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Background: The purpose of this meta-analysis (PROSPERO number: CRD42021243204) is to perform extensive and penetrating analyses on the risk factors associated with reactivation or reinfection. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase using search terms. Risk factors (including gender, length of time between first onset and recurrent diagnosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, sputum smear, pulmonary cavity, Beijing family strains, diabetes, HIV infection, history of imprisonment, and immigration) were analyzed. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with STATA 15.1. Heterogeneity was evaluated by I2 and P values. Results: The meta-analysis included 25 studies with a total of 1,477 recurrent patients. After subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and testing for publication bias, it was concluded that time spanning less than two years (RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.33-1.85) was a risk factor for endogenous reactivation, whereas coinfection with HIV (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63-0.83), Beijing family genotype (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32-0.67), history of imprisonment (RR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.81), and immigration (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53-0.82) were associated with exogenous reinfection. Conclusions: The recurrence interval is a risk factor for the endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis. Infection with Beijing family strains, coinfection with HIV, imprisonment, and immigration contribute to the risk of exogenous reinfection.

Background: The purpose of this meta-analysis (PROSPERO number: CRD42021243204) is to perform extensive and penetrating analyses on the risk factors associated with reactivation or reinfection., Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase using search terms. Risk factors (including gender, length of time between first onset and recurrent diagnosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, sputum smear, pulmonary cavity, Beijing family strains, diabetes, HIV infection, history of imprisonment, and immigration) were analyzed. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with STATA 15.1. Heterogeneity was evaluated by I 2 and P values., Results: The meta-analysis included 25 studies with a total of 1,477 recurrent patients. After subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and testing for publication bias, it was concluded that time spanning less than two years (RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.33-1.85) was a risk factor for endogenous reactivation, whereas coinfection with HIV (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63-0.83), Beijing family genotype (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32-0.67), history of imprisonment (RR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.81), and immigration (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53-0.82) were associated with exogenous reinfection., Conclusions: The recurrence interval is a risk factor for the endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis. Infection with Beijing family strains, coinfection with HIV, imprisonment, and immigration contribute to the risk of exogenous reinfection., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency disorder with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections like Staphylococcus aureus, Nocardia spp, Serratia marcescens, Burkholderia cepacia, Salmonella spp. and Aspergillus species. We present a 13-year-old male child who had 3 episodes of tuberculosis (TB) at 5 years, 8 years and 13 years of age, respectively, with no other intercurrent infections and who was diagnosed as CGD at the age of 13 years. This case highlights the possibility of phenotypic variations of CGD. The diagnosis of CGD should also be sought in all children with recurrent TB., (Copyright © 2016 Tuberculosis Association of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)