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Excessive consumption of refined grains harms human health and ecosystem viability. Whole grains, as a healthy and sustainable alternative to refined grains, can benefit individual health by providing dietary fiber, B vitamins, and bioactive substances. Additionally, they aid in improving the environment due to their higher extraction rate and lower carbon emission during the processing stage. However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the economic and social benefits of increasing the amount of whole grain in grain intake. This paper estimates the potential savings in healthcare costs and reduced food carbon footprints (CFs) that could result from a shift toward whole grain consumption following the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (CDG). We investigate hypothetical scenarios where a certain proportion (5–100%) of Chinese adults could increase their whole grain intakes as proposed by CDG to meet the average shortfall of 30.2 g. In that case, the healthcare costs for associated diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and colorectal cancer (CRC)) are expected to reduce by a substantial amount, from USD 2.82 to 56.37 billion; the carbon emission levels are also projected to decrease by 0.24–5.72 million tons. This study provides compelling evidence that advocating for the transition towards greater consumption of whole grain products could benefit individual health, the environment, and society, by reducing both healthcare costs and carbon emissions.

To explore the variances between single-reinforced and hybrid-reinforced Al–Mg–Si alloys with TiC and B4C, 10 wt.%-(TiC + B4C)/6061Al, 10 wt.%-B4C/6061Al, 10 wt.%-TiC/6061Al and 6061Al were prepared via wet mixing for 8 h followed by vacuum hot-press sintering at 580 °C and 30 MPa for 2 h. Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and wear behavior were investigated in this study. The results show that unlike single reinforcement of TiC, single reinforcement of B4C and hybrid reinforcement of TiC and B4C altered the distribution of Si and facilitated the in-situ formation of SiC. Both single reinforcement and hybrid reinforcement resulted in mixed fracture characteristics of ductile fracture and cleavage fracture, while hybrid reinforcement of TiC and B4C demonstrated superior strength and plasticity matching. At equivalent particle mass fractions, single reinforcement of TiC was more conducive to inducing recrystallization during sintering, followed by single reinforcement of B4C, and hybrid reinforcement of TiC and B4C had the least effect. At equivalent particle mass fractions, single reinforcement of B4C had the most significant effect on improving the wear resistance, followed by hybrid reinforcement of TiC and B4C, and single reinforcement of TiC had the least effect. All particle addition methods demonstrated a mixed wear mechanism involving abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and spalling wear. This study provides valuable insights into the development of aluminum matrix composites.

The underwater 10CrNi3MoV high-strength low-alloy steel thin-walled part with forming quality up to in-air laser deposition quality was successfully manufactured for the first time. The influencing mechanisms of complicated thermal history and water environment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of thin-walled part were researched. Due to austenitization and interlocking effect, the microstructure in the bottom, middle and top (below the 56th layer) areas of underwater sample and the middle area of in-air sample were composed of fine grain ferrite and granular bainite. With the increase of building height, the heat accumulation effect of underwater sample enhanced, resulting in small grain size (GS), high dislocation density, strong solution strengthening effect and low maximum texture strength at the bottom area, while the high proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) at the top area. These resulted in the greatest tensile strength (714 MPa) and microhardness (232 HV) at the bottom area and the highest elongation (11%) at the top area. Due to the cooling effect of water environment, the proportion of HAGBs reduced and there were oxides in fracture. As a result, the horizontal elongation of underwater sample was about 90.9% of in-air sample. Additionally, the GS reduced, and the dislocation density and solution strengthening effect increased, so the microhardness of underwater sample was slightly higher than that of in-air sample. However, due to some microscopic defects, the horizontal and vertical tensile strength of underwater sample were about 97.6% and 90.7% of in-air sample.

The high morbidity and mortality rate of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a tough challenge for current global tuberculosis prevention and control efforts. HIV/MTB coinfection is more complex than a single infection, and the interaction between the two diseases aggravates the deterioration caused by the disease, resulting in increased hospitalizations and deaths. Rapid screening and early diagnosis facilitate the timely initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment in HIV/MTB coinfected individuals, thereby reducing transmission and the incidence of adverse prognoses. To date, pathogenic detection has remained the gold standard for diagnosing tuberculosis, but its sensitivity and specificity are greatly affected by the body's immune status, which limits its application in the diagnosis of HIV/MTB coinfection. Recently, immunology and molecular detection technology has developed rapidly. New detection technologies, such as interferon-γ release assays, interferon-gamma inducible protein 10, and GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay have overcome the limitations of traditional detection methods, significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of tuberculosis diagnosis, and brought new hope to the detection of HIV/MTB coinfection. In this article, the principle, scope of application, and latest research progress of relevant detection methods are reviewed to provide a reference for the early diagnosis of HIV/MTB coinfection.

This study investigated the influence of Sb addition on the microstructure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and interfacial evolution of SAC305-2Bi-xSb/Cu solder joints. Compared with the SAC305-2Bi alloy, the melting temperature and pasty range slightly increased with the increasing of Sb content from 0.2 to 2.0 wt.%, while the undercooling temperature decreased. The research revealed that with the addition of Sb element, the grain size of β-Sn is refined. When the content of Sb is 0.5 wt.%, the grain size of β-Sn reached minimum (19.91 μm). Compared to the SAC305-2Bi alloy, the ultimate tensile strength of SAC305-2Bi–2Sb alloy is increased by 30.10%, contributed to the Sb solid solution strengthening effect and the refinement of β-Sn. With the addition of Sb, the thickness and growth rate of the interface is reduced gradually. The uniform solution of Sb and Sn can significantly inhibit the diffusion rate of Cu atoms and Sn atoms at the interface. The SAC305-2Bi-xSb alloy system has low melting temperature, superior mechanical properties, and reliable solder joints for service. Therefore, it is a potentially reliable lead-free solder for high-stability connections in automotive electronics, communications electronics, and medical devices.

