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Effect of puffing on conversion of gingerols to shogaols, physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of puffed ginger was investigated. Puffing significantly increased extraction yield and the highest value was 12.52% at 980 kPa. The significant decrease in gingerols and increase in shogaols were occurred after puffing, respectively. Especially, 6-shogaol was dramatically increased from 4.84 to 99.10 mg/g dried ginger. Puffed ginger exhibited the higher antioxidant activities (analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, TPC, and TFC) than those of control, and they were significantly increased with increasing puffing pressure. In case of anti-inflammatory activity, puffed ginger did not inhibit NO production, but significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 productions. Among gingerols and shogaols, 6-shogaol showed significantly strong correlations with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Consequently, puffed ginger can be applied to functional food industry, which dramatically increased the contents of 6, 8, 10-shogaols, the main bioactive compounds in ginger., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Organ-specific flavonoid destination in soybean sprouts following UV irradiation is still unclear although the metabolic pathway of flavonoid synthesis and UV responded flavonoid accumulation have been well investigated. We report the identification of organ-specific localization and specific gene expression of isoflavones and kaempferol glycosides in the soybean sprouts responded to UV-A irradiation. UV-A irradiation stimulated only root isoflavones, especially increase of genistein types. The daidzein types predominated in non-UV-A treated roots. Kaempferol glycosides were not increased in roots by UV-A, but distinctly increased in aerial organs, especially in the cotyledons. These results demonstrate that UV-A upregulates the naringenin pathway synthesizing genistin and kaempferol rather than the liquiritigenin pathway synthesizing daidzin and glycitin. High GmUGT9 and other gene expression related to isoflavone synthesis in roots clearly demonstrate the UV-A-induced isoflavone accumulation. Aerial organ specific increase of GmF3H, GmFLS1, and GmDFR1 expression by UV-A distinctly demonstrates the flavonol increase in aerial organs., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the effects of persistent ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation on isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts. Three malonyl isoflavones were increased by UV-B. Malonylgenistin specifically accumulated upon UV-B exposure, whereas the other isoflavones were significantly increased under both dark conditions and UV-B exposure. The results of isoflavone accumulation to UV-B irradiation time were observed as following: acetyl glycitin rapidly increased and then gradually decreased; malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin were highly accumulated within an intermediate period; genistein and daidzin were gradually maximized; daidzin, glycitin, genistein, and malonyl glycitin did not increase; and glycitin, acetyl daidzin, and acetyl genistin exhibited trace amounts. Transcriptional analysis of isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes demonstrated that most metabolic genes were highly activated in response to UV-B 24 and UV-B 36 treatments. In particular, it was found that GmCHS6, GmCHS7, and GmCHS8 genes among the eight known genes encoding chalcone synthase were specifically related to UV-B response., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It is known that common buckwheat sprouts contain several flavonoids, including orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, and quercetrin, whereas tartary buckwheat sprouts contain only rutin. In this study, we evaluated flavonoids present in buckwheat sprouts and identified a previously unreported flavonoid. Simultaneous detection by HPLC was used to separate rutin and a compound that was not separated in previous studies. We used a novel HPLC elution gradient method to successfully separate rutin and the previously unidentified compound, for which we performed structural analysis. The identification of six flavonoids by HPLC was confirmed using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The newly identified compound, [M+H](+) =611.17, was identified by NMR as the rutin epimer quercetin-3-O-robinobioside. Unlike common buckwheat sprout, tartary buckwheat sprout contained rutin as a main flavonoid, whereas other flavonoids appeared only in trace amounts or were not detected. Quercetin-3-O-robinobioside was not detected in tartary buckwheat sprout., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)