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Introduction: The phase 2 TROPiCS-03 study evaluated the efficacy/safety of sacituzumab govitecan (SG) as second-line treatment in patients with previously treated extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC)., Methods: TROPiCS-03 (NCT03964727) is a multicohort, open-label, phase 2 basket study of solid tumors, including ES-SCLC. Adults with ES-SCLC that progressed after one previous line of platinum-based chemotherapy and anti-programmed death-(ligand) 1 (PD-[L]1) therapy received SG 10 mg/kg on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. The primary end point was the investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Key secondary end points included investigator-assessed duration of response (DOR) and progression-free survival (PFS); blinded independent central review-assessed ORR, DOR, and PFS; overall survival (OS); and safety. Efficacy was evaluated in patients with platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive disease., Results: Among 43 patients (median follow-up, 12.3 [range, 8.1-20.1] mo), investigator-assessed ORR was 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.0%-57.9%), with 18 confirmed partial responses; median (95% CI) DOR, PFS, and OS were 4.73 (3.52-6.70), 4.40 (3.81-6.11), and 13.60 (6.57-14.78) months, respectively. The efficacy results of the blinded independent central review assessments were similar. The investigator-assessed ORR (95% CI) was 35.0% (15.4%-59.2%) in patients with platinum-resistant disease (n = 20) and 47.8% (26.8%-69.4%) in patients with platinum-sensitive disease (n = 23). Furthermore, 32 patients (74.4%) had grade greater than or equal to 3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). No TEAE led to SG discontinuation; one treatment-related TEAE (neutropenic sepsis) led to death., Conclusions: SG has promising efficacy as second-line treatment of ES-SCLC, irrespective of platinum sensitivity. Safety was manageable and consistent with that observed in other SG studies., Competing Interests: Disclosure Dr. Dowlati reports serving on the advisory board with AstraZeneca, Jazz, Seattle Genetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Prelude Therapeutics, and Puma Biotechnology. Dr. Chiang reports serving on the advisory board with Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Fosun, Genentech, Janssen, and Zai Labs. Dr. Cervantes reports receiving institutional research funding from AbbVie, Bayer, Beigene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, HiFiBiO Therapeutics, invoX Pharma, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Natera, Novartis, Roche, and Servier; serving on the advisory board or receiving speaker fees paid to his institution from AbbVie, Agenus, Arcus Biosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, and Roche. Dr. Babu reports having institutional grants or contracts from 1200 Pharma, AbbVie, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Aptose Biosciences, Argenx, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bristol Myers Squibb, Beigene, Genentech/Roche, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, Scholar Rock, Sanofi, Syndax, Takeda, TG Therapeutics, and Torl Biotherapeutics; receiving personal consulting fees from Cornerstone Specialty Network, ER Squibb Sons, LLC, Kite (a Gilead Company), Novartis, and Taiho Oncology; receiving personal payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Cornerstone Healthcare Group, Janssen Scientific Affairs, Novartis, and Pfizer; receiving personal support for attending meetings and/or travel from Beigene, Janssen, Karyopharm, Kite (a Gilead Company), and Pharmacyclics; receiving personal support for a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid from Exigent Research; having stock or stock options in Fort Wayne Medical Oncology and Hematology and Lutheran Hospital; and having personal employment at Fort Wayne Medical Oncology and Hematology. Dr. Hamilton reports receiving institutional support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges) from Gilead Sciences; receiving institutional grants or contracts from AbbVie, Acerta Pharma, Accutar Biotechnology, ADC Therapeutics, AKESOBIO Australia, Amgen, Aravive, ArQule, Artios, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AtlasMedX, BeiGene, Black Diamond, Bliss BioPharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cascadian Therapeutics, Clovis, Compugen, Context Therapeutics, Cullinan, Curis, CytomX, Daiichi Sankyo, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Dantari, Deciphera, Duality Biologics, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Eisai, Ellipses Pharma, Elucida Pharma, EMD Serono, Fochon Pharmaceuticals, FujiFilm, G1 Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, H3 Biomedicine, Harpoon, Hutchinson MediPharma, Immunogen, Incyte, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inspirna, InvestisBio, Jacobio, Karyopharm, K-Group Beta, Kind Pharmaceuticals, Leap Therapeutics, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Lycera, Mabspace Biosciences, Macrogenics, MedImmune, Mersana, Merus, Millennium, Molecular Templates, Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Novartis, Nucana, Olema, OncoMed, Oncothyreon, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Orinove, Orum Therapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Plexxikon, Prelude Therapeutics, Profound Bio, Radius Health, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Repertoire