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Partitioning evapotranspiration ( ET ) into soil evaporation ( E a ) and plant transpiration ( T r ) is important to understand response of ecosystem water balance to climate warming. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of additional infrared radiation as a simulation of climate warming (W1: 130 W m −2 and W2: 150 W m −2 ) on ET , E a , T r , and soil moisture in an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP). ET was calculated by using an energy balance model and a soil moisture correction function. E a in warm-rainy season was estimated by a multiple linear regression with latent heat, soil moisture in 0–10 cm layer and soil temperature in 20 cm depth as independent variables. T r was quantified as the difference between ET and E a . Results showed that annual ET increased by 92 mm and 89 mm, annual E a increased by 29.12 mm and 33.37 mm, and annual T r increased by 63.53 mm and 55.81 mm in W1 and W2 treatments, respectively. The results suggest that T r stimulation accounts for most of the ET change and is the major reason for the soil surface layer drying in alpine meadow ecosystem on the QTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the tap density of Li-rich layered materials, a new pre-heat treatment procedure of (Ni 1/6 Co 1/6 Mn 4/6 )CO 3 precursors firstly using N 2 and then O 2 is adopted to separate processes of CO 2 emission and O 2 absorption, which presumably can reduce porosity of materials and then result in an improved tap density. In contrast to one-step pre-heat treatment procedure only in O 2 , two-steps procedure causes differences in morphology, tap density, particle distribution as well as structure for resultant metal oxides. A remarkably improved tap density of metal oxide with dense particles is observed with two-steps procedure. Consequently, Li 1.167 (Ni 0.139 Co 0.139 Mn 0.556 )O 2 obtained through two-steps procedure (LM-N) presents dense particle, much improved tap density, small BET specific surface area and additional existence of Ni 3+ in comparison with that obtained through one-step procedure (LM-O), although both samples exhibit similar well-defined layered structure. However, the results of cyclic voltammograms and charge–discharge test demonstrate the inferior electrochemical performances of LM-N with a discharge capacity of 76.7 mAh g −1 for LM-N, which is in stark contrast with 267.9 mAh g −1 of LM-O. This is possibly associated with the dense morphology, lattice defect as well as large R ct for LM-N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Fusarium root-rot and fusarium head blight are plant diseases caused by Fusarium sp. in different growth periods of wheat, bring heavy losses to crop production in China. This research is aiming to screen biocontrol agents conjunctively for controlling these two diseases at the same time, as well as evaluate our previous BCAs (Biological Control Agents) screening strategies in more complex situation, considering biocontrol is well concerned as an environmental-friendly plant disease controlling method. Methods Totally 966 bacterial isolates were screened from different parts of wheat tissues, of which potential biocontrol values were detected according to their abilities in antagonism inhibition and secreting extracellular hydrolytic enzyme. Biocontrol tests against fusarium root rot and fusarium head blight were carried out on 37 bacterial isolates with potential biocontrol capacity after pre-selection through ARDRA- and BOX-PCR analysis on strains with high assessment points. Results We acquired 10 BCAs with obvious biocontrol efficacy (more than 40%) in greenhouse and field tests. Pseudomonas fluorescens LY1-8 performed well in both two tests (biocontrol efficacy: 44.62% and 58.31%), respectively. Overall, correlation coefficient is 0.720 between assessment values of 37 tested BCA strains and their biocontrol efficacy in trails against fusarium root rot; correlation coefficient is 0.806 between their assessment values and biocontrol efficacy in trails against fusarium head blight. Conclusion We acquired 10 well-performed potential BCAs, especially P. fluorescens LY1-8 displayed good biocontrol capacity against two different diseases on wheat. Biocontrol efficacies results in both greenhouse and field tests showed high positive correlation with assessment values (0.720 and 0.806), suggesting that the BCAs screening and assessing strategy previously developed in our lab is also adaptable for conjunctively screening BCAs for controlling both root and shoot diseases on wheat caused by same fungal pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and fatal disease, for which new therapeutic drugs and approaches are needed urgently. Baicalein and baicalin, the active compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi , exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Numerous studies involving in vitro and in vivo models of PH have revealed that the treatment with baicalin and baicalein may be effective. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of baicalin and baicalein treatment on PH, including anti-inflammatory response, inhibition of pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, stabilization of the extracellular matrix, and mitigation of oxidative stress. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds have also been reviewed. The therapeutic potential of baicalin and baicalein warrants their continued study as natural treatments for PH. [Display omitted] • The pathogenesis of PH is briefly reviewed from a therapeutic perspective. • The paper summed up the protective effects of baicalein and baicalin on PH in vivo and vitro. • This paper clarified the underlying mechanism of baicalein and baicalin against PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent observations of unusual ferromagnetic and superconductive phenomena in sulfur-doped amorphous carbon and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have attracted significant attention. In this work we present a novel in-depth investigation on the relationship between magnetic-ordering and sulfur-doping-induced structural modifications in pyrolytic graphite. We demonstrate the nucleation of an unusual amorphous carbon film with sp3-rich characteristics as a result of chemical interactions between sulfur and HOPG. Investigations were performed at the controlled temperatures (T) of ~300, 350, 500 °C, with the residence time parameter varying from 1 min to 15 h. Magnetic characterization revealed a re-entrant spin-glass behavior, possibly originating from vacancy-defects created by sulfur migration. Noticeably, long-time air-exposure of the samples (3 weeks) was found to significantly enhance the diamagnetic component. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations applied to a sp3-rich amorphous‑carbon-system in presence of sulfur-bonding revealed a significant variation of the system-metallicity. We report the presence of insulating states up to sulfur concentrations of ~6.25% (atom %), which then vanish at ~7.5% (atom %) of sulfur-doping. Interestingly, inclusion of the sulfur-migration effect within the DFT calculations revealed significant contributions arising from magnetic-moments generated by electron localization at the vacancy sites. Total spin isosurface analyses (spin up - spin down) highlighted the presence of ferromagnetic contributions arising from carbon-atoms, due to dangling bonds generated by point defects (with the largest magnetic moment values being 0.42 μ Β and 0.379 μ Β respectively). [Display omitted] • We present a novel investigation on sulfur-doping-induced structural modifications in pyrolytic graphite. • The nucleation of a sulfur-doped amorphous carbon film is demonstrated. • Magnetic characterization reveals a re-entrant spin-glass behavior. • DFT reveal presence of insulating states up to sulfur concentrations of ~ 6.25% (atom %) • Simulations of sulfur-migration highlighted electron-correlation in proximity of vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An innovative nitrogen self-doped alveolate biochar was successfully prepared. • Samples possessed outstanding characteristics, such as OH, C O and CONH. • AKB-600 represented with the specific surface area up to 1738 m2/g. • Up to 94.61 % removal efficiency of dye was achieved during reaction system. • Nitrogen-containing and conjugated structures facilitated the actual adsorption. Novel N-doped biochar (AKB) nanomaterials derived from raw kelp root were successfully developed at different temperatures (600–1000 °C) and were used to explore the adsorption performance of cationic dye from water. Various characterization technologies including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the samples. The porosity analysis demonstrated that AKB carbonized at 600 °C (AKB-600) possessed a higher specific surface area (1738 m2/g) with a honeycomb-like microstructure. Meanwhile, AKB exhibited abundant functional groups on its surface, such as OH, C O and CONH from FT-IR and XPS analysis, resulting to the high removal efficiency of dye, up to 94.61 % at 60 min. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics data were more suitable for the Langmuir model and the Pseudo-second-order model. Electrostatic interactions and physical adsorption played dominant roles in the adsorption process, particularly, the nitrogen-containing and conjugated structures also facilitated the actual adsorption. Hence, AKB has enormous practical application potential acting as a high-effective adsorbent in the field of dye wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) was a serious threat to cucurbitaceae crops. It was caused by the gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli . Two hundred strains, which have the potential in controlling plant diseases in our laboratory's biocontrol strain library, were employed to this research to screen some antagonistic bacteria, which can efficiently control bacterial fruit blotch disease. Based on the results of antagonistic activity experiments, greenhouse tests and field trials, 5 of the test strains have high abilities to control BFB. One of the 5 bacteria strains has the highest potential to control BFB named 54. The biocontrol efficacy of 54 was up to 60%. To characterize the strain, we used series of methods to evaluate the bacterium, including morphology analysis, physiological biochemical test and biomolecular assay. We found that the bacterium 54 belongs to the species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The colonization test results showed that 54 had the highest colonization levels, and the density of the strain on leaves was up 10 5 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of leaf tissue. Our recent results show that B. amyloliquefaciens 54 can promote the plant growth due to raised the contents of available N, P, K and the leaf chlorophyll. The antagonistic bacterium 54 can significantly control the BF B by increasing the expression level of defense-related gene PR1 and the accumulation the hydrogen peroxide in the plant. The results of trail experiment was also verified this efficient results of bacterium. This is also the first report of B. amyloliquefaciens strain that is able to control BFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is redesigned into a new core-shelled Li[(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)2/7]core[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)3/14]inner-shell[(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)1/2]outer-shellO2, in which LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 may deliver high capacity and LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 provides structural and thermal stability. To achieve such designed structure, double-shelled hydroxide precursors are firstly prepared via a co-precipitation route. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that all precursors are of 6–10 μm spherical secondary particles developed from nanosheet-shaped primary particles. Energy disperse X-ray spectrum (EDS) on the surface of precursors, in combination with increase of particles size from core to shell during co-precipitation process, confirms the formation of core–shell structure as designed. The spherical morphology is preserved after lithiation at different temperatures from 800 °C to 900 °C while the morphology of primary particles changes from nano-sized plate to micron-sized rectangular-like shapes. EDS surface composition analysis of lithiated compounds also strongly suggests the formation of core–shell structure; nevertheless, diffusion of transition metal ions between the core and shell occurs and becomes severe with increase of sintering temperature. Consequently, the double-shelled materials especially prepared at 850 °C display the remarkably improved cycleability, rate capability, and thermal stability in contrast to normal one. The enhancement of those properties may be ascribed to structurally stable double shell components, especially outer shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the mechanism of an outbreak of measles in adults and to provide scientific measures for putting forward a measles elimination program. Methods We performed a cross-sectional investigation during the measles outbreak to identify a possible communication link. Results From November 1, 2011 to January 26, 2012, the town reported 11 cases of measles in total. The case study identified an obvious propagation chain, which showed ordered and intimate exposure between cases. Conclusions Hospital exposure 1–2 weeks before infection with measles was the main cause of the measles outbreak. We must be fully aware of the possibility of nosocomial infection in an outbreak of measles; controlling nosocomial infections is a vital step in the prevention and control of the propagation of measles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared using hydrothermal assisted with PEI. • The photodetectors based on PEI-ZnO show a quick response time (~4 s) and high responsivity (~56 A/W). • The flexible devices display reliable stability and robustness under bending tests. • Raman and XPS spectra reveal the defect mechanisms on improved performance. [Display omitted] Investigations on the high-performance flexible ultraviolet photodetectors have been becoming one of the interesting research focuses in recent years. ZnO is considered as suitable material for ultraviolet photodetection due to its wide bandgap (~3.37 eV). In this work, ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared using the hydrothermal method at the temperature of 70 ℃ on flexible substrates. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was added into hydrothermal solution as the growth additive to achieve the performance improvement of the ZnO nanorod arrays ultraviolet photodetector. SEM, XRD, absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and XPS were employed to characterize the morphology, crystallinity, optical properties and chemical composition. The introduction of PEI adjusts the growth process of ZnO nanorod arrays and affects the distribution of defect states, which brings out the improvement of the optoelectronic performance of ZnO nanorod arrays ultraviolet photodetectors. Compared with pure ZnO, the higher photo to dark current ratio and responsivity, and quicker time response speed are demonstrated in the PEI-assisted ZnO nanorod arrays photodetectors. And more photoresponse parameters are also discussed and compared. Furthermore, the photodetectors also display outstanding mechanical flexibility and robustness under multiple bending cycle tests. Our work presents a potential approach for improving the optoelectronic performance of simple-operated flexible ultraviolet photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IFNLR1 has been recently identified to be related to autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (ADNSHL). It is reported to be expressed in the inner ear of mice and the lateral line of zebrafish. However, it remains unclear how defects in this gene lead to hearing loss. To elucidate the global gene expression changes in zebrafish when the expression of ifnlr1 is downregulated. Transcriptome analysis was performed on ifnlr1 morpholino knockdown zebrafish and the control zebrafish using RNA-seq technology. The results show that 262 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated while 146 DEGs were down-regulated in the E4I4–Mo zebrafish larvae compared to the control-Mo. Six pathways were significantly enriched, including steroid biosynthesis pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, p53 signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Among them, three pathways (steroid biosynthesis pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and p53 signaling pathway) are immune-associated. The transcriptome analysis results contribute to the groundwork for future research on the pathogenesis of IFNLR1 -associated hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of coexisting ferromagnetic and superconductive phenomena in graphite‑sulfur and amorphous carbon‑sulfur composites has recently attracted an important attention. In this work we propose a novel re-investigation of the carbon‑sulfur doping mechanism performed by employing carbon nanotube networks (cm-scale buckypapers) and graphene-oxide films as host-materials. In the buckypaper-case, the presence of multiple sulfidation processes involving formation of 1) carbon‑sulfur and 2) metal-sulfide phases was demonstrated. Presence of carbon‑sulfur bonding was identified by employing both Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The conductive and magnetic properties of the sulfur-rich areas within the buckypaper were also investigated. An enhanced carbon‑sulfur bonding was then identified in sulfur-doped graphene-oxide films. In this latter case we demonstrate an almost complete annihilation of ferromagnetic-signals. ESR-spectroscopy of this second-type of system revealed the appearance of a paramagnetic transition for g ~ 2.08 at T ~ 77 K, possibly originating from the carbon‑sulfur bonding. A weak enhancement in the diamagnetic component could be interestingly detected below T ~ 60 K as a consequence of sulfur doping, after subtraction of the percolative ferromagnetic signals. [Display omitted] • We investigate carbon-sulfur doping by employing CNT- networks and graphene-oxide as host-materials. • In the buckypaper-case, formation of carbon-sulfur and metal-sulfide phases was demonstrated. • The conductive and magnetic properties of the sulfur-rich areas