Search

Although environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is considered to be a severe public health problem and a modifiable risk factor for preterm birth (PTB), we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the PTB risk associated with trimester-specific prenatal ETS exposure. This study aimed to examine the accumulation of risk across trimester ETS exposure and the critical window of the association between maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy and PTB. A total of 63,038 mother-child pairs were involved in the analysis of the 2017 survey of Longhua Child Cohort Study. Information about socio-demographic characteristics, prenatal ETS exposure, and birth outcomes were collected using a self-report questionnaire. A series of logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations between prenatal ETS exposure and PTB. We found that maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of PTB and this association increased with both the average level of daily ETS exposure and the number of trimesters of ETS exposure. Moreover, mothers who were initially exposed to ETS in the 1st trimester of pregnancy had significant higher risk of PTB (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25-1.44). Furthermore, mothers exposed to ETS in the 1st trimester only (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.04-1.50), in both 1st and 2nd trimester (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.08-1.67) and throughout pregnancy (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.24-1.46) experienced a significantly high risk of PTB. Prenatal maternal ETS exposure during only the 2nd trimester also resulted in a high risk of PTB with marginal significance (OR = 1.33, 95% CI:0.78-2.13). To conclude, the 1st and early 2nd trimester might be the critical window for prenatal ETS exposure causing PTB., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors. But we still lack a comprehensive assessment of household air pollutants exposure on the development of ADHD-like behaviors during childhood., Object: We aimed to assess whether prenatal household inhalants exposure is associated with preschoolers' ADHD-like behaviors in a nonclinical population., Methods: This study used the baseline data of the Longhua Child Cohort Study. During 2015-2017, we recruited 42,983 mothers and their kindergarten-aged children who enrolled at kindergarten in the Longhua district of Shenzhen, to obtain the demographic data and relevant exposure information through self-administrated questionnaire survey. The source of prenatal household inhalants exposure include cooking fumes, environmental tobacco smoke, mosqutio coils, home renovated and indoor burning incense. Logistic and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) models were used to reveal the association between prenatal exposure to household air pollutants and hyperactive behaviors in child., Results: We found that exposure to five types of household inhalants during pregnancy were independently associated with an increased risk of child hyperactive behaviors. Moreover, we observed a significant interaction between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cooking fumes during gestation on child hyperactive behaviors in CLAD models. We also found a significant joint effect between burning mosquito coils and incense during gestation for child hyperactive behaviors risk both in CLAD and Logistic models. Furthermore, a household inhalants exposure index was used to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the cumulative effect of exposure to the five household air pollutants and child hyperactivity., Conclusions: Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to different household inhalants might increase the risk of children's hyperactive behaviors at around 3 years of age with the presence of interaction effects between some inhalants., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Selective neurectomy of the innervating nerves of the gastrocnemius muscle is a popular method employed for calf reduction. However, accidental injury to the untargeted adjacent nerves could happen. This study aims to provide detailed morphometry of the motor branches from the tibial nerve innervating the gastrocnemius muscle, the soleus and the medial sural cutaneous nerve in the popliteal fossa., Methods: 23 lower legs from female cadavers were dissected to explore the origin, length of and the spatial relationship between the four branches given off from the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa., Results: Our study showed there were seven origin patterns existing among the four nerve branches; the origin of the branches to the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle was located ranging from -16 mm to 22 mm away from the midpoint of the line between the lateral and medial condyles of the femur; In 95% of the specimens, the location of the origin of the nerve branch to the medial head was proximal to its lateral counterpart. The nerve to the medial head was often given off from the medial aspect or the posteromedial aspect of the tibial nerve, while the other three often from the lateral aspect., Conclusions: A variety of origin patterns among the nerves to the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle, the nerve to the soleus muscle and the sural cutaneous nerve exist, necessitating the formulation of diversifying surgical strategies preoperatively and the meticulous and sequential dissection intra-operatively to ensure the lowest level of accidental injury., (Copyright © 2013 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)