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Online diagnosis for sucker rod pumping well has great significances for rapidly grasping operations of the oil well. Feature extraction of the working condition and determination of the online diagnostic algorithm are two indispensable parts. In this paper, five feature vectors are extracted using Freeman chain codes. Then, an optimized density peak clustering (DPC) method is proposed to realize online diagnosis solved by an improved brain storm optimization (BSO) algorithm, in which the cloud model is adopted to generate new solutions in the searching space. During the online diagnosis process, a new cluster updating strategy is used to update the cluster centers online. According to the proposed online diagnostic method, various samples are automatically classified into different classifications by the unsupervised learning. The simulation results verify that the proposed online diagnosis method is satisfactory, which can give a higher and more stable diagnostic accuracy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)