were investigated. • Carbon-sulfur bonding was identified also in sulfur-doped graphene-oxide films • Annihilation of ferromagnetic-signals is demonstrated, with appearance of a paramagnetic transition for g~2.08 (T~77K) • A weak enhancement in the diamagnetic component could be interestingly detected below T ~ 60K [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is a potential biomarker for chondrosarcoma that is overexpressed at the invading edges of articular cartilage, and its expression correlates with poor survival rates. However, the molecular mechanisms of MMP-1 regulation and its potential contribution to chondrosarcoma cell invasion have yet to be elucidated, especially in shear-activated cells. Using molecular biology tools and an in vitro fluid shear model, we report that shear stress upregulates cyclic AMP (cAMP) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release, which in turn promotes the invasion of chondrosarcoma cells via the induction of MMP-1 in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)- and ERK1/2-dependent manner. Activated PI3-K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways phosphorylate c-Jun, which in turn transactivates MMP-1 in human chondrosarcoma cells. Collectively, fluid shear stress upregulates matrix MMP-1 expression, which is responsible for the enhanced invasion of human chondrosarcoma cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A core-shell cathode material is redesigned without composition change. [•] Core-shell material displayed a superior cyclability and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A surface-to-surface contact between graphene and SnO2 nanoplates is synthesized for the first time. [•] The synthesized method is easier to implement without template. [•] The as-synthesized materials exhibit high-performance supercapacitor than pure SnO2 and other SnO2/graphene nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dynamic variations in early selective attention to the color and direction of moving stimuli were explored during a 30 days period of head-down bed rest. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at F5, F6, P5, P6 scalp locations in seven male subjects who attended to pairs of bicolored light emitting diodes that flashed sequentially to produce a perception of movement. Subjects were required to attend selectively to a critical feature of the moving target, e.g., color or direction. The tasks included: a no response task, a color selective response task, a moving direction selective response task, and a combined color–direction selective response task. Subjects were asked to perform these four tasks on: the 3rd day before bed rest; the 3rd, 15th and 30th day during the bed rest; and the 5th day after bed rest. Subjects responded quickly to the color than moving direction and combined color–direction response. And they had a longer reaction time during bed rest on the 15th and 30th day during bed rest after a relatively quicker response on the 3rd day. Using brain event-related potentials technique, we found that in the color selective response task, the mean amplitudes of P1 and N1 for target ERPs decreased in the 3rd day during bed rest and 5th day after bed rest in comparison with pre-bed rest, 15th day and 30th day during bed rest. In the combined color–direction selective response task, the P1 latencies for target ERPs on the 3rd and 30th day during bed rest were longer than on the 15th day during bed rest. As 3rd day during bed rest was in the acute adaptation period and 30th day during bed rest was in the relatively adaptation stage of head-down bed rest, the results help to clarify the effects of bed rest on different task loads and patterns of attention. It was suggested that subjects expended more time to give correct decision in the head-down tilt bed rest state. A difficulty in the recruitment of brain resources was found in feature selection task, but no variations were detected in the no response and direction selective response tasks. It is suggested that the negative shift in color selective response task on the 3rd day of bed rest are a result of fluid redistribution. And feature selection was more affected than motion selection in the head down bed rest. The variations in cognitive processing speed observed for the combined color–direction selective response task are suggested to reflect the interaction between top-down mechanisms and hierarchical physiological characteristics during 30 days head-down bed rest. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Single-atomic-Co cocatalyst on (040) facet of BiVO 4 photoanode were prepared, presenting enhanced charge separation efficiency and nearly 100 % charge injection efficiency. [Display omitted] • BiVO 4 (040) photoanodes with various exposure degree of (040) facets were fabricated. • Single-atomic-cobalt cocatalyst was in-situ grown on BiVO 4 (040) photoanode. • BiVO 4 (040)/Co SAs-NC presented nearly 100% charge injection efficiency. Monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4) shows promising application prospect in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting on account of its relatively ideal band gap to harvest sunlight. However, the poor charge migrate property and sluggish water oxidation kinetics severely limit the PEC performance of BiVO 4 photoelectrodes. In this work, BiVO 4 photoanode with highly exposed (040) facets for superior charge transfer was prepared by a seed assisted hydrothermal method. Moreover, cobalt single atoms stabilized in N-doped carbon nanosheet (Co SAs-NC) was well modified on BiVO 4 (040) (denoted as BiVO 4 (040)/Co SAs-NC) with much improved water oxidation efficiency. The as-prepared BiVO 4 (040)/Co SAs-NC photoanode generated 2.2 times higher photocurrent density than that of pristine BiVO 4 (040) at 1.23 V vs. RHE, and presented nearly 100% charge injection efficiency. The detail kinetic measurements reveal that the modified Co SAs-NC cocatalyst effectively suppresses the carrier recombination and promotes the surface reaction kinetics. This work provides a promising strategy to fabricate composite photoanodes for solar energy conversion based on facet engineering matched with single-atomic-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a novel investigation of the electronic and magnetic properties of exfoliated lamellae of highly-oriented-pyrolytic-graphite (HOPG) doped with great excess of sulfur. The sulfur-doping process was achieved through annealing at T ~ 250 °C, ~500 °C and ~990 °C. The obtained lamellae were investigated by employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman point/map spectroscopy and temperature dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (T-EPR). HRTEM analyses of samples doped at T ~ 990 °C revealed an unusual amorphization-effect arising within hexagonal moiré superlattices as a consequence of the sulfur-doping. Complete amorphization was found at T ~ 500 °C. Raman-spectroscopy point/mapping analyses highlighted a dominant carbon-sulfur-band, appearing at Raman-Shifts of 1450 cm−1. T-EPR of heavily doped samples revealed presence of shifts in the position of the π-electron differential absorption feature together with an anomalous signal broadening at T doping ~ 500 °C (from g ~ 1.99 to g ~ 2.10), while zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled FC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry from 2 K to 300 K revealed a critical percolative ferromagnetic temperature at T ~ 25 K and the absence of superconductive transitions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations applied to a Bernal (AB stacked) bilayer-graphene-system in presence of sulfur-bonding revealed a significant variation of the system-metallicity. We highlight the appearance of insulating states (E -gap of 0.325 eV) at sulfur concentrations of ~1%, which then vanish at ~5.5% of sulfur-doping, due to an enhanced degree of system-metallicity and a modification of the π-bonding- and antibonding-signals. [Display omitted] • We report a novel investigation of sulfur-doped HOPG at T~ 250 ºC, ~ 500 ºC and ~ 990 ºC. • Characterization was achieved through HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, T-EPR, and T-SQUID. • Magnetometry from 2K to 300K revealed a critical percolative ferromagnetic temperature at T~25K. • DFT calculations applied to a bilayer-graphene-system in presence of sulfur revealed a variation of the system-metallicity. • We highlight the appearance of insulating states (E-gap of 0.325 eV) at sulfur concentrations of ~ 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PEMFC of zigzagged flow field configuration with contrary arrangement is simulated. • Detailed characteristics of the flow field configuration are investigated. • The PEMFC performance is significantly improved in high current density regions. • Quantitative analysis reveals the flow field configuration improves oxygen transport. • Uniformity index analyses find the flow field makes key quantities more uniform. Flow field configuration of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is crucial to its performance enhancement because it determines the distribution of reactants and reaction products. This paper numerically investigates a zigzag flow field with a contrary anode/cathode arrangement (ZFFCA). First, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated against the published experimental data of a PEMFC that operates under low-humidity conditions. Then, the behavior of the contrary arrangement design is analyzed and compared with the zigzag parallel flow field (ZPFF) and straight parallel flow field (SPFF) designs. The model predictions show that the ZFFCA and ZPFF flow field designs provide more uniform distributions of oxygen, water content, temperature, and current density compared to the SPFF design, while the ZFFCA configuration is found to exhibit the most uniform distributions. More importantly, besides the enhanced transport along the flow direction in-between the underneath-land and underneath-channel regions in zigzag-shaped channels, the ZFFCA configuration is found to further reduce the mass transport resistance of reactants and boost up the heat/mass transfer rates. Additionally, the findings show that the positive effects of the ZFFCA configuration can further increase under higher relative humidity and larger operating pressure conditions, indicating that the ZFFCA design might be a more advanced option for the PEMFC stacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurogenesis in the adult brain is well recognized and plays a critical role in the maintenance of brain function and homeostasis. However, whether neurogenesis also occurs in the adult peripheral nervous system remains unknown. Here, using sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia, DRGs) as a model, we show that neurogenesis also occurs in the peripheral nervous system, but in a manner different from that in the central nervous system. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) express the neuronal precursor markers Nestin, POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1, and p75 pan-neurotrophin receptor. Following sciatic nerve injury, the suppression of endogenous proBDNF by proBDNF antibodies resulted in the transformation of proliferating SGCs into doublecortin-positive cells in the DRGs. Using purified SGCs migrating out from the DRGs, the inhibition of endogenous proBDNF promoted the conversion of SGCs into neuronal phenotypes in vitro. Our findings suggest that SGCs are neuronal precursors, and that proBDNF maintains the SGC phenotype. Furthermore, the suppression of proBDNF signaling is necessary for neuronal phenotype acquisition by SGCs. Thus, we propose that peripheral neurogenesis may occur via the direct conversion of SGCs into neurons, and that this process is negatively regulated by proBDNF. [Display omitted] • The SGC phenotype is maintained by endogenous proBDNF. • DRG-SGCs may be multipotent neuronal precursors. • DRG-SGCs differentiate into sensory neuron-like phenotypes by inhibition of proBDNF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reaction process between MgSiN2 SiO2 and Si3N4 was investigated by analyzing the composition change of the powder mixture of 61wt% MgSiN2, 34wt% SiO2 and 5wt% α-Si3N4 after heat treatment at different temperatures. The phase and chemical compositions of the grain boundary phase in the silicon nitride ceramic was analyzed by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that MgSiN2 reacted with the surface silica and Si3N4 to form Mg–Si–O–N liquid phase, which promoted the consolidation densification of silicon nitride powders through liquid-phase sintering mechanism. The amount of Mg–Si–O–N glass boundary phase using MgSiN2 as additives is much less than that using the same amount of MgO additive, owing to the lower oxygen concentration and higher nitrogen content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: α/β Si3N4 composites with β-Si3N4 content ranging from 26% to 100% were hot-pressed with or without β-Si3N4 seeds, using MgSiN2 as additives, and their mechanical properties were investigated. When the α-Si3N4 content was over 58%, the microhardness of α/β Si3N4 composites was in the range of 23–24GPa, and then the indentation hardness decreases with decreasing the content of α-Si3N4, whether with β-Si3N4 seeds or not. The toughness increased with increasing elongated β-Si3N4 grains, which improved fracture resistance by crack bridging, pull out or the crack deflection mechanism, and reached the maximum value of 7.0MPam1/2 with 1wt% β-seeds. In comparison with α/β Si3N4 composite with a similar phase composition, the fracture strength was improved by adding β-Si3N4 seeds because of the relatively smaller grain sizes and higher toughness. The α/β Si3N4 composite with 5wt% β-seeds showed a high strength of 1253MPa, a high hardness of 20.9GPa and a toughness of 6.9MPam1/2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: This study investigated whether cytokine enhancement of a biodegradable patch could restore cardiac function after surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) even when seeded with cells from old donors. Background: SVR can partially restore heart size and improve function late after an extensive anterior myocardial infarction. However, 2 limitations include the stiff synthetic patch used and the limited healing of the infarct scar in aged patients. Methods: We covalently immobilized 2 proangiogenic cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor) onto porous collagen scaffolds. We seeded human mesenchymal stromal cells from young (50.0 ± 8.0 years, N = 4) or old (74.5 ± 7.4 years, N = 4) donors into the scaffolds, with or without growth factors. The patches were characterized and used for SVR in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Cardiac function was assessed. Results: In vitro results showed that cells from old donors grew slower in the scaffolds. However, the presence of cytokines modulated the aging-related p16 gene and enhanced cell proliferation, converting the old cell phenotype to a young phenotype. In vivo studies showed that 28 days after SVR, patches seeded with cells from old donors did not induce functional recovery as well as patches seeded with young cells. However, cytokine-enhanced patches seeded with old cells exhibited preserved patch area, prolonged cell survival, and augmented angiogenesis, and rats implanted with these patches had better cardiac function. The patch became an elastic tissue, and the old cells were rejuvenated. Conclusions: This sustained-release, cytokine-conjugated system provides a promising platform for engineering myocardial tissue for aged patients with heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present work reports the development of aqueous gelcasting of ZTA ceramic with a low-toxicity monomer DMAA. The rheological properties and the gelation behaviors of the slurries for gelcasting were investigated. It was proved that the time available for casting the slurry (idle time) can be controlled by the amounts of initiator. The ZTA green bodies exhibited a mechanical strength as high as 21MPa. After sintered at 1600°C for 2h, the highest bending strength and fracture toughness of the sintered ZTA samples were as high as 643.3±75MPa and 6.3±0.3MPam1/2, respectively. SEM photographs revealed that the green bodies and sintered part had a uniform microstructure. The volume fraction of tetragonal phase zirconia was as high as 90%. Dense ZTA green bodies and ceramic parts with complex shaped were produced through the new gelcasting system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The pool boiling heat transfer performance of refrigerant R134a on single horizontal tube surfaces sintered with open-celled copper foam was studied at T s =6°C and P s =3.62bar. Three pore density values: 40, 80, and 130 PPI; two porosity values: 90% and 97%; and two thickness values: 1.6 and 2.5mm, characterize the 12 studied tubes. The nucleate boiling data and heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The influences of pore density, porosity, and foam thickness on heat transfer performance were investigated as well. The foam provides activated nucleation sites; however, it also causes transport resistance for the bubbles within the foam to move from the active nucleation sites to the surface. Performance is dependent on whichever of these two prevails in the heat transfer process. The foam-coated tubes show significant performance enhancement compared with plain tubes at heat fluxes below 30kW/m2. However, a sharp reduction in heat transfer coefficient is encountered for 130 PPI at larger heat fluxes. Tubes coated with thin foam and high porosity, e.g., pore density: 80 PPI, porosity: 97%, and thickness: 1.6mm, exhibit a comparatively superior heat transfer performance. The current experimental data provide useful information for the design of highly effective boiling surfaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For a species to develop in nature basically two things are needed: an enabling technology and a “niche”. In spacecraft design the story is the same. Both a suitable technology and a niche application need to be there before a new generation of spacecraft can be developed. In the last century two technologies have emerged which had and still have a huge impact on the development of technical systems: Micro-Electronics (ME) and Micro-Systems Technology (MST). Many different terrestrial systems have changed dramatically since the introduction of ME and MST and many new systems have emerged. In the same