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To elucidate the formation of characteristic aroma over enzymatic-catalyzed processes (ECP), GC–MS-based volatile-metabolomic combined with desorption-electrospray-ionization coupled mass-spectrometry-imaging (DESI-MSI) were employed to analyze the changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Tieguanyin tea. A total of 579 VOCs were obtained, from which 24 components involved in five pathways were identified as biomarkers. Among these, four VOCs including 2-furancarboxylic acid, 4-methylbenzaldehyde, N-benzylformamide, cuminaldehyde, were detected in both DESI-MSI and GC–MS analysis, exhibiting dynamic changes along processing steps. RNA-sequencing analysis indicated the genes referring to stress response were activated during tea processing, facilitating the accumulation of flora-fruity aroma in tea leaf. Metabolic pathways analysis revealed that the increase in floral-fruity related components such as volatile terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, indole, alongside a decrease in green leaf volatiles including (E)-2-Hexenal, (Z)-3-Hexenol, played a crucial role in development of characteristic aroma, which could be a feasible index for evaluating processing techniques or quality of oolong tea.

Ischemic stroke is a brain injury caused by cerebral blood circulation disorders and is closely related to oxidative stress. Aldose reductase (AR) is a critical enzyme involved in oxidative stress. Autophagy has previously been found to play a key role in cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury. However, it is still unclear how autophagy molecules change after cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury in AR knockout mice (AR−/−). A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was generated in AR−/− mice, and the neurological deficit scores of the mice were observed and recorded on Days 1, 3 and 5 after tMCAO. Neuronal damage in the ischemic penumbra was observed by TTC, HE, and Nissl staining. The expression of the autophagy-related molecules Beclin-1, LC3II/I, and P62 as well as that of molecules related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurological damage was detected by RT‒qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Autophagosomes were observed using a transmission electron microscope. Cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury caused neurological deficits and ischemic infarction in tMCAO mice (P

Afforestation plays an important role in improving the ecological environment and promoting local economic development in countries around the world. Although the artificial afforestation project in Tibet has been conducted for more than 30 years since in 1990 s, few studies have examined the dynamic changes in landscape patterns of planted forests in this region since the implementation of the project. This study used Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Landsat data from 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 to construct a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series curves and an optimal classification model based on the Jeffries-Matusita (J-M) distance. Then, the changes in landscape indices of planted forests in the Tibet Autonomous Region over the past 30 years were examined. The results showed that the area of planted forests increased from 9889.20 ha to 165,879.36 ha by artificial planting, with an average annualized growth rate of about 9.86%. In terms of the landscape pattern, the connectivity and aggregation degree of planted forests increased; the Cohesion (COH) and Aggregation Index (AI) increased by 44.60% and 26.03%, respectively. However, the fragmentation indices also increased to a certain extent due to the increased area and discontinuous planting; the Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD) and Landscape Shape Index (LSI) increased by 32,262, 0.03 and 138.88, respectively. Among the seven regions of Tibet, these changes were most obvious in Lhasa, Qamdo and Shannan regions. Our results indicate that the planted forest area has significantly increased over the past 30 years although the landscape complexity has also increased because of discontinuous planting. These findings highlight the remarkable achievements of the Tibetan afforestation project over the past 30 years.

Lipids play a crucial role in a range of physiological processes, with a particular significance during the early development stages. However, our understanding of lipid remodeling in cold-water salmon species during these critical early developmental phases remains limited. To address this, a comprehensive lipidomic study was conducted using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model and four critical developmental stages were selected for analysis (i.e., newly fertilized eggs, eyed stage, post-hatch sac-fry stage, and swim-up stage). As expected, our results demonstrated significant lipid alterations during early development of rainbow trout. Through fuzzy c-mean clustering analysis, our study further provided a detailed description on the dynamic changes and regulation of the lipidome. Most unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) excluding very long-chain polyunsaturated PCs and all polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TGs) were continuously consumed, suggesting that they are the major energy sources and/or precursor substances for early-stage development in rainbow trout. Gradual increases in very long-chain polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and PCs, phosphatidylserines (PSs), as well as saturated and monounsaturated sphingomyelins (SMs) were observed in this study, which may closely associate with retina and brain development, and the myelination process. Additionally, diacylglycerol (DG), a well-known second messenger, displayed continuous synthesis throughout embryogenesis in this study. In addition to the abovementioned lipid dynamics, our study also found distinct patterns of change in certain glycerophospholipids (GP) isomers, while all glycerolipid (GL) isomers exhibited consistent trends in alteration, indicating different GP isomers may have different biological functions or activities for early development. Overall, this study emphasized the significant roles of lipids during the early development of rainbow trout and served as an informational data set for fish development-related research.