A novel Zr–Ti conversion coating (ZrTiCC) was fabricated on 6016 aluminum alloy. The coating thickness was evaluated, and the corrosion resistance of the coating was investigated through CuSO4 drop experiments to determine the optimum process. Potentiodynamic polarization results revealed the corrosion current density of ZrTiCC (4.821 μA/cm2) was lower than that of bare specimen (12.263 μA/cm2), and the δE of ZrTiCC (0.752V) was significantly lower than bare specimen (0.087 V). Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer was used to characterize the morphology and composition changes of the coating during its growth. The coating was proved to have a double-layer structure, and cracks appeared when the coating thickness continued to increase, which reduced the corrosion resistance. The growth mechanism of the coating was explained in detail. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the components of the coating, which comprised Al2O3 at the base, with TiO2, AlF3, and ZrF4 at the top and ZrO2 evenly distributed throughout. Bode diagram revealed the impedance modulus of the coating at low frequency was increased to 8.6 × 104 Ω/cm2 after five days immersion in 0.5 M NaCl. The coating's self-sealing behavior and active protection may relate to the formation of SiO2, as well as the dissolution and regeneration of the upper coating (AlF3 and ZrF4) on 6016 aluminum alloy.

To study temperature and rate-dependent behaviors of molybdenum-rhenium (Mo–Re) alloys, compressive tests at variable temperatures and strain rates were conducted. After the same machining and thermal annealing processes, fully recrystallization happens in Mo and Mo–Re alloys with low Re content (5 wt %), while recovery occurs in Mo–Re alloys with high Re content (14 wt% and 42 wt %). The strength increases as Re content rises at all temperatures (300 °C, 600 °C and 1200 °C), meaning sufficient strengthening effect of Re. The rate-dependent behaviors, however, show different trends between Mo and Mo–Re alloys. Positive strain rate sensitivity is detected in Mo and low Re Mo–Re alloys in all temperatures, which is consistent to other research. While, near zero strain rate sensitivity is found in high Re Mo–Re alloys at 600 °C. Such an unusual phenomenon may be contributed to high stored dislocation density during mechanical processes. The stored dislocations are activated at a proper temperature to accommodate plastic flow, which weakens the influence of strain rate on strength.

Asphalt binder is susceptible to aging from heat, air and sunlight exposure during service, leading to pavement distresses. This study aimed to improve the aging resistance of asphalt using zinc oxide-silicate (ZOS) composites. ZOS containing 2–8 wt% ZnO were synthesized via a one-step sol-gel method and incorporated into an unmodified 70/100 penetration grade asphalt binder. The rheological properties and aging characteristics were evaluated before and after rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel protocols. Dynamic shear rheometry showed increased complex modulus and decreased phase angle for ZOS-modified binders, indicating improved rutting resistance. Aging indices revealed the 6% ZOS composite had the least susceptibility to oxidative aging. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of carbonyl and sulfoxide functional groups during aging, which were mitigated by ZOS addition. Scanning electron microscopy visualized nano-scaled ZnO particles dispersed within the silica matrix and asphalt binder. The ZOS composites delayed the aging rate through physicochemical interactions between ZnO and the asphalt medium. An optimum ZOS dosage of 4–6% was found to enhance the anti-aging properties. The renewable silica-supported ZnO composites show potential as cost-effective modifiers for improving asphalt durability.

For the first time, the underwater wet wire and arc directed energy deposition (UW-WADED) multi-tracks deposition layers with favorable morphology were obtained. The forming characteristics of single-track UW-WADED were determined through response surface methodology. It was found that the power function curve provided the best fit for the profile of single-track UW-WADED owing to its changing plumpness value. Subsequently, the formation characteristics of multi-track UW-WADED with varying intervals were investigated. The deposition layer exhibited the flattest surface and the least root-mean-square deviation, measuring 321.79 μm when the interval was 8 mm. The dynamic process of UW-WADED was unveiled through X-ray high-speed images, leading to the formulation of UW-WADED droplet force model. As the arc bubble expanded, the horizontal component of the air drag force pointed to the opposite side of the molten pool and was the principal factor for the droplets to become spatters in UW-WADED. The mechanism of the defect formation was also revealed. The accumulation of the molten pool on the previous deposition layer coupled with the downflow of the molten slag were the inducers of slag inclusion defect while the exorbitant molten pool increased the likelihood of molten pool explosion and subsequent spatter formation.

Sacrificial metallic coatings are an effective strategy for mitigating corrosion in steel operating in industrial environments. This review article focuses on examining the protection mechanism of zinc-aluminum-magnesium (Zn-Al-Mg) coatings on steel substrates. Specifically, it investigates the effects of various elements and their corrosion products on the corrosion resistance of Zn-Al-Mg coatings. Furthermore, this review summarizes the formation mechanisms of various specialized corrosion modes that occur following the corrosion of Zn-Al-Mg coatings, based on previous experimental findings. It also includes suggestions for further research areas that could contribute to the development of highly corrosion-resistant and long-lasting coatings. These suggestions are based on published laboratory and field test results available in literature.

Rapidly increasing urbanization in recent decades has elevated the subway as the primary public transportation mode in metropolitan areas. Indoor air quality (IAQ) inside subways is an important factor that influences the health of commuters and subway workers. This review discusses the subway IAQ in different cities worldwide by comparing the sources and abundance of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in these environments. Factors that affect PM concentration and chemical composition were found to be associated with the subway internal structure, train frequency, passenger volume, and geographical location. Special attention was paid to air pollutants, such as transition metals, volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), and bioaerosols, due to their potential roles in indoor chemistry and causing adverse health impacts. In addition, given that the IAQ of subway systems is a public health issue worldwide, we calculated the Gini coefficient of urban subway exposure via meta-analysis. A value of 0.56 showed a significant inequity among different cities. Developed regions with higher per capita income tend to have higher exposure. By reviewing the current advances and challenges in subway IAQ with a focus on indoor chemistry and health impacts, future research is proposed toward a sustainable urban transportation systems.

Estimations of the patterns and controls of soil organic carbon (SOC) could provide instructive insights into the potential impact of future global change on soil carbon (C). In this work, we combined GeoDetector and random forest (RF) to estimate SOC stocks in Chinese grassland ecosystems with uncertainty assessments, and identified a network of cross-correlated environmental covariates for determining SOC based on a dataset collected from 813 sampling sites (0–20 cm) collected from 2000 to 2014. We predicted that 17.50 Pg C was stored in Chinese grasslands to a depth of 20 cm and that the average SOC density was 4.69 kg C/m−2(−|−). The effectiveness of using RF to predict SOC was demonstrated by an accuracy assessment based on 10-fold cross-validation, with a ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 2.89. The SOC stocks in southern China were lower than those in northern China. A high SOC density was found in northeastern China and on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Soil properties had the strongest direct effect on SOC. Climate was significantly negatively associated with SOC and indirectly affected SOC via its effect on soil properties. Topography had a significant direct impact on vegetation, but its direct effect on SOC was relatively weak. This study emphasizes the patterns and heterogeneity of SOC stocks as well as the relative significance of climate, vegetation, soil characteristics, topography, and their complex interrelationships in controlling SOC. These results may provide a theoretical foundation for developing sustainable management systems and calibrating C process models.

