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This study aimed to determine whether the lotus leaf extract (LLE) had the effect of treating salpingitis in laying hens. First, the salpingitis model was established by the method of bacterial infection. Differential genes between salpingitis and healthy laying hens were identified by transcriptome sequencing, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. Groups of treatment of antibiotics and LLE were established to verify the feasibility of the lotus leaf extract in treating salpingitis. Furthermore, the active component and pharmacological effects of LLE were identified using the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology technique. At last, the mechanism of LLE treating salpingitis was further evaluated by DF-1 cells infected with bacteria. The results showed that LLE significantly reduced the levels of TLR4 and IFN-γ (P < 0.05), accelerated the levels of IgA and IgG (P < 0.05), regulated the levels of SOD and MDA (P < 0.05) in laying hens with salpingitis. A total of 1,874 differential genes were obtained according to the transcriptome sequencing. It was revealed a significant role in cell cycle and apoptosis by enrichment analysis. In addition, among the 28 components identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 20 components acted on 58 genes, including CDK1, BIRC5, and CA2 for treating salpingitis. After bacterial infection, cells were damaged and unable to complete the normal progression of the cell cycle, leading to cell cycle arrest and further apoptosis formation. However, with the intervention of LLE, bacterial infection was resisted. The cells proliferation was extensively restored, and the expression of NO was increased. The addition of LLE significantly decreased cell apoptosis. The G1 phase increased, the S phase and the G2 phase decreased in the model group; after the intervention of LLE, the G1 phase gradually returned to the average level, and G2 and S phases increased. The mRNA expression levels of BIRC5, CDK1, and CA2 were consistent with the predicted results in network pharmacology. At the same time, the mRNA expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 were reduced after added with LLE. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, TRADD, FADD, Caspase-8, Caspase-10, and Caspase-9 (P < 0.05), which would inhibit death receptor activation and decrease the apoptotic cascade, were upregulated after bacterial infection. However, the results in LLE groups were downregulated (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression levels of BCL-2 in LLE groups were increased significantly compared with it in model group (P < 0.05). Notably, LLE administration inhibited apoptosis and regulated the cell cycle distribution in the salpingitis induced by bacterial infection. These results indicated that the LLE attenuated bacterial-induced salpingitis by modulating apoptosis and immune function in laying hens., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

During the early flood season of the Yangtze River, which encompasses the spawning season of four major Chinese carps, reservoirs tend to remain at a low limiting water level in case of large floods. However, a low limiting water level, which is the initial water level of the spawning season, decreases the reservoir volume, causing insufficient outflow for downstream fish spawning. Therefore, the Limiting Water Level of Early Flood Season (LWLEFS) must be optimized to achieve a comprehensive benefit considering fish spawning, apart from hydropower generation and flood control. Using the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) as a case study, this study aims to combine multiobjective optimization scheduling using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and the copula joint distribution function, and propose an optimizing framework to determine the LWLEFS. The optimizing framework is as follows: first, multiple inflow time series during the spawning season are randomly simulated based on historical hydrological wavelet analysis, to support optimization scheduling. Next, considering three objectives, i.e., hydropower generation, flood control, and fish spawning, multiobjective optimization scheduling is conducted, and the optimal individual for each inflow time series is obtained at different LWLEFSs. Subsequently, the copula joint distribution function of the three objectives is established, and the Probabilities Achieving the Established Objective Values (PAEOVs) are calculated. Additionally, the relationships between different LWLEFSs and PAEOVs are obtained, and the LWLEFS that leads to the maximum PAEOV is identified. For the TGR, the optimal LWLEFSs are 154, 149, 148, 147, and 145 m for extremely dry, generally dry, normal, generally wet, and extremely wet hydrological conditions, respectively. The optimizing framework can be extended to other reservoirs with local targets, and it offers technical support for ecological and environmental management. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The fish in Yangtze River, China often spawns during June 15th to July 20th, which is located in the early flood season. In these days, the basin reservoir such as Three Gorges Reservoir always keeps a low water level for flood control. However, under the low operation water level, the reservoir volume is small and cannot release adequate water for the downstream fish spawning. The above water level needs be changed considering downstream fish spawning. Therefore, we have analyzed the multi objectives of reservoir operation, including hydropower generation, flood control and fish spawning. And we propose an optimizing framework to determine the operation water level based on their trade-off relationship. The optimizing framework is practical for ecological and environmental management, and can be applied for other reservoirs with different operation targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)