This study aims to compare and analyze how perception of community resilience in Shanghai changed between two periods of city lockdown, one imposed from January to March 2020 and the other April to June 2022 and the key factors affecting such change. The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit Assessment (CART) Survey was used in the study. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that: (1) In 2022, when the pandemic impact was more severe and lockdown measures stricter compared to 2020, the perceived level of community resilience was lower. (2) During the two periods of lockdown, community engagement had a consistent impact on the perception of community resilience. In 2022, formal support provided by local organizations and institutions and residents' participation in affiliated volunteer groups had a significantly positive influence on the perception of community resilience. (3) During the wave of infection in 2022, factors such as the convenience of government-provided emergency services and the adequacy of emergency supplies had a significant positive impact on the perception of community resilience. (4) Whether an individual was COVID-19 positive or a close contact had a significant negative impact on community resilience. An individual's income level had no significant impact on the perception of community resilience.

We supposed that past contradictory findings on the efficiencies of emotion regulation strategies might come from temporal resolution limitations and we proposed the use of a difference index to gain sensitivity for signal differences. 102 participants reappraised, suppressed, or just watched positive or negative images, while experience, expressivity, and physiological arousal were recorded. Reappraisal regulated efficiently negative but not positive experience. Suppression presented opposite results in terms of experience, but was markedly more efficient than reappraisal on expressivity. Dynamic changes were found for physiological arousal. The difference index may be then an effective method for measuring the emotion unfolding and studying regulation dynamics.

Summary: Background: With improved tuberculosis (TB) control programs, the incidence of TB in China declined dramatically over the past few decades, but recently the rate of decrease has slowed, especially in large cities such as Shanghai. To help formulate strategies to further reduce TB incidence, we performed a 10-year study in Songjiang, a district of Shanghai, to delineate the characteristics, transmission patterns, and dynamic changes of the local TB burden. Methods: We conducted a population-based study of culture-positive pulmonary TB patients diagnosed in Songjiang during 2011–2020. Genomic clusters were defined with a threshold distance of 12-single-nucleotide-polymorphisms based on whole-genome sequencing, and risk factors for clustering were identified by logistic regression. Transmission inference was performed using phybreak. The distances between the residences of patients were compared to the genomic distances of their isolates. Spatial patient hotspots were defined with kernel density estimation. Findings: Of 2212 enrolled patients, 74.7% (1652/2212) were internal migrants. The clustering rate (25.2%, 558/2212) and spatial concentrations of clustered and unclustered patients were unchanged over the study period. Migrants had significantly higher TB rates but less clustering than residents. Clustering was highest in male migrants, younger patients and both residents and migrants employed in physical labor. Only 22.1% of transmission events occurred between residents and migrants, with residents more likely to transmit to migrants. The clustering risk decreased rapidly with increasing distances between patient residences, but more than half of clustered patient pairs lived ≥5 km apart. Epidemiologic links were identified for only 15.6% of clustered patients, mostly in close contacts. Interpretation: Although some of the TB in Songjiang's migrant population is caused by strains brought by infected migrants, local, recent transmission is an important driver of the TB burden. These results suggest that further reductions in TB incidence require novel strategies to detect TB early and interrupt urban transmission. Funding: Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (ZD2021CY001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272376), National Research Council of Science and Technology Major Project of China (2017ZX10201302-006).