Immune Medicine, Rgenix, Roche/Genentech, SeaGen, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Shattuck Labs, Silverback Therapeutics, StemCentRx, Stemline Therapeutics, Sutro, Syndax, Syros, Taiho, TapImmune, Tesaro, Tolmar, Torque Therapeutics, Treadwell Therapeutics, Verastem, Zenith Epigenetics, and Zymeworks; and receiving institutional consulting fees from Accutar Biotechnology, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Ellipses Pharma, Entos, Fosun Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Jefferies, Lilly, Medical Pharma Services, Mersana, Novartis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Stemline Therapeutics, Tempus Labs, Theratechnologies, Tubulis, Verascity Science, and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Sullivan reports receiving support for participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board from Roche and is an employee of and owns stock in Gilead Sciences, Inc. Dr. van Marcke reports (all institutional compensations) serving on the advisory board with AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck, and Novartis; receiving research grants from DigiCore and Gilead Sciences, Inc. Dr. Italiano reports having grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Roche; receiving consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Domain Therapeutics, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Roche; receiving support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca and Roche; and receiving support for participation on data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards from AbbVie, Boehringer, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Roche. Drs. Patel, Mekan, and Wu are employees of and own stock in Gilead Sciences, Inc. Dr. Waqar reports serving on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) causes respiratory tract infections in humans. Despite its emergence as a zoonotic and respiratory virus, little is known about its cell tropism, which hampers progress in fully understanding its pathogenesis in humans. Hek293 cells are most susceptible to PRV infection, while HeLa cells are the least. Human cytokeratin 1 (CK1) was identified as the protein that interacts with PRV. The immunofluorescence assay and qPCR results revealed prior treatment with anti-CK1 may provide Hek293 cells protection against PRV. The KRT1-knockout Hek293 cells were less susceptible to PRV infection. Further study into the pathogenesis of PRV in humans is needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Proper end-of-life (EOL) management of mixed plastic waste remains a global challenge in both developed and developing countries as disposed plastic circulating within the ecosystem continues to increase at unprecedented rates. Presently, plastic EOL pathways are largely designed based on prevailing geographical conditions and environmental regulations across different regions. Till date, no work has been reported on the environmental and socioeconomic assessment on EOL pathway focusing on mechanical recycling of mixed plastic waste into raw ingredients for construction materials. This paper presents a life cycle assessment to characterize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of four different plastic EOL pathways using Singapore as a case study. The present study describes how Singapore can redesign its current waste-to-resource taxonomy and reiterates the need to maximize mechanical recycling throughput of mixed plastic waste so to alleviate the reliance on thermal energies for waste valorisation and improve the overall performance of current plastic EOL pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Individuals with hoarding disorder, especially those with problems around acquiring, typically demonstrate a lack of motivation and awareness of their problematic behaviours. Since acquiring behaviours are important targets in interventions for hoarding, effective strategies for increasing motivation in this population are required to enhance the acceptability and efficacy of these interventions., Methods: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ability of a brief online motivational intervention to reduce acquiring in a community sample of high acquirers (N = 159). Participants were randomly assigned to either a motivational interviewing protocol (n = 73) or progressive muscle relaxation control condition (n = 86). Readiness to change and motivation to acquire was measured via self-report, and acquiring behaviour was measured using a modified version of the Preston Acquisition Decision Making Task (to increase ecological validity)., Results: In both conditions, participants' readiness and motivation to change increased over time. Contrary to hypotheses, the magnitude of this improvement did not significantly differ between conditions. Furthermore, conditions did not perform differently on the behavioural measure of acquiring., Limitations: Insufficient dose of the intervention may have precluded any differences being observed between conditions., Conclusions: Results underscore the need to better address the problem of lowered motivation in this population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that maladaptive beliefs about perfectionism play a key role in the development and maintenance of OCD. Cognitive-bias modification for interpretation bias (CBM-I) is an experimental procedure that can test this proposed causal relation., Methods: As such, the current study investigated