This study explores the mechanism by which obstructive jaundice (OJ) induces liver damage through pyroptosis. We induced OJ in rats via bile duct ligation and assessed liver damage using serum biochemical markers and histological analysis of liver tissue. Pyroptosis was investigated through immunofluorescence, ELISA, Western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR techniques. Additionally, we examined intestinal function and fecal microbiota alterations in the rats using 16S rDNA sequencing. In vitro experiments involved co-culturing Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, which were then exposed to bile and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our findings indicated that OJ modified the gut microbiota, increasing LPS levels, which, in conjunction with bile, initiated a cycle of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death in the liver. Mechanistically, OJ elevated necrotic markers such as ATP, which in turn activated pyroptotic pathways. Increased levels of pyroptosis-related molecules, including NLRP3, caspase-1, gasdermin D, and IL-18, were confirmed. In our co-cultured cell model, bile exposure resulted in cell death and ATP release, leading to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream effectors, caspase-1 and IL-18. The combination of bile and LPS significantly intensified pyroptotic responses. This study is the first to demonstrate that LPS and bile synergistically exacerbate liver injury by promoting necrosis and pyroptosis, unveiling a novel mechanism of OJ-associated hepatic damage and suggesting avenues for potential preventive or therapeutic interventions.

Background: Poor gait performance results in more fall incidents among people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is unknown what specific quantitative gait markers contribute to high fall risk in CKD and the size of their mediation effects. Methods: We included 634 participants from the Taizhou Imaging Study who had complete gait and laboratory data. Quantitative gait assessment was conducted with a wearable insole-like device. Factor analysis was utilized to summarize fifteen highly correlated individual parameters into five independent gait domains. Prevalent CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

Background: Increased osteoclast activity constitutes the primary etiology of excessive bone erosion in postmenopausal osteoporosis. ERp57, otherwise referred to as protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), plays a crucial role in the regulation of intracellular calcium signaling. This is documented to exert a profound impact on osteoclast differentiation and functionality. Methods: To ascertain the potential role of ERp57 in disease progression, prevention, and treatment, network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses were conducted in relation to postmenopausal osteoporosis and ERp57 inhibitor (Loc14). Then, subsequent experimental verifications were employed in vitro on osteoclast and osteoblast, and in vivo on ovariectomy (OVX) mice models. Results: Multiple enrichment analyses suggested that the “calcium signaling pathway” may constitute a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention by Loc14 in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated inhibition of ERp57 could block osteoclast differentiation and function by interfering with the expression of osteoclast marker genes (Traf6, Nfatc1, and Ctsk). Further mechanisms studies based on calcium imaging, qPCR, and WB established that ERp57 inhibitor (Loc14) could obstruct calcium oscillation in osteoclast precursor cells (OPCs) by limiting the entry sources of cytosolic Ca2+ and interfering with calmodulin/calcineurin/Nfatc1 pathway. Evidence from Micro-CT scanning and double calcein labeling confirmed that the application of Loc14 in vivo could alleviate bone loss and partially reversed the osteogenic impairment caused by OVX in mice. Conclusions: Our findings proved the suppressive effects of Loc14 on osteoclastogenesis via attenuating calcium oscillation and associated singling pathways, providing ERp57 as a potential therapeutic target for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The translation of Fe-based agents for ferroptosis tumor therapy is restricted by the unstable iron valence state, the harsh catalytic environment, and the complex tumor self-protection mechanism. Herein, we developed a stable nickel-based single-atom-metal-clusters (NSAMCs) biocatalyst for efficient tumor ferroptosis therapy. NSAMCs with a nanowire-like nanostructure and hydrophilic functional groups exhibit good water-solubility, colloidal stability, negligible systemic toxicity, and target specificity. In particular, NSAMCs possess excellent peroxidase-like and glutathione oxidase-like activities through the synergistic influence between metal clusters and single atoms. The dual-enzymatic performance enables NSAMCs to synergistically promote efficient ferroptosis of cancer cells through lipid peroxidization aggregation and glutathione peroxidase 4 inactivation. Importantly, NSAMCs highlight the boost of ferroptosis tumor therapy via the synergistic effect between single-atoms and metal clusters, providing a practical and feasible paradigm for further improving the efficiency of ferroptosis tumor treatment.

Age-related skeletal muscle weakness deteriorate the prognosis of underlying diseases. Previous studies revealed that crude polysaccharides of Helvella leucopus (HLP) exhibited immunomodulatory, anti-aging and antioxidant activities. We studied the effect of HLP on myogenic differentiation of mouse myoblasts (C2C12). Cellular immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the changes of C2C12 myotubes after different doses of HLP intervention. qRT-PCR was conducted to quantitatively analyze the mRNA expression levels of myogenesis, mitochondrial quality control and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) after HLP treatment. Western blotting was conducted to quantitatively analyze the protein expression levels after HLP treatment. The increased differentiation of myoblasts and MyHC levels were found. It is worth noting that the expression of MFN2, Drp1 in mitochondrial dynamic of C2C12 cell-derived muscle fibers were observed to be increased. HLP stimulates myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells which is associated with increased levels of genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics.

Evaluating toxicity and decoding the underlying mechanisms of active compounds are crucial for drug development. In this study, we present an innovative, integrated approach that combines air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and spatial metabolomics to comprehensively investigate the nephrotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of nitidine chloride (NC), a promising anti-tumor drug candidate. Our quantitive AFADESI-MSI analysis unveiled the region specific of accumulation of NC in the kidney, particularly within the inner cortex (IC) region, following single and repeated dose of NC. High spatial resolution ToF-SIMS analysis further allowed us to precisely map the localization of NC within the renal tubule. Employing spatial metabolomics based on AFADESI-MSI, we identified over 70 discriminating endogenous metabolites associated with chronic NC exposure. These findings suggest the renal tubule as the primary target of NC toxicity and implicate renal transporters (organic cation transporters, multidrug and toxin extrusion, and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2)), metabolic enzymes (protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT) and nitric oxide synthase), mitochondria, oxidative stress, and inflammation in NC-induced nephrotoxicity. This study offers novel insights into NC-induced renal damage, representing a crucial step towards devising strategies to mitigate renal damage caused by this compound.

