ME, Africa and Middle East ,AIT, Allergen immunotherapy ,COVID-19 ,DRESS, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms ,EMA, European Medicines Agency ,EU, Europe ,FDA, Food and Drug Administration ,ICD, International Classification of Diseases ,LA, Latin America ,NA, North America ,SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,WAO, World Allergy Organization ,WHO, World Health Organization ,allergen immunotherapy ,allergy ,asthma ,biological agents ,coronavirus ,FDA ,[SDV.IMM.ALL] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Immunology ,LABA ,Context (language use) ,World Health Organization ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Biological agents ,International Classification of Diseases ,medicine ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,Social media ,Africa and Middle East ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,ICD ,ANAFORCAL ,Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms ,medicine.disease ,Asthma ,Coronavirus ,long-acting beta-agonist ,Latin America ,030228 respiratory system ,Family medicine ,North America ,French Association for Continuing Education in Allergology ,NA ,Inhaled steroids ,Prevention ,Treatment ,Allergists ,DRESS ,EU ,business ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,AP ,CDC - Abstract
International audience; Background: The COVID-19 outbreak brought an unprecedented challenge to the world. Knowledge in the field has been increasing exponentially and the main allergy societies have produced guidance documents for better management of allergic patients during this period. However, few publications so far have provided real-life data from the allergy community concerning allergy practice during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, we proposed an international survey on the management of allergic patients during the current pandemic.Methods: We performed an online survey undertaken to reach out the worldwide allergy community by e-mail and social media. The web-based questionnaire contained 24 questions covering demographic data from the participants, clinical practice during this period, and questions related to the new international classification and coding tools addressed for COVID-19. It was circulated for 8 weeks and had anonymous and volunteer context.Results: Data are presented for 635 participants from 78 countries of all continents. Allergists with long-term professional experience were the main audience. As expected, we received many responses as "I have no data" or "I don't know" to the questions of the survey. However, most with more experience on managing allergic patients during the pandemic agreed that patients suffering from allergic or hypersensitivity conditions have no increased risk of contracting COVID-19 or developing SARS CoV-2. Also, participants mentioned that none of the allergy treatments (inhaled corticosteroids, allergen immunotherapy, biological agents) increased the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection including severe presentations.Conclusion: The data presented are a starting point in the process of getting feedback on all the recommendations provided by the allergy societies; it could also be the basis of new strategies to support health professionals while new COVID-19 specific treatments and vaccines are being explored. The information here presented intends to be helpful to the community but represents a course of action in a highly specific situation due to the state of emergency, and it should be helpful to health systems.
- Published
- 2021
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43. Supportive soundscapes are crucial for sustainable environments.
- Author
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Kang J, Aletta F, Oberman T, Mitchell A, Erfanian M, Tong H, Torresin S, Xu C, Yang T, and Chen X
- Subjects
- Acoustics, Sound, Noise
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Socioeconomic factors associated with liver-related mortality from 1985 to 2015 in 36 developed countries
- Author
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Justin D. Salciccioli, Wenhao Li, Polychronis Kemos, William Alazawi, Dominic C Marshall, and Joseph Shalhoub
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Gross Domestic Product ,Global Health ,Gross domestic product ,GDP ,03 medical and health sciences ,WHO ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hepatic ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Global health ,Per capita ,Medicine ,Humans ,Social determinants of health ,Socioeconomic status ,Hepatology ,Gastroenterology & Hepatology ,business.industry ,Developed Countries ,Gastroenterology ,International health ,1103 Clinical Sciences ,Liver ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Cirrhosis ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Female ,business ,Developed country - Abstract
Background & Aims There is increasing disparity in liver-related mortality worldwide. Although there are many biologic and lifestyle risk factors for liver-related mortality, the effects of inequalities in social and economic determinants of health have received little attention. We investigated changes in liver-related mortality from 1985 through 2015 in 36 countries, using 4 international health and economic databases, and searched for socioeconomic factors that might influence these trends. Methods We collected information on sex- and country-specific liver-related mortality from countries with designated high-usability data from the World Health Organization mortality database. We obtained data on alcohol consumption per capita, the percentage of adults with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, health expenditure per capita, gross domestic product per capita, Gini index, national unemployment estimates, and diabetes prevalence from the World Health Organization global health observatory data repository, the World Bank database, and the International Diabetes Federation. We examined changes in mortality using Joinpoint regression analysis. Univariate analysis and a mixed-effects linear model were used to identify factors associated with liver-related mortality. Results From 1985 to 2015, the mean liver-related deaths per 100,000 persons increased in men from 23.8 to 26.1, and in women from 9.7 to 11.9. Increased liver-related mortality was associated with male sex, a high level of alcohol consumption, obesity, and indicators of national wealth and government health expenditure gross domestic product or government expenditure on health. Conclusions In addition to established risk factors for liver mortality, this study identified addressable economic factors associated with liver-related mortality trends. Health care professionals and policy makers may wish to consider these factors to reduce liver-related mortality.