whether multiple CBM-I sessions administered in different contexts can modify perfectionism biases. Undergraduate students high in OCD-related perfectionism beliefs were randomly allocated to either an experimental (n = 44) or control (n = 44) training condition and completed self-report and behavioural measures of perfectionism and OCD symptoms., Results: As predicted, relative to the control condition, participants in the experimental condition exhibited a significant decrease in perfectionism beliefs, from baseline to after one CBM-I training session, which was maintained at one-week follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant differences between conditions on measures of OCD symptoms and perfectionistic behaviour., Limitations: Issues with the current study's behavioural measures may have precluded any differences between conditions., Conclusions: Results underscore the need to further refine cognitive-behavioural models of OCD to understand the precise causal relation between beliefs and symptoms., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Psychological disorders such as major depressive disorder are characterised by interpersonal difficulties and anhedonia. A cognitive mechanism proposed to contribute to the maintenance of these problems is a diminished ability to generate positive mental imagery, especially regarding social interactions. The current study examined whether the effects of social imagery training on social activity and anhedonia could be enhanced with the addition of intranasal oxytocin, and whether these effects might be augmented in persons with a high propensity to engage socially (i.e., high extraversion). University students (N = 111) were randomised to self-administer intranasal oxytocin or placebo, followed by a single session of positive social or non-social imagery training that required participants to imagine 64 positive scenarios occurring in either a social or non-social context, respectively. There were no main effects of imagery type and drug, and no interaction effect on anhedonia and social activity, measured respectively via self-report and a behavioural task. Individuals low in extraversion, trust-altruism, and openness to experience reported significantly more anhedonia after receiving oxytocin relative to placebo, but only following imagery training of positive social outcomes. Results highlight the negative consequences of increasing oxytocin bioavailability after priming social contact in more withdrawn individuals., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Previous research has linked certain psychological disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), to the experience of disgust and how it is interpreted/appraised. Therefore, the present study examined whether targeting primary and secondary disgust appraisals (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) in individuals with moderate to high OCD-relevant contamination fears can effectively reduce disgust. Fifty-two participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; two of which involved reading a brief script modifying either a primary disgust appraisal (i.e., likelihood of a feared outcome) or a secondary disgust appraisal (i.e., the individual's ability to cope), and a third control condition with no reappraisal script. Following this experimental manipulation of disgust appraisal, participants completed two contamination-relevant behavioural approach tasks which involved 1) increasing proximity to, and eventually touching, a dead cockroach, and 2) drinking apple juice from an unused urine sample collection container. Results indicated that the interventions successfully modified their intended appraisal targets. Furthermore, on the second behavioural approach task, the secondary reappraisal condition demonstrated significantly less disgust-related avoidance relative to the control condition and reported significantly less disgust relative to the primary reappraisal condition. Our results incrementally add to the existing literature that emphasises the potential advantages of modifying disgust appraisals and specifically secondary disgust appraisals when treating disgust-based psychological disorders., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Food contamination is a serious concern because of a high level of chemicals in food causes severe health issues. Safeguarding the public from the risk of adulterated foods has become a challenging mission. Chloropropanols are of importance to food safety and food security because they are common chemical food contaminants and believed to be carcinogenic to humans. In chemical sensing, chloropropanols are challenging analytes owing to the lacking diversity of functional groups and difficulty in targeting the hydroxyl group in aqueous environments. Moreover, because of their small molecular size, the compositions of chloropropanols remain challenging for achieving chromatographic determination. Herein, to simulate human smell and taste sensations, serum albumins, which are protein-based receptors, were introduced as low-selective receptors for differential sensing. Utilizing serum albumins, a fluorophore (PRODAN), and an additive (ascorbic acid), a differential-based optical biosensor array was developed to detect and differentiate chloropropanols. By integrating the sensor array with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), four chloropropanols were effectively differentiated based on their isomerism properties and the number of the hydroxyl groups, even at ultra-low concentration (5 nM). This concentration is far below the maximum tolerable level of 0.18 μM for chloropropanols. The sensing array was then employed for chloropropanols differentiation and quantification in the complex mixtures (e.g., synthetic soy and dark soy sauces). Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) analysis demonstrated 100% accurate classification for all tests. These results signify our differential sensing array as a practical and powerful tool to speedily identify, differentiate, and even quantify chloropropanols in food matrices., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: The cognitive theory of compulsive checking in OCD proposes that checking behaviour is maintained by maladaptive beliefs, including those related to inflated responsibility and those related to reduced memory confidence. This study examined whether and when specific interventions (as part of a new cognitive therapy for compulsive checking) addressing these cognitive targets changed feelings of responsibility and memory confidence., Methods: Participants were nine adults with a primary or secondary diagnosis of OCD who reported significant checking symptoms (at least one hour per day) on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. A single-case multiple baseline design was used, after which participants received 12 sessions of cognitive therapy. From the start of the baseline period through to the 1 month post-treatment follow-up assessment session, participants completed daily monitoring of feelings of responsibility, memory confidence, and their time spent engaging in compulsive checking., Results: Results revealed that feelings of responsibility significantly reduced and memory confidence significantly increased from baseline to immediately post-treatment, with very high effect sizes. Multilevel modelling revealed significant linear changes in feelings of responsibility (i.e., reductions over time) and memory confidence (i.e., increases over time) occurred following the sessions when these were addressed. Finally, we found that improvements in these over the course of the treatment significantly predicted reduced time spent checking., Limitations: The small sample size limits our ability to generalize our results., Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of a focus on the timing of change in cognitive therapy., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Visual perspective may have an important role in the phenomenology of intrusive images relevant to psychological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the current study was to examine the subjective and behavioural effects of manipulating visual perspective, to either field or observer, on intrusive images related to doubting and contamination concerns. One hundred and twelve undergraduate participants with high levels OCD symptoms were asked to identify and imagine an intrusive image related to either doubting or contamination concerns. We then randomly assigned them to re-visualise their image from either a field (first-person) or observer (third-person) visual perspective. Participants shifted towards using an observer perspective demonstrated a greater decrease on ratings of subjective measures of image-related distress, prospective likelihood of the image occurring, and urges to suppress the image, relative to those shifted to a field perspective. In addition, those in the observer perspective evidenced a greater decrease on behavioural indices relevant to OCD, such as reduced frequency of the intrusive image and decreased efforts to neutralise the image. We discuss implications for imagery in OCD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Failure to inhibit interference from distracting emotional stimuli may obstruct an individual's ability to regulate their behavioural and emotional responses to environmental stressors. Few studies have examined the longitudinal association between cognitive inhibition and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in the natural environment. Seventy-nine healthy adults underwent two assessments 6 months apart. Participants' ability to suppress interference from distracting emotional stimuli was assessed using a negative affective priming task that included both generic and personally-relevant (i.e., participants' intimate partners) facial expressions of emotion. Poorer inhibition of personally-relevant sad and angry faces, but not generic stimuli, significantly predicted an increased cortisol awakening response (CAR) six months later. Moreover, poor inhibition of personally-relevant sad faces mediated the relation between chronic stress and an elevated CAR. Difficulties inhibiting personally-relevant emotional information may represent a key mechanism in understanding how environmental stress influences HPA functioning., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary intakes due to their ability to assess intake over extended periods, their low respondent burden, and their cost-effectiveness. A quantitative FFQ that includes locally appropriate food items for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population was developed, but its validity has not previously been evaluated., Objective: To evaluate the relative validity of a newly developed FFQ as a dietary assessment tool for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population., Design: The 112 -food item FFQ was administered by trained interviewers to caregivers of