The rot caused by pathogens during the storage of table grapes is an important factor that affects the development of the grape industry and food safety, and it cannot be ignored. The development of innovative methods for pathogen control should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the overall microbial community changes that occur during grape storage. The study aims to investigate the relationship between the native microbiota (including beneficial, pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms) on grape surfaces and the development of disease during grape storage. In this study, the bacteria and fungi present on grape surfaces were analyzed during storage under room temperature conditions using high-throughput sequencing. During the storage of grapes at room temperature, observable diseases and a noticeable decrease in quality were observed at 8 days. Microbial community analysis showed that 4996 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 488 fungal ASVs were determined. The bacterial richness exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. However, the diversity exhibited a distinct pattern of gradual decrease. The fungal richness and community diversity both exhibit a gradual decrease during the storage of grapes. Fungal β-diversity analysis showed that despite the absence of rot and the healthy state of grapes on the first and fourth days, the fungal β-diversity exhibited a significant difference. The analysis of changes in genera abundances suggested that Candidatus Profftella and Aspergillus exhibited dominance in the rotting grape at 16 days, which are the main pathogens that caused disease in the present study. The co-occurrence networks among the microbial showed that the Candidatus proftella genera has a positive correlation with Aspergillus niger, indicating that they work together to cause disease and promote growth in grapes. Predicting the function of bacterial communities found that the microorganisms associated with lipid metabolism at 4 days play an important role in the process of postharvest decay of grapes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Summary: Background: The dynamic trends of pulmonary function in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors since discharge have been rarely described. We aimed to describe the changes of lung function and identify risk factors for impaired diffusion capacity. Methods: Non-critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, China, were enrolled from March to June 2020. Subjects were prospectively followed up with pulmonary function tests at discharge, three and six months after discharge. Findings: Eighty-six patients completed diffusion capacity tests at three timepoints. The mean diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)% pred was 79.8% at discharge and significantly improved to 84.9% at Month-3. The transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide (KCO)% pred significantly increased from 91.7% at discharge to 95.7% at Month-3. Both of them showed no further improvement at Month-6. The change rates of DLCO% pred and KCO% pred were significantly higher in 0–3 months than in 3–6 months. The alveolar ventilation (VA) improved continuously during the follow-ups. At Month-6, impaired DLCO% pred was associated with being female (OR 5.2 [1.7–15.8]; p = 0.004) and peak total lesion score (TLS) of chest CT > 8.5 (OR 6.6 [1.7–26.5]; p = 0.007). DLCO% pred and KCO% pred were worse in females at discharge. And in patients with impaired diffusion capacity, females’ DLCO% pred recovered slower than males. Interpretation: The first three months is the critical recovery period for diffusion capacity. The impaired diffusion capacity was more severe and recovered slower in females than in males. Early pulmonary rehabilitation and individualized interventions for recovery are worthy of further investigations.

With the increase of the published scientific results, 3D food printing is suddenly growing with many opportunities and possibilities to contribute to the current challenges of the food system. We present a brief review focused on two promising applications that are drawing where and how food printing is currently evolving: 4D food printing and the creation of programmable food texture. We found an interesting number of scientific documents regarding 4D foods generating changes of colour, shape, dimension, aroma and nutritional content. Among others, these changes are activated by many external stimuli such as acid/alkaline conditions, the anisotropic behaviour of printed materials during drying, but further experiments and discussions are still needed considering the effect of such stimuli on other important points such as safety and quality parameters. Contrarily, very few results have been published on the programmable food texture, but these few allow us to glimpse breakthrough innovations capable to completely renew the texture perception and mechanical properties of food products with extreme benefits for market innovation and consumer's desires and needs such as the creation of a fragile structure for people suffering dysphagia.

Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor, a critical part of the Belt and Road Initiative program, is subject to the impact of various natural disasters and intense human activities, which have led to serious ecological vulnerability. This study proposed a prototype model using geographically weighted principal component analysis to quantify ecological vulnerability at the grid level, and an analysis was conducted on the dynamic changes of ecological vulnerability along Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor during 2005–2015. An indicator system for 23 spatial variables was established based on Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework to calculate the ecological vulnerability index. The cluster principle was adopted to split the ecological vulnerability into five vulnerability levels, namely, potential, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Given the spatial recognition of ecologically vulnerable areas along Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor, several suggestions on ecological management were offered. As revealed from the results, the ecological vulnerability has been rising progressively, particularly in the mountainous areas, and most of the protected areas are at medial to very heavy vulnerability level. The ecological vulnerability was tightly correlated with vulnerability events and impacts. As suggested from the results, ecological restoration and protection measures should be strictly implemented to minimize the adverse impact on the protected areas under the construction of economic corridor. Our results indicated that the geographically weighted principal component analysis can effectively quantify environmental vulnerability, and these space management policies has implications for ecological protection, resource utilization, and sustainable development in other similar regions.