Summary: Dry eye disease is the most common ocular surface disease globally, requiring a more effective treatment. We observed that a high-fat diet induced macrophage polarization to M1 and further induced inflammation in the meibomian and lacrimal glands. A four-week treatment with melatonin (MLT) eye drops can regulate macrophage polarization and alleviate dry eye signs. To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of MLT on high-fat-diet-induced dry eye disease in mice, RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with LPS and/or MLT underwent digital RNA with the perturbation of genes sequencing (DRUG-seq). Results showed that IFT27 was up-regulated, and MAPK pathways were suppressed after MLT pre-treatment. ERK/JNK phosphorylation was reduced in meibomian glands of MLT-treated dry eye mice and increased in IFT27 knockdown RAW 264.7 cells. In summary, MLT regulated macrophage polarization via IFT27 and reduced ERK/JNK phosphorylation. These results support that MLT is a promising medication for dry eye disease.

ABSTRACT: Stress is known to disrupt the intestinal barrier and induce intestinal dysfunction. A critical role for gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in stress has emerged. However, whether GnIH mediates stress-induced intestinal dysfunction remains unknown. The present study explored this question through in vivo and in vitro experiments in hens. Our in vivo experiments showed that continuous intraperitoneal injection of GnIH not only significantly increased the concentration of stress hormones in serum, but also significantly elevated the mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the duodenum and jejunum. Moreover, morphological and molecular analyses revealed that GnIH disrupted the physical and chemical barriers of the intestine and dramatically increased inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and serum of hens. Interestingly, the microbiomics results showed that GnIH altered the structure and composition of the gut flora in the cecum, revealing an increased abundance of harmful intestinal bacteria such as Desulfovibrionaceae. Similar results were found in in vitro studies in which the GnIH-induced intestinal mucosal barrier was disrupted, and inflammation increased in jejunal explants, although no significant difference was found in the expression of GR between the control and GnIH groups. Our results demonstrated that GnIH not only directly damaged intestinal barriers and elevated intestinal inflammation but also mediated stress and microflora imbalance-induced intestinal function disorder, suggesting that GnIH is a potential therapeutic target for gut dysfunction, stress-induced intestinal function disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease in animals and humans.

The carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened concrete structures are faced with the great threat of fire due to the vulnerability of the epoxy organic adhesive to high temperature. The traditional epoxy organic adhesives are thus urgently needed to be replaced by the alternatives with high-temperature resistance. This paper explored the feasibility of using magnesium phosphate inorganic adhesive (MPIA) to serve as the bonding material for the CFRP-strengthened concrete structures. To this end, the high-temperature resistance modification of MPIA was conducted through the addition of glass powder (GP) in this study. The effects of the GP content ranging from 0% to 15% on the temperature development, mechanical property degradation, phase evolution and microstructural characteristics of the MPIA after exposure to different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the glass powder could effectively fill the pores caused by the decomposition of the hydration products and the cracks caused by the shrinkage of MPIA matrix at elevated temperatures, which improved the microstructure of MPIA significantly and thus alleviated its strength degradation under high temperature. In terms of the mechanical properties, the MPIA with 10% GP (hereinafter referred to as TRMPIA) yielded the best high-temperature resistance. In addition, the interfacial bond property test after high temperature was also conducted on the concrete members strengthened with the CFRP sheets pasted by TRMPIA, and the test results were also compared with the specimens with epoxy served as the bonding material. The results showed that even after exposure to 600°C, the in-plane shear strength of TRMPIA still remained 14.0% of that at room temperature, while the bond strength of epoxy had been completely lost, which highlighted the advantage of high-temperature resistance of the modified MPIA served as the bonding material of CFRP-strengthened concrete structures.

In order to find a simple method to study the effect of basalt fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete when incorporated into concrete, machine learning is introduced in this work on an experimental basis. The basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) specimens were fabricated through independent processing, and the compression tests under different stress states were conducted on the BFRC specimens with different fiber compositions using the MTS816 rock testing system. After obtaining the experimental dataset with the four influencing factors of fiber volume fraction, fiber length, circumferential pressure and strain as input variables and stress as output variable, the BFRC prediction model was established based on extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and Particle Swarm Optimization K-Nearest Neighbor (PSO-KNN) algorithms; Then the predicted fitting results of the training set and test set are analyzed according to the relevant evaluation indexes, and the data indexes indicate that the PSO-KNN model has the best prediction performance, and the PSO-KNN model is used to predict the stress-strain fitting curves of BFRC, and finally the parameter contribution is analyzed based on the information of the curves. This is the first time that PSO-KNN is used in the study of BFRC eigenmodel, and the prediction effect is good, which not only overcomes the drawbacks of time-consuming and expensive experimental research, but also provides a basis and reference for engineering applications and later scholars' research on BFRC eigenmodel.

Summary: Bronchoscopic-assisted discrimination of lung tumors presents challenges, especially in cases with contraindications or inaccessible lesions. Through meta-analysis and validation using the HumanMethylation450 database, this study identified methylation markers for molecular discrimination in lung tumors and designed a sequencing panel. DNA samples from 118 bronchial washing fluid (BWF) specimens underwent enrichment via multiplex PCR before targeted methylation sequencing. The Recursive Feature Elimination Cross-Validation and deep neural network algorithm established the CanDo classification model, which incorporated 11 methylation features (including 8 specific to the TBR1 gene), demonstrating a sensitivity of 98.6% and specificity of 97.8%. In contrast, bronchoscopic rapid on-site evaluation (bronchoscopic-ROSE) had lower sensitivity (87.7%) and specificity (80%). Further validation in 33 individuals confirmed CanDo’s discriminatory potential, particularly in challenging cases for bronchoscopic-ROSE due to pathological complexity. CanDo serves as a valuable complement to bronchoscopy for the discriminatory diagnosis and stratified management of lung tumors utilizing BWF specimens.