children. Frequency of food items consumed in the previous month and portion size information were collected. The FFQs were evaluated against 3-day nonweighed diet records (DRs) completed by caregivers., Participants/setting: The dietary data of 361 children aged 5 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort were collected in 2015-2016., Main Outcome Measures: Nutrients of interest included energy, macronutrients, fiber, cholesterol, vitamin A, beta carotene, calcium, and iron, calculated from the FFQs and DRs., Statistical Analyses Performed: Nutrient intakes according to FFQs in relation to DRs were assessed using Pearson's correlation, Lin's concordance, Bland-Altman plots, quintile joint classification, and Cohen's κ statistics., Results: The highest energy-adjusted correlation (Pearson's r=0.71) and concordance (Lin's concordance=0.69) were observed for calcium. Fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, and iron also showed correlation coefficients and concordance of at least 0.40. Bland-Altman plots suggested no substantial bias across ranges of intakes for the nutrients with correlations and concordance of 0.40 or above. Quintiles joint classification showed substantial agreement for calcium (κ=0.66), and moderate agreement for iron, fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and beta carotene (κ=0.59, 0.54, 0.49, 0.44, 0.43, respectively)., Conclusions: The newly developed FFQ is in reasonable agreement with DR for estimating intakes of calcium, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, cholesterol, and iron. In addition, the FFQ is able to classify children according to quintiles of nutrient intakes, with moderate to substantial quintile agreements between FFQ and DR for calcium, iron, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, and beta carotene. To assess the remaining nutrients, DR method is recommended instead of the FFQ., Competing Interests: Author Contributions L. P.-C. Shek, K. H. Tan, Y. S. Chong, and K. M. Godfrey conceived and designed the GUSTO cohort study. R. Sugianto and M. F.-F. Chong conceptualized the present work. M. J. Chan and S. F. Wong collected the data. R. Sugianto, M. F.-F. Chong, and B. C. Tai contributed to data analysis and interpretation. R. Sugianto and M. F.-F. Chong drafted the manuscript with contributions from K. M. Godfrey and B. C. Tai. All authors read and approved the final manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The inference-based approach (IBA) is one cognitive model that aims to explain the aetiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). IBA theory suggests that certain reasoning processes lead an individual with OCD to confuse imagined possibilities with actual probabilities, a process termed inferential confusion. One such reasoning process is inverse reasoning, where hypothetical causes form the basis of conclusions about reality. Recently, we developed a task-based measure of inverse reasoning. In an online sample, we reported significant and positive associations between endorsement of inverse reasoning on this task and OCD symptomatology. We concluded that there was some support for the role of inverse reasoning in OCD but these results required extension using a between-groups design in a clinical sample. Therefore, the present study compared endorsement in inverse reasoning on this task between individuals diagnosed with OCD, anxiety and/or mood disorder (clinical controls), and healthy individuals (healthy controls). Relative to both control groups, the OCD group demonstrated significantly greater endorsement in inverse reasoning on scenarios where OCD relevant concerns were prompted. When non-OCD relevant concerns were involved, the OCD group only evidenced greater endorsement in inverse reasoning relative to the healthy control group. Implications for IBA theory are discussed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: The inference-based approach (IBA) is a cognitive account of the genesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). According to the IBA, individuals with OCD are prone to using inverse reasoning, in which hypothetical causes form the basis of conclusions about reality. Several studies have provided preliminary support for an association between features of the IBA and OCD symptoms. However, there are currently no studies that have investigated the proposed causal relationship of inverse reasoning in OCD., Methods: In a non-clinical sample (N = 187), we used an interpretive cognitive bias procedure to train a bias towards using inverse reasoning (n = 64), healthy sensory-based reasoning (n = 65), or a control condition (n = 58). Participants were randomly allocated to these training conditions. This manipulation allowed us to assess whether, consistent with the IBA, inverse reasoning training increased compulsive-like behaviours and self-reported OCD symptoms., Results: Results indicated that compared to a control condition, participants trained in inverse reasoning reported more OCD symptoms and were more avoidant of potentially contaminated objects. Moreover, change in inverse reasoning bias was a small but significant mediator of the relationship between training condition and behavioural avoidance. Conversely, training in a healthy (non-inverse) reasoning style did not have any effect on symptoms or behaviour relative to the control condition., Limitations: As this study was conducted in a non-clinical sample, we were unable to generalise our findings to a clinical