- Published
- 2020
45. Kidney Tumors: New and Emerging Kidney Tumor Entities.
- Author
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Siadat F, Mansoor M, Hes O, and Trpkov K
- Subjects
- Humans, Kidney, Immunohistochemistry, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Carcinoma, Renal Cell diagnosis, Carcinoma, Renal Cell genetics, Carcinoma, Renal Cell pathology, Kidney Neoplasms diagnosis, Kidney Neoplasms genetics, Kidney Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on several novel and emerging renal entities, including eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), RCC with fibromyomatous stroma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged RCC, low-grade oncocytic renal tumor, eosinophilic vacuolated tumor, thyroidlike follicular RCC, and biphasic hyalinizing psammomatous RCC. Their clinical features, gross and microscopic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular and genetic features are described. The diagnosis of most of them rests on recognizing their morphologic features using immunohistochemistry. Accurate diagnosis of these entitles will further reduce the category of "unclassifiable renal carcinomas/tumors" and will lead to better clinical management and improved patient prognostication., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Large gaps in the quality of healthcare experienced by Swedish mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study based on WHO standards.
- Author
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Zaigham M, Linden K, Sengpiel V, Mariani I, Valente EP, Covi B, Lazzerini M, and Elden H
- Subjects
- Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Cesarean Section, Cross-Sectional Studies, Sweden epidemiology, Pandemics, Health Facilities, Delivery of Health Care, World Health Organization, COVID-19 epidemiology, Maternal Health Services
- Abstract
Background and Problem: Existing healthcare systems have been put under immense pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Disruptions in essential maternal and newborn services have come from even high-income countries within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region., Aim: To describe the quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth, as reported by the women themselves, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden, using the WHO 'Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities'., Methods: Using an anonymous, online questionnaire, women ≥18 years were invited to participate if they had given birth in Sweden from March 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021. The quality of maternal and newborn care was measured using 40 questions across four domains: provision of care, experience of care, availability of human/physical resources, and organisational changes due to COVID-19., Findings: Of the 5003 women included, n = 4528 experienced labour. Of these, 46.7% perceived a poorer quality of maternal and newborn care due to the COVID-19. Fundal pressure was applied in 22.2% of instrumental vaginal births, 36.8% received inadequate breastfeeding support and 6.9% reported some form of abuse. Findings were worse in women undergoing prelabour Caesarean section (CS) (n = 475). Multivariate analysis showed significant associations of the quality of maternal and newborn care to year of birth (P < 0.001), parity (P < 0.001), no pharmacological pain relief (P < 0.001), prelabour CS (P < 0.001), emergency CS (P < 0.001) and overall satisfaction (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Considerable gaps over many key quality measures and deviations from women-centred care were noted. Findings were worse in women with prelabour CS. Actions to promote high-quality, evidence-based and respectful care during childbirth for all mothers are urgently needed., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Prevalence and risk factors associated with non-traffic related injury in the older population in Ghana: Wave 2 of the WHO Study on Global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)
- Author
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Emilia Asuquo Udofia, George A. Mensah, Richard B. Biritwum, Justice Moses K. Aheto, and Alfred Yawson
- Subjects
Poison control ,lcsh:Medicine ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Health Informatics ,Logistic regression ,Suicide prevention ,SAGE ,Ghana ,Occupational safety and health ,Developing countries ,03 medical and health sciences ,WHO ,0302 clinical medicine ,Injury prevention ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk factor ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Injuries ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Regular Article ,Mental health ,3. Good health ,Risk factors ,Older adults ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Injuries are a significant cause of hospitalization in the older population, leading to a decline in physical activity and greater dependence on others. Compared to traffic related injury, relatively fewer studies have been conducted on non-traffic related injury in the older population in Ghana. This analysis provides a nationwide baseline prevalence and associated factors of non-traffic related injuries among older adults in Ghana. Data from the 2014–2015 nationally representative World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 2 was used. A final sample of 3461 older adults living in 2827 households was used in the statistical modelling. Predictors of injury were examined using both single-level and multilevel binary logistic regression models. The prevalence of non-traffic related injury found in this study was 3.74%. The odds of being injured decreased among females (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.95) compared to their male counterparts and those who rated their heath state as moderate (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.94). Depression was the only risk factor identified in the multivariable model (OR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.38, 4.71). The study did not observe significant residual household-level variation in injury status. The role of depression as a risk factor suggests that interventions that aim to reduce non-traffic related injury in older adults should consider improving mental health., Highlights • Sex, self-reported health and depression predicted non-traffic related injury • Depression increases the odds of non-traffic related injury in older adults • Interventions that improve mental health might have potential benefits
- Published
- 2019
48. Trends in mortality from aortic dissection analyzed from the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2000 to 2017.