Comprehensively projecting global fertilizer consumption is essential for providing critical datasets in related fields such as earth system simulation, the fertilizer industry, and agricultural sciences. However, since previous studies have not fully considered the socioeconomic factors affecting fertilizer consumption, huge uncertainties may remain in fertilizer consumption projections. Here, an approach ensembled six machine learning algorithms was proposed in this study to predict global fertilizer consumption from 2020 to 2100 by considering the impact of socioeconomic factors under shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. It indicates that the proposed approach provides a rational and reliable framework for fertilizer consumption prediction that stably outperforms the single algorithms with relatively high accuracy (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.93, Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.89, and mean absolute percentage error of 10.97 %). We found that global N and P fertilizer consumption may decrease from 2020 to 2100, while K fertilizer may buck the trend. N fertilizer consumption showed a declining trend of -1 %, -17.13 %, and -3.43 % under the SSP1, SSP2, and SSP3 scenarios in 2100, respectively. For P fertilizer, those were -0.68 %, -9.68 %, and -2.03 %. In contrast, global K fertilizer consumption may increase by 18.03 %, 9.18 %, and 6.74 %, respectively. On average, N, P, and K fertilizer consumption is highest in China, and the lowest is in Kazakhstan. However, the hotspots of N fertilizer consumption may shift from China to Latin America and the Caribbean. This study highlighted the ensemble machine learning approach could potentially be a robust method for predicting future fertilizer consumption. Our prediction product will not only contribute to a better understanding of global fertilizer consumption trends and dynamics but also provide flexible and accurate key data/parameters for related research. The Projected Global Fertilizers Consumption Datasets are available at doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8195593 (Gao et al., 2023)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dynamic changes in total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total anthocyanins (TA), two main monomer anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (C3R), colour and antioxidant activities as well as correlations among these factors were investigated in mulberry wine during alcoholic fermentation. TP and TF increased rapidly from day 0 to 3 and showed unobvious changes from day 3 to 10, whereas TA, C3G and C3R increased first and then decreased. C3G and C3R reached their maximum at days 1 and 2, respectively; thereafter, C3G decreased rapidly, whereas C3R was more stable. Five colour parameters, L*, a*, b*, C* and H*, changed significantly from day 0 to 2 and showed unobvious changes from day 2 to 10. For antioxidant activity, changes of the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⋅) and reducing power were similar to changes of colour parameters. TP, TF, TA and C3R exhibited significant correlations (P

During a microbial fermentation process, the chemical composition of Fu brick tea changed substantially. To better profile the unique changes of metabolites and lipids in Fu brick tea at different fermentation stages, a multifaceted strategy combining untargeted foodomics with UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap analysis was developed. The discriminative tea metabolites and lipids were determined by statistical analysis and online database matching. A total of 12 characteristic components (3 metabolic and 9 lipid variables) were found to differ significantly among samples. Quantitative analysis showed that, except for trimyristin and incensole acetate, the content of these compounds gradually increased and finally stabilized with increasing fermentation time. The simultaneous determination of metabolites and lipids in this study provided detailed information for the analysis of multi-component changes in a complex matrix., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) may be familial or nonfamilial. This systematic review compared the natural history of CCMs in familial compared with nonfamilial cases., Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE for natural history studies on CCMs up to September 2018. We included studies that followed at least 20 untreated patients. Primary outcomes were hemorrhage, seizures, and neuroimaging changes in familial and nonfamilial cases. Incidence rate per person-year (PY) or lesion-year (LY) of follow-up were used to pool the data using fixed-effects or random-effects models. We used the incidence rate ratio for comparison., Results: We could not compare hemorrhage rates between familial and nonfamilial cases mainly owing to mixtures of subgroups of patients. The seizure rate was similar in familial and nonfamilial cases with pooled incidence rate of 1.5%/PY (95% confidence interval 1.1%-2.2%). The reseizure rate was higher than the seizure rate (P < 0.001). New lesion development was higher in familial cases (32.1%/PY vs. 0.7%/PY, P < 0.001). Signal change on neuroimaging ranged from 0.2%/LY to 2.4%/LY in familial cases. In familial cases, incidence rate of size change was 8%/PY (95% confidence interval 5.2%-12.2%) and 1.1%/LY (95% confidence interval 0.6%-1.6%)., Conclusions: Familial CCMs show higher dynamic changes than nonfamilial cases. However, the presence of actual dynamic changes needs further assessment in nonfamilial cases. CCMs demonstrate a low incidence of seizure. First-time seizure increases the chance of recurrent seizure. Seizure rate based on the location and type of the lesion should be investigated further., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Ocular dynamics is a very complex phenomenon which has not been well studied and understood yet. The way in which the eye responds to pulsatile changes of the blood pressure or even the electric activity of the heart depends not only on the mechanical properties of each individual structure of the eye globe, but also on its internal conditions, such as the degree of accommodation or intraocular pressure (IOP)., Method: This paper presents a method for correcting these undesired movements that could increase the sensitivity of the technique and its reliability in the estimation of pulsatile dynamics. The presented algorithm uses fully automatic detection of the structures that form an angle and fully automatic stabilisation of each individual image being a part of a captured sequence., Results and Conclusions: The procedures described above were applied to the data of nine subjects taking part in the study. For all of them it turned out that the most representative area for fitting the images is the area of the irido-corneal angle apex. The presented algorithm significantly improved the spatial stability of the images in the temporal sequences of the tomographic images. The use of such correction makes it possible to distinguish the subtle pulsatile fluctuations of the ocular structures in the anterior segment, that can be associated with the activity of the retinal blood vessels and/or electric activity of the heart, from the undesired involuntary movements of the eye or the whole head., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)