Neurotoxicity can cause a range of symptoms and disorders in humans, including neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, nerve conduction abnormalities, neuroinflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cognitive deficits. The cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS)−stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and NF-κB pathway are two important signaling pathways involved in the innate immune response. The cGAS−STING pathway is activated by the recognition of intracellular DNA, which triggers the production of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines play a role in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. The NF-κB pathway is activated by various stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral particle components, and neurotoxins. NF-κB activation may lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote neuroinflammation and cause neuronal damage. A potential interaction exists between the cGAS−STING and NF-κB pathways, and NF-κB activation blocks STING degradation by inhibiting microtubule-mediated STING transport. This review examines the progress of research on the roles of these pathways in neurotoxicity and their interrelationships. Understanding the mechanisms of these pathways will provide valuable therapeutic insights for preventing and controlling neurotoxicity.

The traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is widely used for hypertension complications, yet its mechanism remains undefined. This study assessed SM extract effects on Th17/Treg cells and gut microbiota in rats with an high-salt diet (HSD, 4 %Nacl)-induced hypertension. SM (1 mL/100 g) restored hypertensive rats' blood pressure to controls, regulating Th17/Treg balance, selectively increasing Treg cells. It improved gut dysbiosis from HSD, reducing Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio (P

Summary: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) represents a well-established signal required for tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) formation at intestinal surfaces, regulating the expression of a large collection of genes coordinately promoting intestinal TRM differentiation. The functional contribution from each TGF-β-controlled transcription factor is not entirely known. Here, we find that TGF-β-induced T-bet downregulation and Hic1 induction represent two critical events during intestinal TRM differentiation. Importantly, T-bet deficiency significantly rescues intestinal TRM formation in the absence of the TGF-β receptor. Hic1 induction further strengthens TRM maturation in the absence of TGF-β and T-bet. Our results reveal that provision of certain TGF-β-induced molecular events can partially replace TGF-β signaling to promote the establishment of intestinal TRMs, which allows the functional dissection of TGF-β-induced transcriptional targets and molecular mechanisms for TRM differentiation.

Summary: The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionarily increased the overall survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, drug resistance remains a major obstacle. Here, we demonstrated that a BCR-ABL1-independent long non-coding RNA, IRAIN, is constitutively expressed at low levels in CML, resulting in imatinib resistance. IRAIN knockdown decreased the sensitivity of CD34+ CML blasts and cell lines to imatinib, whereas IRAIN overexpression significantly increased sensitivity. Mechanistically, IRAIN downregulates CD44, a membrane receptor favorably affecting TKI resistance, by binding to the nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 to reduce the expression of p65 and phosphorylated p65. Therefore, the demethylating drug decitabine, which upregulates IRAIN, combined with imatinib, formed a dual therapy strategy which can be applied to CML with resistance to TKIs.

ABSTRACT: E2F transcription factor 5 (E2F5) gene is a transcription factor, plays an important role in the development of a variety of cells. E2F5 is expressed in human and mouse adipocytes, but its specific function in adipogenesis is unclear. Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) facilitates proliferation and inhibits differentiation in chicken preadipocytes. Our previous KLF7 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis revealed a KLF7-binding peak in the 3′ flanking region of the E2F5, indicating a regulatory role of KLF7 in this region. In the present study, we investigated E2F5 potential role, the overexpression and knockdown analyses revealed that E2F5 inhibited the differentiation and promoted the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Moreover, we identified enhancer activity in the 3′ flanking region (nucleotides +22661/+22900) of E2F5 and found that KLF7 overexpression increased E2F5 expression and luciferase activity in this region. Deleting the putative KLF7-binding site eliminated the promoting effect of KLF7 overexpression on E2F5 expression. Further, E2F5 reversed the KLF7-induced decrease in preadipocyte differentiation and increase in preadipocyte proliferation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that KLF7 inhibits differentiation and promotes proliferation in preadipocytes by enhancing E2F5 transcription.

The hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) of osteosarcoma (OS) is the Achilles’ heel of oxygen-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT), and tremendous challenges are confronted to reverse the hypoxia. Herein, we proposed a ''reducing expenditure of O2 and broadening sources'' dual-strategy and constructed ultrasmall IrO2@BSA-ATO nanogenerators (NGs) for decreasing the O2-consumption and elevating the O2-supply simultaneously. As O2 NGs, the intrinsic catalase (CAT) activity could precisely decompose the overexpressed H2O2 to produce O2 in situ, enabling exogenous O2 infusion. Moreover, the cell respiration inhibitor atovaquone (ATO) would be at the tumor sites, effectively inhibiting cell respiration and elevating oxygen content for endogenous O2 conservation. As a result, IrO2@BSA-ATO NGs systematically increase tumor oxygenation in dual ways and significantly enhance the antitumor efficacy of PDT. Moreover, the extraordinary photothermal conversion efficiency allows the implementation of precise photothermal therapy (PTT) under photoacoustic guidance. Upon a single laser irradiation, this synergistic PDT, PTT, and the following immunosuppression regulation performance of IrO2@BSA-ATO NGs achieved a superior tumor cooperative eradicating capability both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study proposes an innovative dual-strategy to address the serious hypoxia problem, and this microenvironment-regulable IrO2@BSA-ATO NGs as a multifunctional theranostics platform shows great potential for OS therapy.

Advanced stages of breast cancer are frequently complicated by bone metastases, which cause significant cancer-related bone destruction and mortality. However, the early precise theranostics of bone metastasis remains a formidable challenge in clinical practice. Herein,a novel all-in-one nanotheranostic system (ABI NYs) combining NIR-II FL/PA dual-modal imaging with photothermal-immunity therapeutic functionalities in one component was designed to precisely localize bone metastasis microscopic lesions and achieve complete tumor ablation at an early stage. The surface modification of the nanosystem with ibandronate (IBN) facilitates both passive and active targeting, significantly improving the detection rate of bone metastasis and suppressing the bone resorption. Superior photothermal performance produces sufficient heat to kill tumor cells while stimulating the upregulation of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), which triggers the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect and the anti-tumor immune response. These all-in-one nanosystems precisely demonstrated early lesion localization in bone metastases and total tumor ablation with a single integration via “one-component, multi-functions” technique. To sum up, ABI NYs, as novel biomineralizing nanosystems integrated with anti-tumor and bone repair, present a synergistic therapy strategy, providing insight into the theranostics of bone metastases and clinical research.