- Author
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Abdallah N, Mouchati C, Crowley C, Hanna L, Goodall R, Salciccioli JD, Marshall DC, Gibbs RGJ, and Shalhoub J
- Subjects
- Czech Republic, Europe epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Mortality, Norway, United Kingdom epidemiology, United States, World Health Organization, Aortic Dissection diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: We assessed trends in aortic dissection (AD) death rates in 23 countries from 2000 to 2017., Methods: We extracted AD mortality data for countries with high usability data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database and from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) WONDER Database for the United States of America (USA). Age Standardized Death Rates (ASDRs) per 100,000 population were computed. Trends were assessed by locally weighted scatter plot smoother (LOWESS) regression., Results: Between 2000 and 2017, ASDRs from AD decreased in Australia, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the USA for both sexes. Increasing AD mortality was observed in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Israel, and Japan for both sexes. The largest absolute increases in ASDR were in Japan for men (+1.59) and women (+1.11). The largest percentage decreases were in Norway for men (-0.91) and in New Zealand (-0.6) for women. In 2017, the highest mortality rates were in Japan for both sexes (3.22 and 2.09, respectively). The lowest ASDR was in Kyrgyzstan for both sexes (0.16 and 0.10, respectively). ASDRs for AD in 2017 were higher for men than women in all countries included. Spain had the greatest difference between the gender's mortality rates with a 2.71-fold higher mortality average rate in men., Conclusion: We identified an overall decrease in AD mortality in most included countries, while an increase was noted in other countries including Israel and Japan., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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49. Carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks of acrylamide consumed through bread, kaak, toast, and crackers among the Lebanese Population.
- Author
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El-Zakhem Naous G, Merhi A, Daher R, Mroueh M, Abboud MI, and Taleb RI
- Subjects
- Bread analysis, Carcinogens toxicity, Child, Chromatography, Liquid, Food Contamination analysis, Humans, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Acrylamide toxicity, Neurotoxicity Syndromes
- Abstract
The present study deals with the assessment of acrylamide levels, dietary intake and toxicity associated with food products which constitute the main components of a Lebanese breakfast including bread, crackers, toast and kaak. Quantification of acrylamide levels was performed on a UPLC-MS/MS spectrometer and upon correlation with the results of a community survey, the carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks associated with the dietary intake of acrylamide were calculated. The average exposure to acrylamide from the investigated dietary products was found to be 5 times higher than the intake of 0.08 μg/kg-bw/day, as estimated by the NFCA (Norwegian Food Control Authority) and 3 times higher than the intake of 0.14 μg/kg-bw/day as set by the WHO (World Health Organization). MOE
N and MOEC (Margin of Exposure for neurotoxic and carcinogenic risks) values ranged between 290 and 556, and between 449 and 861 respectively. Kaak, Crackers, and Toast appear to pose no neurotoxic or carcinogenic risk of concern among the entire population as well as the individual age groups. French bread and Lebanese bread pose different levels of carcinogenic risk among the entire population as well as various age groups. The results also indicate that 24% of children, 4% of young adults and 8% of adults are at both neurotoxic and carcinogenic risks., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)- Published
- 2022
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50. Thymic Carcinomas-A Concise Multidisciplinary Update on Recent Developments From the Thymic Carcinoma Working Group of the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group.
- Author
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Roden AC, Ahmad U, Cardillo G, Girard N, Jain D, Marom EM, Marx A, Moreira AL, Nicholson AG, Rajan A, Shepherd AF, Simone CB 2nd, Strange CD, Szolkowska M, Truong MT, and Rimner A
- Subjects
- Humans, Neoplasm Staging, Public Opinion, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial pathology, Thymoma pathology, Thymus Neoplasms diagnosis, Thymus Neoplasms pathology, Thymus Neoplasms therapy
- Abstract
Thymic carcinomas are rare malignancies that in general arise in the prevascular (anterior) mediastinum. These tumors are usually invasive, often present at advanced stages, and typically behave aggressively. Studies are hampered by the paucity of these tumors, the large variety of carcinoma subtypes, and the lack of unique morphologic and immunophenotypic features. Despite these challenges, advances in diagnostic imaging, surgical approaches, systemic therapies, and radiation therapy techniques have been made. The WHO classification of thymic epithelial tumors has been updated in 2021, and the eighth tumor nodal metastasis staging by the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control included thymic carcinomas in 2017. Molecular alterations that provide more insight into the pathogenesis of these tumors and that potentially permit use of novel targeted therapies are increasingly being identified. New approaches to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are under evaluation. International societies, including the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group, European Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean thymic associations, have been critical in organizing and conducting multi-institutional clinical studies. Herein, we review contemporary multidisciplinary perspectives in diagnosis and management of thymic carcinoma., (Copyright © 2022 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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