period many nano-satellites have been built and launched and shown that they can perform in space. Still it is not clear what the specific role of these small satellites will be. Where will they go? What will they do? In this paper the authors will try to answer these questions and will refer to the OLFAR space born radio telescope as one of the niche applications for a nano-satellite swarm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the development of superconducting technology, high magnetic fields (HMF) provide unique opportunity for materials and physics scientists to extend or exploit high performance of existing materials. In this paper, we report our findings of the improvement of compressive strength and ductility in a NiAl based eutectic alloy induced by high uniform magnetic field treatment. It shows that the compressive strength and ductility of NiAl–Cr(Mo)–(Ti,Hf) eutectic alloy were improved by 100 MPa and 12% respectively after 11T uniform magnetic field treatment. Microstructural characterization and fractography observation suggested that the modification of morphology and dispersed distribution of constituent phases through atomic diffusion induced by the HMF treatment could be responsible for the improvement of mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The association of multi-metals exposure on children's IQ was assessed. • Ti and Sn had a synergistic relationship, with a decline in IQ score. • The multi-metal mixtures were negatively associated with children's IQ by BKMR. Associations between most single metals and children's intelligence quotient (IQ) scores have been evaluated in previous studies. However, associations between multi-metal exposures and children's IQ scores have not been analyzed. To assess the joint effects of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn) and titanium (Ti) co-exposure on children's IQ scores. A prospective cohort study was conducted in Shimen and Huayuan, Hunan Province, China. Urine metals levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at baseline. Children's IQ scores were repeatedly measured at baseline and follow-up following the method of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and standardized as z scores. We fitted linear regression models and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to investigate the associations of metal levels with children's IQ scores after adjusting for covariates. A total of 633 participants aged 7–10 years completed the survey. Urinary Pb (β = -0.028, P = 0.022) and urinary Ti (β = -0.0003, P = 0.001) were inversely associated with children's IQ scores. The BKMR analyses revealed significant negative overall effects of the five metals on children's IQ scores when all the metals were above their median levels, while significant positive associations were shown when all the metal concentrations were below their median levels. The model also showed negative trends of Sn and Ti on children's IQ. Furthermore, Ti and Sn had a synergistic relationship, with a decline in IQ score when Sn exposure was relatively high. The urinary Sn concentration was significantly higher but the urinary Ti concentration was significantly lower in participants from the Shimen area than in those from the Huayuan area. Decreasing trends of the overall effects were observed in both the Shimen and Huayuan areas. Our findings revealed that multi-metal exposures caused a decline in children's IQ scores according to traditional linear regression models and the BKMR model. Our results provide some evidence of the association between multi-metal exposure and children's IQ. Meanwhile, interactions between multi-metal exposures on children's IQ should be given more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The oligoether-linked bis-benzimidazolium salt 1,1′-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)]bis[(3- sec butyl)benzimidazolium-1-yl]iodide (H2L1 ·I2), 1,1′-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)]bis[(3-ethyl)benzimidazolium-1-yl]iodide (H2L2 ·I2) and 1,1′-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)]bis[(3- sec butyl)benzimidazolium-1-yl]hexafluorophosphate (H2L1 ·(PF6)2) and their three new mercury(II) and silver(I) complexes containing NHC metallacrown ethers, HgL1 ·(Hg2 ·I6) (1), HgL2 ·I2 (2) and AgL1 ·PF6 (3) were prepared and characterized. In the packing diagrams of H2L2 ·I2, 1, 2 and 3 benzimidazole ring head-to-tail π–π stacking interactions are observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Slot die coating technology is currently the most widely used method for production of optical films. The main advantages of this coating method are its ability to pre-determine the product film thickness and to produce uniform film under prolonged operation. In the present study, a laboratory-scale slot die coating equipment was used to investigate the effects of pH, molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the coating window of PVA suspensions of TiO2 and SiO2. Measurements of steady shear viscosity, surface tension, and amount of PVA adsorption on particle surfaces of different suspensions, together with observations of coating bead by means of a flow visualization technique, were used to analyze the coating flow behavior. Changing the pH of the suspension affects both the surface tension and the amount of PVA adsorbed on the particle surface. While surface tension and degree of PVA adsorption were found to increase with increasing pH for the TiO2 suspensions, opposite effects were observed for the SiO2 suspensions. The coating bead was found to be more stable for suspensions with higher values of surface tension and PVA adsorption, thus delaying the occurrence of air entrainment. Four different PVA with varying molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis were used in the suspensions. Higher degrees of hydrolysis resulted in an increase in polymer adsorption, and hence larger surface tension. By contrast, higher molecular weight PVA resulted in a higher viscosity and a smaller surface tension, thus causing air entrainment to occur at a much lower maximum coating speed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Prospective positive-electrode (cathode) materials for a lithium secondary battery, viz., Li[Li0.2Ni0.2−x/2Mn0.6−x/2Cr x ]O2 (x =0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08), were synthesized using a solid-state pyrolysis method. The structural and electrochemical properties were examined by means of X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, SEM and charge–discharge tests. The results demonstrated that the powders maintain the α-NaFeO2-type layered structure regardless of the chromium content in the range x ≤0.08. The Cr doping of x =0.04 showed improved capacity and rate capability comparing to undoped Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2. ac impedance measurement showed that Cr-doped electrode has the lower impedance value during cycling. It is considered that the higher capacity and superior rate capability of Cr-doping samples would be ascribed to the reduced resistance of the electrode during cycling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The layered Li[Ni(1−x)/3Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3Mo x ]O2 cathode materials (x =0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02) were prepared by a solid-state pyrolysis method (700, 800, 850, and 900°C). Its structure and electrochemical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, cyclic voltammetry, and charge/discharge tests. It can be learned that the doped sample of x =0.01 calcined at 800°C shows the highest first discharge capacity of 221.6mAhg−1 at a current density of 20mAg−1 in the voltage range of 2.3–4.6V, and the Mo-doped samples exhibit higher discharge capacity and better cycle-ability than the undoped one at room temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new photoresponsive D-π-A dye, N-octadecyl-4-{2-[4-(2-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)azo)phenyl]ethenyl}pyridinium iodide (AEP) containing both CHce:glyph name="dbnd" />N bonds, was synthesized, and N-octadecyl-4-[2-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)azo]pyridinium iodide (AP) and N-octadecyl-4-[2-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)ethenyl] pyridinium iodide (EP) were also synthesized for comparison. The photoelectric conversion (PEC) properties of the dye Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayer films modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode deposited under 20mNm−1 of surface pressure were studied. The results show that AEP exhibits better PEC properties than AP and EP do. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is 0.31% for AEP in 0.5molL−1 KCl electrolyte solution under ambient condition, while those for AP and EP are 0.14 and 0.23% under the same conditions, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tap water, aerobically pre-treated leachate, and anaerobically pre-treated leachate, were each fed into the top of a series of three simulated landfills columns, filled with municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China. Changes in leachate, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the produced biogas were monitored over time. The tap-water-fed columns had a low hydrolysis rate that yielded an acidic environment (pH 4.8–5.4) in the leachate that inhibited methanogenesis reaction in the refuse. When aerobically pre-treated leachate was fed into the columns, the hydrolysis rate of total organic carbon fluctuated between 200 and 400mgd−1 and methanogenesis in the refuse column was only partly activated. The hydrolysis rate of refuse fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate was the highest among the three solutions. The high alkaline levels of the anaerobically pre-treated leachate and its methanogenic bacteria led to an early activation of methanogenesis in the refuse columns. The VFAs contributed approximately 40–60% of TOC in tap-water-fed columns, 60–80% of TOC in the columns fed aerobically pre-treated leachate, and up to 70–90% of TOC in columns fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate. The feed solution had considerably affected leachate characteristics, and then the build-up of the methanogenesis in the refuse column and the composition of fermentation products in the leachate. The success of a bioreactor landfill depends on whether the recycled leachate could yield a favorable methanogenic environment in the top refuse layer, or whether an appropriate pre-treatment is adopted to modify the leachate characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hebei is one of the most air-polluted provinces located in China. In this study, NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ozone (O 3) observational data obtained at 7 monitoring sites in Hebei Province in the warm season (May to September) in 2019 were analyzed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution, composition characteristics, and chemical reactivity of VOCs. Results indicated that VOCs concentrations were the highest in Shijiazhuang and Langfang (47.8 and 39.2 ppb, respectively) and the lowest in Zhangjiakou and Chengde (16.6 and 12.0 ppb, respectively). In the warm season in 2019, the monthly average concentrations of VOCs increased initially and decreased subsequently, and the highest concentration found in July and August. The diurnal variation patterns of VOCs exhibited a double-peak curve, with the first peak occurring between 07:00–09:00, influenced by the production and life activities of residents. The second peak occurred between 23:00–0:00 due to the poor atmospheric diffusion conditions at nighttime and the possible transportation from residual layer. Alkanes, haloalkanes, and alkenes were responsible for the largest components to VOCs in Hebei Province, with the average proportions at the 7 monitoring sites of 43.25%, 30.39% and 15.00%, respectively. The ratios of toluene to benzene (T/B) of the monitored sites indicated that the VOCs concentrations at the Shijiazhuang and Xingtai sites were mainly influenced by emissions from coal combustion. In comparison, the VOCs concentrations at the Baoding and Langfang sites were mainly influenced by motor vehicle emissions, while the sites at Zhangjiakou and Chengde were mainly influenced by solvent-based coating and industrial process emissions. Alkenes had the highest chemical reactivity of the VOCs in Hebei Province, ethylene, propene, toluene, and 1-butene were also the high chemical reactivity species. Lastly, tailored schemes for the reduction of O 3 precursor were proposed based on the NOx, VOCs, and O 3 data obtained from the various monitoring sites. • VOCs concentrations were highest in Shijiazhuang and Langfang in Hebei, China. • Ethylene, propene and toluene provided the greatest contributions to O 3 formation. • Tailored schemes for the reduction of O 3 precursor were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A sensing material with coating-free superhydrophobic surface (SHC) was prepared. • The sensing material exhibited high GF, durability, and wide sensing range. • SHC enables the sensing material to detect continuous microliter droplets impact. • SHC helps the sensing material work at various harsh environments. • The sensing material can detect full-range human motion and physiological signal. Traditional waterproofing strategies (e.g. plastic seals, superhydrophobic coatings) of strain sensors greatly limit their sensing performance (e.g., sensitivity, working-range, and working-life). Here a unique ultra-stretchable, coating-free superhydrophobic material is developed for high-performence strain sensing in harsh environments. This material integrates high sensitivity (GF of 2.1 to 214), wide sensing range (up to 447% strain), low resolution (<0.2% strain), dynamic durability (over 10,000 stretching cycles at 50% strain), and ultra-robust superhydrophobicity (mechanically, chemically, thermally, and UV impervious) in a single system, outperforming most of reported waterproof sensors. Such remarkable sensing materials can detect full range human movement, pulse rate and vocal fold vibration. The sensing material is designed to be superhydrophobic throughout its bulk material for work in harsh environments (water, corrosive liquid, high humidity, etc.). More importantly, the superhydrophobicity enables the highly sensitive sensor to detect microliter droplets impact with minimized energy loss. Thus, this sensing material should find many potential applications in wearable electronics, measurement platform, rainfall monitoring and intelligent irrigation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequential convex programming method is one of the potential approaches to make trajectory generation onboard. However, the contradiction between the solution accuracy and the computational efficiency restricts its application. To overcome the difficulty, a novel sequential convex programming method based on customized adaptive mesh refinement is proposed in this paper. The main contribution includes two aspects. Firstly, a customized adaptive mesh refinement method is developed. The mesh points are adjusted adaptively based on the linearization error after each iteration, and thus the number of mesh points is changed. Secondly, an unconventional convergence condition is proposed, which can make the sequential convex programming method converges to a feasible solution of the original problem with fewer iterations. Taking the entry trajectory planning problem as an example, the simulation results show that the proposed method can decrease the number of mesh points while ensuring the feasibility of converged solution. Due to the fewer iterations, the computational time to solve the original problem is decreased. As a result, a good balance between solution accuracy and computational efficiency is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-designed hierarchical F-BiVO 4 @NiFe-LDH photoanode with a core-shell heterostructure has been successfully fabricated by F− ions etching and in situ electrochemical synthesis of NiFe-LDH onto BiVO 4 film, which demonstrates enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting and degrada antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride. • F-BiVO4@NiFe-LDH photoanode has been successfully developed by surface/interface engineering. • The photoanode exhibits efficient performance in PEC water splitting coupled with degradation of organic pollutants. • Experimental studies and DFT calculation reveal a synergistic effect of F doping and NiFe-LDH cocatalyst. • This strategy can be extended to other photoelectrodes for solar energy conversion and wastewater treatment. Antibiotic resistance has become a global problem as indicated by the worldwide emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which makes it an urgent demand to develop effective technologies for antibiotics removal from pharmaceutical wastewater. In this work, simultaneously removing antibiotic tetracycline from wastewater coupled with pure H 2 generation has been successfully achieved through PEC technique by using F-doped BiVO 4 @NiFe-LDH (F-BiVO 4 @NiFe-LDH) core-shell photoanode. The maximum photocurrent density of the F-BiVO 4 @NiFe-LDH photoanode at 1.23 V vs. RHE is about 6-fold that of the pristine BiVO 4 photoelectrode. Furthermore, the composite photoanode was effectively applied to the PEC degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), superior to the reported results. An experimental-computational combination study reveals that the synergistic effect between F doping and NiFe-LDH simultaneously improves the light absorption, charge separation and charge injection efficiency of BiVO 4. This work presents a sunlight-driven, efficient and sustainable method for water splitting to produce hydrogen and new insights into wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary microcephaly 7 (MCPH7) is an autosomal recessive human neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, sloping forehead, and prominent midface. The STIL gene encodes a protein that regulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint. STIL is the pathogenic gene of MCPH7. Although more than 25 genes have been reported to cause MCPH, many patients lack a molecular diagnosis. The clinical manifestations and genetic factors of MCPH7 remain to be revealed. This research reported two consecutive microcephalic foetuses from unaffected parents. Prenatal ultrasound examination and pre- and postnatal MRI studies were performed. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using blood derived from the umbilical cord, and variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing on the parents. Ultrasound examination showed that the two foetuses suffered primary microcephaly. Using the WGS approach, novel compound heterozygous variants in STIL (c.2344_2347delTTGC, p. Leu782Thrfs*2 in exon 13; c.3838C > T, p. Arg1280Cys in exon 17) were identified in two foetuses with MCPH7. The MRI results of the two siblings were quite similar. Postnatal MRI confirmed the ultrasound and prenatal examinations. The two foetuses had typical microcephaly. Ultrasound and MRI showed that the two foetuses had a thick skull plate, significantly reduced bilateral frontal lobe, upward rotated cerebellum vermis, and dilated fourth ventricle. Our findings have important implications for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling for any patients with MCPH7. We extend both the mutational spectrum in the STIL gene and the clinical spectrum of MCPH7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inhalable porous mixed-matrix microspheres were successfully prepared. • The cumulative release of mixed-matrix microspheres was much higher. • Porous mixed-matrix microspheres showed good lung deposition. • Porous mixed-matrix microspheres exhibit stronger anticancer effects. Porous poly(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl acetone dimethylene ketal) (PCADK)/poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) mixed-matrix porous microspheres loaded with doxorubicin (Dox) were successfully prepared, and PCADK/PLGA 2/8 was selected as the optimal mixed-matrix proportion. The optimal porous microspheres were characterized by a uniform spherical morphology, an obvious porous surface, an adaptive aerodynamic diameter (2.48 μm), good lung deposition and excellent encapsulation efficiency (77.22 %). The total release of Dox from PCADK/PLGA microspheres was 64.66 %, which was greater than the 46.31 % from the PLGA microsphere group, resulting in the porous PCADK/PLGA microspheres showing a stronger antiproliferative effect than the porous PLGA microspheres. The antiproliferative mechanism was examined through flow cytometry analysis and protein expression level detection, exhibiting enhanced tumor-related protein regulation, improved cell apoptosis induction and increased cycle arrest. Finally, a BALB/c mouse lung cancer model was established to evaluate the in vivo anticancer efficacy, and the PCADK/PLGA microspheres showed significantly stronger anticancer effects than the PLGA microspheres. We envision that employment of this mixed polymer material as a microsphere matrix could be a promising strategy for lung cancer therapy via pulmonary administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observation of granular superconductivity in water doped graphite materials has motivated recent research because of the unexplored scenarios in the field of magnetism and spintronics. Diffusion of hydrogen and/or oxygen species has been reported to promote doping within graphitic grains; however, the origin and dynamics of the magnetic phenomena (i.e. superconductive ordering), which arise as a consequence of this doping-process, are still not well understood. In this work, we investigated the relationship between magnetic-ordering and hydrogen/oxygen doping in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Diamagnetic lamellae exfoliated from HOPG were soaked in water and alcoholic beverages, with a variable ethanol concentration (0–60%). Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed for an in-depth characterization of undoped and doped lamellae. Presence of a hydrogen-induced ferromagnetic ordering in the π-electrons is demonstrated. To further enhance infiltration and achieve enhanced ferromagnetic signals, Isostatic-Pressure-Wine-Doping was employed. The application of pressure-induced disruption of the regular mosaic distribution within HOPG layers enhanced 1) the diffusion of the dopant within the layers and 2) the ferromagnetic response of the samples. Unlabelled Image • The relationship between magnetic-ordering and hydrogen/oxygen doping in HOPG was investigated. • Water and alcoholic beverages with a variable ethanol concentration (0–60%) were employed for doping. • Diamagnetic lamellae exfoliated from HOPG were soaked in the water and alcoholic beverages, • Presence of a hydrogen-induced ferromagnetic ordering in the π-electrons was revealed by SQUID and ESR. • Combination of isostatic-pressure with wine-doping enhanced the ferromagnetic response of the samples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three dimension thermodynamic model is used to investigate the steady wetting state of droplet on a single microstructure surface based on the lowest principle of droplet free energy. The cone, frustum (upright and inverted) and sphere in micro-scale are selected as studied structures. The results show that both the intrinsic contact angle and morphology parameters of microstructure surface affect the wetting depth and normalized Helmholtz free energy (NFE) of droplet. The wetting maps for minimum points of NFE of droplet on cone and frustum surfaces with respect to intrinsic contact angle and morphology parameters have been presented. These wetting maps provide a guidance for fabricating microstructures that is used to enhance droplet adhesion. The effect of three phase contact line tension on droplet NFE has been studied. Results indicate that the line tension slightly increases the droplet NFE and that causes the decrease of droplet wetting stability. The absolute differences between F τ * (NFE with line tension) and F * (NFE without line tension) are small both for 1 μL and 1 nL droplets. But the relative differences, (F τ *- F *)/ F *, of 1 nL droplet are significantly larger than that of 1 μL droplet. Therefore, for a droplet with small volume, the line tension effect on droplet free energy is relatively large and that results in the increase of instability of droplet wetting state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of a landslide dam is a sudden geo-hazard, which can significantly threatens the lives and property of local residents. In this study, 11 experiments were designed to reproduce the failure process of landslide dams with different grain size distributions and hydrodynamic conditions. In order to fully consider the influence of seepage on the stability of landslide dams with different textural properties, the inflow discharge was small in these tests. By analyzing the experimental data, we found that the textural properties plays a key role in the failure modes and process of landslide dams. The eleven tests produced five different results: the landslide dam in experiment 1 and 8 remained stable; the landslide dam in experiment 2 partially failed; in experiments 3–6, the dams failed due to overtopping and erosion, while in experiment 7, the dam failed due to overtopping and soil collapse; in experiment 9–11, the dams failed due to piping, overtopping and erosion. In addition, the evolution of the outflow discharge and density also varied for the different textural properties of the dam materials. Based on the experimental results, the landslide dam materials were classified as coarse-matrix controlled, medium particle controlled, fine-matrix controlled, and balanced composition. The failure modes and process as well as the evolution characteristics of the outflow discharge and flow density were all summarized, providing a scientific reference for disaster prevention and mitigation research of landslide dams. • Eeven experiments were designed to reproduce the failure process of landslide dams. • The landslide dams were with different grain size distributions and hydrodynamic conditions. • The eleven model tests produced five different results. • The dam materials were classified as 4 types. • The failure modes and process of landslide dams were determined by textural properties of dam materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approachable graphdiyne (GDY), characterized by discrepancy hybridized carbon atoms of inhomogeneous π-bonding and carbon 2pz overlapping of orbitals, reveals versatility applications. Previously, interfaces high density between different structure materials induce the high response of photodetector, but the ratio of photocurrent to dark current is restricted for either limited materials properties or lattice mismatch when junctions formed. In this work, titania (TiO 2) nanocrystals with a rational phase of anatase are encapsulated on GDY particles, further, the TiO 2 :GDY nanocomposites are synthesized. High specific surface area GDY, as a proper sustaining material optimizes the characters of TiO 2 nanocrystals. Then TiO 2 :GDY nanocomposites cooperate with Mg0.3Zn0.7O (MZO) are mean to fabricate lateral bilayer ultraviolet photodetector. Because of the formed heterojunction between TiO 2 :GDY nanocomposites and MZO, the ultraviolet photodetector is highly sensitive to deep ultraviolet light, when optical band gap of MZO is as high as 3.8 eV. The responsivity of TiO 2 :GDY/MZO bilayer photodetector is also increased by more than one order of magnitude to 76 mA W−1 compares to the MZO device without TiO 2 :GDY nanocomposites while the photocurrent rejection is about three orders of magnitude from 254 nm to 365 nm. Meanwhile, signal-to-noise ratio is calculated as high as 1.5 × 105 in this work. Image 1 • Titania with anatase phase are encapsulated on graphdiyne particles. • The sintering between adjoining Titania nanocrystals is restrained by graphdiyne. • The photocurrent rejection is about three orders of magnitude from 254 nm to 365 nm. • The high signal-to-noise ratio of bilayer photodetector is calculated as 1.5 × 105. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates (CFRPs) with weak impact damage tolerance were toughened with Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber in the form of two-dimensional hybrid weaving in this paper. The effects of hybrid woven on impact behaviour and residual flexural stiffness of CFRPs, compared with plain carbon-fiber woven laminates, were investigated by drop weight impact and four-point bending experimental tests, together with finite element analysis (FEA). Indentation measurement and X-ray tomography, together with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were employed for a comprehensive inspection of external and internal damage of specimens subjected to impact previously. A significant increment of 71.43% in penetration energy revealed the lower sensitivity of hybrid laminates to impact events in comparison with the pure carbon fiber reinforced ones, while post-impact flexural tests demonstrated that two-dimensional hybrid weaving was capable of bringing about a promotion of 10.1% in damage tolerance. The suppression mechanism of damage propagation in impact test, which lead to an enhancement in damage tolerance and structural integrity, was explained. Unlabelled Image • A toughened laminate was designed by hybrid weaving of carbon and Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres. • The introduction of UHMWPE lead to increments in penetration energy and damage tolerance by 71.43% and 10.1%, respectively. • Damage inspections, including indentation measurement, X-ray tomography, and Scanning Electron Microscope, were employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. In which atrioventricular block (AVB) is a common disorder with genetic causes, but the responsible genes have not been fully identified yet. To determine the underlying causative genes involved in cardiac AVB, here we report a three-generation Chinese family with severe autosomal dominant cardiac AVB that has been ruled out as being caused by known genes mutations. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in five affected family members across three generations, and co-segregation analysis was validated on other members of this family. Whole-exome sequencing and subsequent co-segregation validation identified a novel germline heterozygous point missense mutation, c.49287C > A (p.N16429K), in the titin (TTN , NM_001267550.2) gene in all 5 affected family members but not in the unaffected family members, neither in the large population according to the Genome Aggregation Database (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/). The point mutation is predicted to be functionally deleterious by in - silico software tools. Our finding was further supported by the conservative analysis across species. Based on this study, TTN was identified as a potential novel candidate gene for autosomal dominant AVB; this study expands the mutational spectrum of TTN gene and is the first to implicate TTN mutations as AVB disease causing in a Chinese pedigree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical sliding angles of water droplets on grooved surfaces in parallel direction are investigated in this study. Considered the length and continuity of threephase contact line, a method to calculate the critical sliding angle of droplet in Cassie state on grooved surfaces is proposed. A definition of effective length, L cl , equaled to the length component of three-phase contact line in the perpendicular direction to groove, is proposed to explain and compare the difference of critical sliding angles of the same volume droplets on different surfaces. The proposed method can accurately calculate the critical sliding angle, and the maximum error between calculated results and experimental results is smaller than 2.5° in the test samples. The effective length of droplet on the smooth surface is defined as the reference effective length, L 0. The dimensionless effective length, L cl / L 0 , is an important intrinsic factor to determine the droplet critical sliding angle, and a good positive linear correlation between the critical sliding angle and dimensionless effective length is found. Similarly, in general, the ratio of rib width to groove width, ω , also exhibits a positive correlation with the critical sliding angle. This result may be useful in a guideline to design the groove structure with a low ratio ω for enhanced water drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel bio-functionalized Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 was synthesized. • The Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 exhibited increased MC-LR-degrading capabilities. • The Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 possessed good recyclability and stability. • Degradation products of MC-LR are mainly related to the specific mlr gene cluster. The microcystin-LR (MC-LR) produced due to harmful cyanobacterial blooms have brought great harm to human and aquatic organisms, attracting a wide public health attention. To deal with MC-LR contamination, we synthesized a novel bio-functionalized composite for the high-efficient and sustainable biodegradation of microcystin-LR by covalent immobilizing Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 onto chitosan-grafted Fe 3 O 4 magnetic particles (Fe 3 O 4 @CTS). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were utilized to characterize the structural properties of Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingo pyxis sp. YF1. The immobilization conditions were optimized. And the MC-LR-degrading capabilities of Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 were assessed under various conditions. The results showed that the optimal immobilization conditions containing 1.0 % (v/v) glutaraldehyde, immobilization for 4 h at 30 ℃. The Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 showed an attractive degradation performance which possesed a wide torlerance to pH (6.0–9.0) and temperature (25–35 ℃). More interesting is that the Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 exhibited significantly increased MC-LR-degrading capabilities after recycling and reusing which degradation rate reached 1.50 μg/mL/h in the sixth cycle, and it was easily recycled by using a magnet (Ms 21.5 emug-1). Two intermediates (tetrapeptide and Adda) and three degradation related genes (mlr A, mlr B and mlr C) were obtained in this study and the pathway for the degradation was proposed. These results revealed that Fe 3 O 4 @CTS/ Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 can be potentially used for treatment of MC-LR contaminated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many flow-like landslides entrain material from their paths during motion. At the flow front and along the lateral margins the sliding mass can plow into the path material pushing or entraining the existing soil. Although plowing can be a dominant mechanism for landslide mobility, little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in comparison with other entraining mechanism such as basal scouring. Therefore, establishing a suitable mathematical description is still a challenge. In this paper, a two-layer finite difference model is proposed to simulate frontal plowing. The frontal erodible mass and the sliding mass are simplified as two separate layers based on the assumption that they are immiscible in their propagation processes. The interaction (i.e., thrusting and shear) between the two layers is simulated by the normal force and shear force acting on the two-layer interface. The governing equations for the two-layer model are deduced from the mass and momentum conservations of a soil column and transformed into a finite difference form for numerical solving. Then the proposed model is tested in the back analysis of the Ximiaodian landslide which is a typical loess flow-like landslide located at the south bank of the Jing River, China. The modeling results show that frontal plowing has significant influence on the propagation of this landslide, especially on the final topography of the deposit. Without considering this effect, the thickness of the final deposit tends to be underestimated, while the propagation duration, area and distance are likely to be overestimated. The proposed model can provide more accurate and reliable simulations for rapid flow-like landslides with frontal plowing phenomenon. • A mathematical model was proposed for depicting frontal plowing in flow-like landslides. • The run-out and frontal plowing processes of the Ximiaodian landslide were analyzed by the model. • Frontal plowing impeded the motion of this landslide, but it also caused the rapid lateral spreading of the terrace. • The modeling results indicate that the proposed model performs well in simulating frontal plowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]