Effective monitoring of the structural health of combined coal-rock under complex geological conditions by pressure stimulated currents (PSCs) has great potential for the understanding of dynamic disasters in underground engineering. To reveal the effect of this way, the uniaxial compression experiments with PSC monitoring were conducted on three types of coal-rock combination samples with different strength combinations. The mechanism explanation of PSCs are investigated by resistivity test, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and computed tomography (CT) methods, and a PSC flow model based on progressive failure process is proposed. The influence of strength combinations on PSCs in the progressive failure process are emphasized. The results show the PSC responses between rock part, coal part and the two components are different, which are affected by multi-scale fracture characteristics and electrical properties. As the rock strength decreases, the progressive failure process changes obviously with the influence range of interface constraint effect decreasing, resulting in the different responses of PSC strength and direction in different parts to fracture behaviors. The PSC flow model is initially validated by the relationship between the accumulated charges of different parts. The results are expected to provide a new reference and method for mining design and roadway quality assessment.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have light weight and high specific strength, showing great potentials for making key structural components in aerospace and transportation industries. Aiming to address the bottleneck problem of unsatisfactory strengthening effect caused by the weak intrinsic interface and adverse interface reaction between CNTs and Al matrix, Si alloying element was added into Al-CNTs system via powder metallurgy method in this study. It was found that the introduction of Si element led to an inhibitory effect on Al-CNTs interface reaction. The discontinuous Al/Si/CNTs composite interface formed by the precipitation of Si significantly improved the wettability of Al/CNTs interface and enhanced its interface bonding through the pinning effect of Si particles, effectively promoting the full play of the load-bearing effect of CNTs. Furthermore, Si particles were effectively refined and passivated through appropriate heat treatment, which facilitated its dispersion strengthening and dislocation strengthening effect, and significantly reduced cracks of coarse Si particles. As a result, the synergistic strengthening effect of CNTs and micro-nano Si particles was significantly exerted in AMCs, remarkably improving the performance of Al–Si-CNTs composites.

An eco-friendly Rosin-based passive sealant is prepared, which can seal the micropores and repair the passive film in one-step. Sealing performance of sealants and the growth kinetics of the passive film were analyzed by 3D-XRT tomography, Electrochemistry and XPS. The results showed that the permeation depth of sealant reached more than 150 μm, and the natural rosin effectively prolonged the loss time of sealant. The phosphate conversion layer at the passive film/sealant interface changes the semiconductor properties of the passive film. After immersion for 360 h in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the amount of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 in the passive film increased by 34 % and 20 %, respectively, and the film thickness increased by 257.9 %. Rosin-based passive sealant can directly inhibit the diffusion rate of defects in passive film. This study provides a new theoretical support for the application of rosin sealant.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a metabolic disease and a leading cause of heart failure among people with diabetes. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a versatile technique capable of combining the molecular specificity of mass spectrometry (MS) with the spatial information of imaging. In this study, we used MSI to visualize metabolites in the rat heart with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. We optimized the air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI)-MSI platform to detect a wide range of metabolites, and then used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-MSI for increasing metabolic coverage and improving localization resolution. AFADESI-MSI detected 214 and 149 metabolites in positive and negative analyses of rat heart sections, respectively, while MALDI-MSI detected 61 metabolites in negative analysis. Our study revealed the heterogenous metabolic profile of the heart in a DCM model, with over 105 region-specific changes in the levels of a wide range of metabolite classes, including carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and their derivatives, fatty acids, glycerol phospholipids, carnitines, and metal ions. The repeated oral administration of ferulic acid during 20 weeks significantly improved most of the metabolic disorders in the DCM model. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DCM and the potential of ferulic acid as a therapeutic agent for treating this condition.

According to the energy consumption characteristics of gas stations, the district energy system (DES) based on natural gas and renewable energy is a suitable form of energy supply. In the process of DES operation and dispatching, there are various uncertainties brought by the strong coupling of equipment and the fluctuation of internal and external surroundings, and these uncertain parameters are often correlated. In this paper, an improved affine arithmetic (AA) based method is proposed to solve the economic dispatching problem of DES with correlated uncertainties. Firstly, an optimal dispatching model considering economic and environmental factors is constructed. An affine algorithm is introduced and interval arithmetic (IA) is used to improve the problem of interval extension and high-order noise element. Taking a classical DES system as an example, the optimal dispatching of the system is analyzed using deterministic method, interval method and the proposed method. The application effect of the proposed method under different uncertainties scale and amplitude is also discussed. The calculation results in different scenarios show that compared with the traditional IA method, the proposed method can effectively reduce the width of the target value interval by about 13%, which can further contribute to the optimal operation decision.

The increasing global utilization of biodegradable plastics due to stringent regulations on traditional plastics has caused a significant rise in microplastic (MPs) pollution in aquatic ecosystems from biodegradable products. However, the environmental behavior of biodegradable MPs remains inadequately elucidated. This study explored the aging processes of polylactic acid (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) under a heat-activated potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) system, as well as their adsorption characteristics towards tetracycline (TCs). In comparison to PS, the surface structure of PLA experienced more pronounced changes over aging, exhibiting evident pits, cracks, and fragmentation. The carbonyl index (CI) and oxygen/carbon ratio (O/C) of PS displayed exponential growth over time, whereas the values for PLA showed linear and exponential increases, respectively. The adsorption capacity of TCs by PS and PLA aged for 6 days increased from 0.312 mg‧g−1 and 0.457 mg‧g−1for original PS and PLA, respectively, to 0.372 mg‧g−1 and 0.649 mg‧g−1. Meanwhile, the adsorption rate (k2 values) for TCs decreased by 42.03 % for PS and 79.64 % for PLA compared to their initial values. The findings indicated that biodegradable PLA-MPs may exhibit higher tetracycline carrying capacities than PS, potentially increasing environmental and organismal risks, particularly in view of aging effects.