population., Conclusions: Findings generally support the IBA model by providing preliminary evidence of a causal role for inverse reasoning in OCD., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Leading cognitive theories of OCD suggests that despite prevalent and persistent doubt, individuals with OCD do not have perceptual deficits. An alternate cognitive theory, the Seeking Proxies for Internal States hypothesis (SPIS), proposes that sensory distrust in OCD stems from actual deficits in accessing internal states. Consistent with the SPIS, previous research has found that high-OC individuals were less accurate than low-OC individuals in producing target levels of muscle tension in a biofeedback task and that OC symptoms were positively associated with reliance on an external proxy., Methods: The current study aimed to replicate and extend the SPIS hypothesis in two experiments using a modified version of the biofeedback-aided muscle tensing task using grip strength as the sensory input and a distance perception task. We contrasted the performance of undergraduate students self-reporting high- and low-OC symptoms., Results: Overall, our findings failed to substantially support the SPIS hypothesis such that OC symptoms were not associated with deficient access to internal states of grip strength and distance perception or increased reliance on feedback., Limitations: As this study was conducted in a non-clinical sample, we were unable to generalise our findings to a clinical population., Conclusions: Findings are commensurate with the wider OCD literature suggesting the absence of cognitive and perceptual deficits in OCD individuals., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The inference-based approach (IBA) is one cognitive model that aims to explain the aetiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The model proposes that certain reasoning processes lead an individual with OCD to confuse an imagined possibility with an actual probability, a state termed inferential confusion. One such reasoning process is inverse reasoning, in which hypothetical causes form the basis of conclusions about reality. Although previous research has found associations between a self-report measure of inferential confusion and OCD symptoms, evidence of a specific association between inverse reasoning and OCD symptoms is lacking. In the present study, we developed a task-based measure of inverse reasoning in order to investigate whether performance on this task is associated with OCD symptoms in an online sample. The results provide some evidence for the IBA assertion: greater endorsement of inverse reasoning was significantly associated with OCD symptoms, even when controlling for general distress and OCD-related beliefs. Future research is needed to replicate this result in a clinical sample and to investigate a potential causal role for inverse reasoning in OCD., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The survival impact of primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with palliative intent remains uncertain. In the absence of randomized data, the objectives of the present study were to examine the effect of primary tumor resection (PTR) and major prognostic variables on overall survival (OS) of patients with de novo mCRC., Patients and Methods: Consecutive patients from the Australian 'Treatment of Recurrent and Advanced Colorectal Cancer' registry were examined from June 2009 to March 2015. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify associations between multiple patient or clinical variables and OS. Patients with metachronous mCRC were excluded from the analyses., Results: A total of 690 patients de novo and 373 metachronous mCRC patients treated with palliative intent were identified. The median follow-up period was 30 months. The median age of de novo patients was 66 years; 57% were male; 77% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1; and 76% had a colon primary. A total of 216 de novo mCRC patients treated with palliative intent underwent PTR at diagnosis and were more likely to have a colon primary (odds ratio [OR], 15.4), a lower carcinoembryonic antigen level (OR, 2.08), and peritoneal involvement (OR, 2.58; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, PTR at diagnosis in de novo patients was not associated with significantly improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-1.09; P = .068). PTR at diagnosis did not correlate with outcome in de novo patients with a colon primary (HR, 0.74; 99% CI, 0.54-1.01; P = .014) or a rectal primary (HR, 0.81; 99% CI, 0.27-2.44; P = .621)., Conclusion: For de novo mCRC patients treated with palliative intent, PTR at diagnosis does not significantly improve OS when adjusting for known major prognostic factors. The outcomes of randomized trials examining the survival impact of PTR are awaited., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Human toxocariasis which is caused mainly by the larvae of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, is a worldwide zoonotic disease that can be a potentially serious human infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using T. canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigens harvested from T. canis larvae is currently the serological test for confirming toxocariasis. An alternative to producing large amounts of Toxocara TES and improved diagnosis for toxocariasis is through the development of highly specific recombinant antigens such as the T. canis second stage larva