ABSTRACT: Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In contrast to the wide characterization of its regulation mechanism in mammalian skeletal muscle, its role in chickens is limited. Especially, its wide target genes remain to be identified. Therefore, we utilized Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) technology to reveal the genome-wide binding profile of MEF2A in chicken primary myoblasts thus gaining insights into its potential role in muscle development. Our results revealed that MEF2A binding sites were primarily distributed in intergenic and intronic regions. Within the promoter region, although only 8.87% of MEF2A binding sites were found, these binding sites were concentrated around the transcription start site (TSS). Following peak annotation, a total of 1903 genes were identified as potential targets of MEF2A. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis further revealed that MEF2A target genes may be involved in the regulation of embryonic development in multiple organ systems, including muscle development, gland development, and visual system development. Moreover, a comparison of the MEF2A target genes identified in chicken primary myoblasts with those in mouse C2C12 cells revealed 388 target genes are conserved across species, 1515 target genes are chicken specific. Among these conserved genes, ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 5 (ASB5), transmembrane protein 182 (TMEM182), myomesin 2 (MYOM2), leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP), actinin alpha 2 (ACTN2), sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1), ankyrin 3 (ANK3), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), and ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) exhibited consistent expression patterns with MEF2A during embryonic muscle development. Finally, TMEM182, as an important negative regulator of muscle development, has been validated to be regulated by MEF2A by dual-luciferase and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. In summary, our study for the first time provides a wide landscape of MEF2A target genes in chicken primary myoblasts, which supports the active role of MEF2A in chicken muscle development.

Summary: Ferroptosis is a form of nonapoptotic cell death characterized by iron-dependent peroxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipids. However, much remains unknown about the regulators of ferroptosis. Here, using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic screening, we identify protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) as a crucial promoter of ferroptosis. We find that PRMT1 decreases the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) to limit the abundance of intracellular glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we show that PRMT1 interacts with ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), a GSH-independent ferroptosis suppressor, to inhibit the membrane localization and enzymatic activity of FSP1 through arginine dimethylation at R316, thus reducing CoQ10H2 content and inducing ferroptosis sensitivity. Importantly, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT1 in mice prevents ferroptotic events in the liver and improves the overall survival under concanavalin A (ConA) exposure. Hence, our findings suggest that PRMT1 is a key regulator of ferroptosis and a potential target for antiferroptosis therapeutics.

An exactly solvable strongly correlated electron model with two independent parameters is constructed in the frame of the quantum inverse scattering method, which can be seen as a generalization of the Bariev model. Through the Bethe ansatz method, a set of Bethe ansatz equations is derived. In the thermodynamic limit, to study the ground state of the model, we obtain the integral equations for the density of Bethe roots. Numerical validation is done to confirm the accuracy of our analytic results.

Particle mixing is a crucial operation in various industrial production processes. However, phenomena like segregation or local accumulation can arise, especially when particles differ in properties like radius and density. Numerical simulation of particles using Discrete Element Method (DEM) allows for the manipulation of control variables in batches, generating a large amount of data and facilitating quantitative research. In this study, the mixing behaviors of binary particles in rotating drums are systematically investigated. The DEM model is first validated with experimental data and then rotating drums with varying obstacles, rotation speeds, particle radii, and densities are simulated. Moreover, a Gaussian process-based optimization is conducted by correlating Lacey mixing index (MI) and parameterized shape of obstacle to find the optimized mixing condition. Experimental validations are further performed on the optimized condition to verify the design. It is shown that this integrated approach holds significant potential for enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness of industrial mixing processes and the consideration of energy consumption when balancing the mixing efficiency and optimal rotating speed.

Objectives: Lifelong learning facilitates active ageing, and intragenerational learning—the process by which older adults learn from their peers—is an effective means of achieving this goal. The present research aims to elucidate the mechanisms and differences between intergenerational and intragenerational learning models for older adults as evidenced by brain-to-brain synchrony. Methods: Fifty-six instructor-learner dyads completed a study comparing intergenerational and intragenerational learning models, as well as task difficulty. The study utilized a block puzzle task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for hyperscanning. Results: The instructor-learner dyads showed greater interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) and learning acquisition in the intragenerational learning model in the difficult task condition (t (54) = 3.49, p

Objectives: Rapid antigen test (RAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using nasopharyngeal (NP) or oropharyngeal (OP) swab specimens are the two main testing techniques used for laboratory diagnosis of influenza in clinical practice. However, performance variations have been observed not only between techniques, but also between different specimens. This study evaluated the differences in performance between specimens and testing techniques to identify the best combination in clinical practice. Methods: Both NP and OP samples from suspected influenza patients collected in the 2023/4–2023/5 Flu-season in Xiamen, China, were tested for RAT and quantitative PCR. The testing performance of the different specimens and testing techniques were recorded and evaluated. Results: Compared to PCR, RAT showed 58.9 % and 10.3 % sensitivity for NP and OP swabs, respectively. The Limit of Detection (LoD) was 28.71 the Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50)/mL. Compared with PCR using NP swabs, PCR with OP swabs showed 89.5 % sensitivity and 95.4 % specificity. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in performance between the specimens when PCR was used to test for influenza. However, a decrease in sensitivity was observed when the RAT was used, regardless of the specimen type. Therefore, to avoid false-negative results, PCR may be a better choice when OP swabs are used as specimens. In contrast, NP swabs should be the recommended specimens for RAT.

In this paper, we study the (N,N)-particle vector, the general states and the scalar products in the generalized phase model from the fermions point to view. Based on the boson-fermion correspondence, the core relations among the states of the Maya diagram, the Schur functions and the universal characters have been investigated. Moreover, it is proved the scalar products of the (N,N)-particle vectors and the general states in the generalized phase model are the tau functions of the UC hierarchy.

China is now confronting the intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate change. Given the high synergies between air pollution abatement and climate change mitigation, the Chinese government is actively promoting synergetic control of these two issues. The Synergetic Roadmap project was launched in 2021 to track and analyze the progress of synergetic control in China by developing and monitoring key indicators. The Synergetic Roadmap 2022 report is the first annual update, featuring 20 indicators across five aspects: synergetic governance system and practices, progress in structural transition, air pollution and associated weather-climate interactions, sources, sinks, and mitigation pathway of atmospheric composition, and health impacts and benefits of coordinated control. Compared to the comprehensive review presented in the 2021 report, the Synergetic Roadmap 2022 report places particular emphasis on progress in 2021 with highlights on actions in key sectors and the relevant milestones. These milestones include the proportion of non-fossil power generation capacity surpassing coal-fired capacity for the first time, a decline in the production of crude steel and cement after years of growth, and the surging penetration of electric vehicles. Additionally, in 2022, China issued the first national policy that synergizes abatements of pollution and carbon emissions, marking a new era for China's pollution-carbon co-control. These changes highlight China's efforts to reshape its energy, economic, and transportation structures to meet the demand for synergetic control and sustainable development. Consequently, the country has witnessed a slowdown in carbon emission growth, improved air quality, and increased health benefits in recent years.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is ranked among the top 10 most destructive viruses globally. It results in abnormal leaf growth, stunting, and even death, significantly affecting crop yield and quality. Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating plant-virus interactions. However, there is still limited research on the effect of TSWV on phytohormone levels, particularly growth hormones and genes involved in the phytohormone pathway. In our study, we combined phytohormone metabolomics and transcriptomics to examine the impact of TSWV infection on phytohormone content and gene expression profile. Metabolomic results showed that 41 metabolites, including major phytohormones and their precursors and derivatives were significantly altered after 14 days of TSWV inoculation tobacco plants cvK326, with 31 being significantly increased and 10 significantly reduced. Specifically, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) were significantly reduced. The levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) have remained unchanged. However, the levels of cytokinin isopentenyladenine (iP) and salicylic acid (SA) significantly increased. The transcriptome analysis revealed 2,746 genes with significant changes in expression. Out of these, 1,072 genes were significantly downregulated, while 1,674 genes were significantly upregulated. Among them, genes involved in ABA synthesis and signaling pathways, such as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), serine/threonine-protein kinase (SnRK2), and abscisic acid responsive element binding factor (ABF), exhibited significant downregulation. Additionally, expression of the lipoxygenase gene LOX, Jasmonate ZIM domain-containing protein gene JAZ, and transcription factor gene MYC were significantly down-regulated. In the cytokinin pathway, while there were no significant changes in the expression of the cytokinin synthesis genes, a significant downregulation of transcriptionally active factor type-B response regulators (type-B RRs) was observed. In terms of SA synthesis and signaling pathways, the isochorismate synthase gene ICS1 and the pathogenesis-related gene PR1 were significantly upregulated. These results can strengthen the theoretical foundation for understanding the interaction between TSWV and tobacco and provide new insights for the future prevention and control of TSWV.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important in the global carbon cycle. Accurate estimation of SOC content in cultivated land is a prerequisite for evaluating the carbon sequestration potential and quality of soils. However, existing SOC prediction studies based on hyperspectral remote sensing neglect the spectral response of the physical properties of surface soil, leading to inadequate model generalization. With the exponential growth of remote sensing data, the development of pixel-level soil spectral correction methods based on multi-source remote sensing data has become an interesting and challenging topic. This method aims to minimize the effect of soil physical properties on spectra, thus addressing the poor spatiotemporal transferability of SOC prediction models due to uncertain variations in surface soil physical properties. In this study, a soil spectral correction strategy is constructed using satellite hyperspectral image (HSI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images through multi-order polynomial regression and convolutional neural networks. This strategy considers soil physical variables such as soil moisture (SM) content and root mean square height (RMSH) of soil surface roughness. The soil spectral correction model and SOC content prediction model were established using 80 soil samples collected from Site 1. Afterward, the performance and transferability of both models were verified using the remaining 25 samples from Site 1 and 50 samples from Site 2. The results showed that: 1) The effect of SM and RMSH on the soil pixel spectrum can be significantly reduced after correcting HSI using soil spectral correction strategy. The correlation coefficients between the corrected pixel spectrum and the ground-based spectrum increase by over 60 % compared with those between the original spectrum and the ground-based spectrum. 2) Soil spectral correction improves the prediction accuracy and mapping capability of HSI for SOC content, with the highest RP2 of 0.743 and RMSEP of 3.455 g/kg at Site 1. 3) Compared with the original HSI-based SOC prediction model, the soil spectral correction strategy based on multi-order polynomial and convolutional neural network reduced the RMSEP of SOC prediction results at Site 2 by 5.082 g/kg and 5.454 g/kg, and the RP2 increased by 0.390 and 0.409, respectively. 4) When predicting SOC content from raw HIS, SM and RMSH contribute to more than 60 % of the bias, with SM having a larger bias than RMSH. The findings of this study emphasize the influence of soil physical properties on SOC prediction and contribute to the existing research on SOC mapping using HSI and SAR data.

The balance weight retaining wall is a kind of gravity retaining wall. However, the theoretical results of the earth pressure are relatively few. The failure modes of backfill soil under different factors such as width to depth ratio of fill soil and rock inclination angle were studied by finite element limit analysis. Based on differential element methods and wedge limit equilibrium method, the active earth pressure calculation formula of balance weight retaining wall under translational displacement mode was derived. According to the parameter analysis, the interface friction resistance escalates alongside the rise in the boundary friction angle. The active earth pressure resultant force of the retaining wall increases with the increase of the width to depth ratio of filling, and decreases with the increase of the friction angle of filling. The design of counterweight retaining wall can benefit from the scientific basis and technical reference offered by the research findings.

This study examines the effects of Self-Myofascial Release (SMR) techniques on post-exercise recovery in elite volleyball athletes. Through a controlled investigation involving eighteen Chinese Men's National Volleyball Team athletes, the research assessed the impact of foam rolling (FR) versus passive recovery (PAS) on blood lactate clearance and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), as measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. Findings indicated that FR significantly reduces VAS scores and facilitates lactate clearance when compared to PAS, suggesting foam rolling may enhance post-exercise recovery. While confirming foam rolling's benefits, this research calls for further exploration into recovery mechanisms, emphasizing a cautious interpretation of foam rolling as part of a comprehensive recovery strategy.

Background: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and accuracy of a low-dose CT fluoroscopy-guided remote-controlled robotic real-time puncture procedure. Methods: The study involved two control groups with Taguchi method: Group A, which underwent low-dose traditional CT-guided manual puncture (blank control), and Group B, which underwent conditional control puncture. Additionally, an experimental group, Group C, underwent CT fluoroscopy-guided remote-controlled robotic real-time puncture. In a phantom experiment, various simulated targets were punctured, while in an animal experiment, attempts were made to puncture targets in different organs of four pigs. The number of needle adjustments, puncture time, total puncture operation time, and radiation dose were analyzed to evaluate the robot system. Results: Successful punctures were achieved for each target, and no complications were observed. Dates were calculated for all parameters using Taguchi method. Conclusion: The low-dose CT fluoroscopy-guided puncture robot system is a safe, feasible, and equally accurate alternative to traditional manual puncture procedures.