excretory-secretory 30 kDa protein (recTES-30). The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid diagnostic kit (RDT, named as iToxocara kit) in comparison to recTES-30 ELISA in Serendah Orang Asli village in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 133 subjects were included in the study. The overall prevalence rates by ELISA and RDT were 29.3% and 33.1%, respectively, with more positive cases detected in males than females. However, no association was found between toxocariasis and gender or age. The percentage sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RDT were 85.7%, 90.1%, 80% and 93.2%, respectively. The prevalence for toxocariasis in this population using both ELISA and RDT was 27.1% (36/133) and the K-concordance test suggested good agreement of the two tests with a Cohen's kappa of 0.722, P<0.01. In addition, the followed-up Spearman rank correlation showed a moderately high correlation at R=0.704 and P<0.01. In conclusion, the RDT kit was faster and easier to use than an ELISA and is useful for the laboratory diagnosis of hospitalized cases of toxocariasis., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype, present in 15% of early colorectal cancer (CRC), confers good prognosis. MSI-H metastatic CRC is rare and its impact on outcomes is unknown. We describe survival outcomes and the impact of chemotherapy, metastatectomy, and BRAF V600E mutation status in the largest reported cohort of MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC)., Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of 55 MSI-H metastatic CRC patients from two institutions, Royal Melbourne Hospital (Australia) and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (United States), was conducted. Statistical analyses utilized Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards models., Results: Median age was 67 years (20-90), 58% had poor differentiation, and 45% had stage IV disease at presentation. Median overall survival (OS) from metastatic disease was 15.4 months. Thirteen patients underwent R0/R1 metastatectomies, with median OS from metastatectomy 33.8 months. Thirty-one patients received first-line systemic chemotherapy for metastatic disease with median OS from the start of chemotherapy 11.5 months. No statistically significant difference in progression-free survival or OS was seen between fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan based chemotherapy. BRAF V600E mutation was present in 14 of 47 patients (30%). BRAF V600E patients demonstrated significantly worse median OS; 10.1 versus 17.3 months, P = 0.03. In multivariate analyses, BRAF V600E mutants had worse OS (HR 4.04; P = 0.005), while patients undergoing metastatectomy (HR 0.11; P = <0.001) and patients who initially presented as stage IV disease had improved OS (HR 0.27; P = 0.003)., Conclusions: Patients with MSI-H metastatic CRC do not appear to have improved outcomes. BRAF V600E mutation is a poor prognostic factor in MSI-H metastatic CRC.

Background: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell proliferative disorder that transforms into multiple myeloma and other serious B-cell disorders at an approximate rate of 1% per year; these patients are also at increased risk for fractures., Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study of 100 patients from seven community health clinics to gain a better understanding of the work-up, follow-up, and treatment of these patients., Results: MGUS patients appear to undergo inadequate work-up, follow-up, and treatment in the community setting., Conclusions: Physicians should adhere to recently established guidelines to ensure that MGUS patients receive optimal care for this condition., (Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)., Study Design: All pregnant women (12) who presented with SARS in Hong Kong between February 1 and July 31, 2003, were included. The pregnancy and perinatal outcomes were collected. Evidence of perinatal transmission of virus was assessed with the SARS-associated coronavirus reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on cord blood, placenta tissue, and subsequent follow-up of the neonate on serology., Results: Three deaths occurred among the 12 patients, giving a case fatality rate of 25%. Four of the 7 patients (57%) who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage. Four of the 5 patients who presented after 24 weeks were delivered preterm. Two mothers recovered without delivery, but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. No newborn infant had clinical SARS and all investigations were negative for SARS., Conclusion: SARS during pregnancy is associated with high incidences of spontaneous miscarriage, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth restriction. There is no evidence of perinatal SARS infection among infants born to these mothers.

Purified commercial hyaluronic acid contains significant amounts of iron. Addition of Fe2+ to solutions of it causes depolymerization, which is inhibited by catalase and scavengers of the hydroxyl radical (. OH) but not by superoxide dismutase. Fe3+ is ineffective. Ascorbic acid also depolymerizes hyaluronic acid, apparently because it can reduce Fe3+ in the reaction mixtures to Fe2+. Ascorbate-induced depolymerization is inhibited by the specific iron chelator desferrioxamine, by catalase, and by scavengers of the hydroxyl radical. The relevance of these observations to rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory joint diseases is discussed.